Understanding older people’s experiences of home care through the capability approach

The core concepts of CA In the theoretical framework of CA, well-being is constituted by a person’s unique way of functioning and capabilities. This means that a person's well-being is personal and involves freedom of choice which in turn means they have a number of options. Although many people may have the same resources, it is of importance to study how these resources are converted into how they function. Thus, wellbeing is about the person's freedom to achieve in general and the capabilities to function in particular (Sen, 1995). Strength of the capability approach The capability approach is a useful tool for matching objective evaluations with subjective metrics. Furthermore, although one’s individual abilities are in focus, contextual factors, and subjective perceptions and experiences, are taken into consideration. Critiques against the CA The capability approach has been criticized for being too individual-centered and not taking sufficient account to social structures in society. It is difficult to know what a person would choose to do if other options were available. Therefore, to operationalize abilities involves uncertainties.

Assessing the physical environment of older people’s residential care facilities: development of the Swedish version of the Sheffield Care Environment Assessment Matrix (S-SCEAM)

Background There is emerging evidence that the physical environment is important for health, quality of life and care, but there is a lack of valid instruments to assess health care environments. The Sheffield Care Environment Assessment Matrix (SCEAM), developed in the United Kingdom, provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical environment of residential care facilities for older people. This paper reports on the translation and adaptation of SCEAM for use in Swedish residential care facilities for older people, including information on its validity and reliability. Methods SCEAM was translated into Swedish and back-translated into English, and assessed for its relevance by experts using content validity index (CVI) together with qualitative data. After modification, the validity assessments were repeated and followed by test-retest and inter-rater reliability tests in six units within a Swedish residential care facility that varied in terms of their environmental characteristics. Results Translation and back translation identified linguistic and semantic related issues. The results of the first content validity analysis showed that more than one third of the items had item-CVI (I-CVI) values less than the critical value of 0.78.  After modifying the instrument, the second content validation analysis resulted in I-CVI scores above 0.78, the suggested criteria for excellent content validity. Test-retest reliability showed high stability (96% and 95% for two independent raters respectively), and inter-rater reliability demonstrated high levels of agreement (95% and 94% on two separate rating occasions). Kappa values were very good for test-retest (κ= 0.903 and 0.869) and inter-rater reliability (κ= 0.851 and 0.832). Conclusions Adapting an instrument to a domestic context is a complex and time-consuming process, requiring an understanding of the culture where the instrument was developed and where it is to be used. A team, including the instrument’s developers, translators, and researchers is necessary to ensure a valid translation and adaption. This study showed preliminary validity and reliability evidence for the Swedish version (S-SCEAM) when used in a Swedish context. Further, we believe that the S-SCEAM has improved compared to the original instrument and suggest that it can be used as a foundation for future developments of the SCEAM model.

Young peoples’ entrance to the workplace : Introduction to occupational health and safety

Negative outcomes of a poor work environment are more frequent among young workers. The aim of the current study was to study former pupils’ conditions concerning occupational health and safety by investigating the workplaces’, safety climate, the degree of implementation of SWEM and the their introduction programs. Four branches were included in the study: Industrial, Restaurant, Transport and Handicraft, specialising in wood. Semi-structured dialogues were undertaken with 15 employers at companies in which former pupils were employed. They also answered a questionnaire about SWEM. Former pupils and experienced employees were upon the same occasion asked to fill in a questionnaire about safety climate at the workplace. Workplace introduction programs varied and were strongly linked to company size. Most of the former pupils and experienced employees rated the safety climate at their company as high, or good. Employers in three of the branches rated the SWEM implemented at their workplaces to be effective. The Industry companies, which had the largest workplaces, gave the most systematic and workplace introduction for new employees. There are no results from this study explaining the fact that young workers have a higher risk for workplace accidents.

Indigenous peoples and urban settlements: spatial distribution, internal migration and living conditions

Includes bibliography

Indigenous peoples and modernity

Includes bibliography

Equity and exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean: the case of indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples

Includes bibliography

Contributions made by ECLAC from a rights perspective regarding indigenous peoples' and afrodescendants' affairs

Includes bibliography

The People’s Republic of China and Latin America: the impact of Chinese economic growth on Latin American exports

The role of the People’s Republic of China in the world economy has grown substantially in recent decades, turning it into a strategic foreign trading partner for much of Latin America. Bilateral trade between the region and China totalled US$ 120 billion in 2009. This study analyses the income elasticity of the region’s exports to the country. The findings show that, assuming real gross domestic product (gdp) growth in China of about 7% a year, the value of Latin American exports to China (at 2005 prices) can be expected to increase by an average of about 10% a year between 2014 and 2019. In a more conservative scenario of 4.5% average annual growth in the Chinese economy over the period, exports would rise by about 7% a year.

Os fragmentos de cerâmica arqueológica como fonte potencial de fertilidade dos solos TPA

Os solos tipo Terra Preta Arqueológica (TPA) são reconhecidos por sua elevada fertilidade, em forte contraste com os solos pobres da Amazônia. Esta fertilidade parece persistir mesmo após o seu uso intensivo na agricultura. As TPA são geralmente ricas em fragmentos cerâmicos, importantes registros de que estão interligados com ocupação humana na Préhistória. Muitos estudos se concentraram sobre os aspectos estilísticos das vasilhas cerâmicas representativas desses fragmentos, e mais restritamente são motivos de estudos de caracterização químico-mineral, para identificação de matéria prima, procedência, tecnologia, e principalmente a origem do seu conteúdo em P, variado e relativamente elevado. Esses teores de P estão representados por fosfatos de alumínio, em geral, amorfos a variscitaestrengita, e sua origem é creditada ao uso das vasilhas para o preparo de alimentos. Embora já aventado a possibilidade de que estes fragmentos possam responder pela a fertilidade continuada destes solos, estudos experimentais não foram realizados para demonstrar a potencial contribuição destes fragmentos para reconhecida fertilidade das TPA. O presente trabalho demonstra esta possibilidade, e para atingir este fim foram selecionados fragmentos de três sítios arqueológicos com características distintas situados em diferentes porções da Amazônia: Monte Dourado 1 (Almeirim-PA), Jabuti (Bragança-PA) e Da Mata (São José de Ribamar-MA). Inicialmente 325 fragmentos cerâmicos foram descritos mesoscopicamente e submetidos à caracterização mineralógica e química por DRX; microscopia óptica; TG-ATD; IV-FT; MEV-SED; ICP-MS e ICP-OES; adsorção gasosa; medidas dos parâmetros de fertilidade; e ensaios de dessorção de P. Com estes dados objetivou-se identificar matérias primas, processos produtivos, modificações ocorridas durante o uso e após o descarte, e desta forma avaliar as possíveis contribuições destes fragmentos a fertilidade das TPA. A hipótese de contaminação por nutrientes provindos dos alimentos durante o uso das vasilhas para preparação de alimentos foi comprovada através de experimento em laboratório simulando condições de cozimento, onde foi avaliada a incorporação de cálcio e fósforo em panelas cerâmicas similares as arqueológicas. Os resultados mostram que os antigos povos ceramistas utilizaram matérias primas dos arredores de seus sítios. A composição em termos de uma matriz com metacaulinitica e quartzo, por vezes muscovita é comum a todos os fragmentos, indicando matéria prima rica em caulinita e quartzo, fundamental para produção das vasilhas. A metacaulinita sugere que a queima ocorreu em torno de 550°C. Por outro lado, adições de antiplásticos distintos promoveram diferenças químicas e mineralógicas fazendo com que os fragmentos no seu todo divirjam entre si: os do sítio Da Mata se caracterizam pelo emprego exclusivo de cariapé, em Monte Dourado 1 o cariapé com rochas trituradas de mineralogia complexa, e no Jabuti conchas por vezes cariapé. Fosfatos amorfos são comuns a todos os sítios, embora em teores distintos, sendo que fosfatos de alumínio cristalinos tipo crandallitagoyazita foram encontrados apenas no Jabuti e fosfatos de Fe-Mg-Ca, a segelerita, em Monte Dourado 1. Os fosfatos amorfos e a crandallita-goyazita foram interpretados como indicadores de uso das vasilhas representativas dos fragmentos para preparação de alimentos, enquanto a segelerita uma neoformação ocorrida após o sítio ter sido submetido às condições hidromórficas, que persistem até atualidade. Em termos das concentrações de P, nos fragmentos do sítio Da Mata estão as menores, em média, 1,04% de P₂O₅ que assemelham-se a maioria dos fragmentos já investigados, enquanto os do Jabuti são os mais elevados (em média, 7,75%) já conhecidos, e nos do Monte Dourado 1 são, em média, 2,23% . É provável que os altos teores de P, Ca e Sr sejam provenientes da dieta alimentar a base de mariscos, como demonstra a riqueza em conchas nos fragmentos. Os teores elevados de Ca em Monte Dourado 1 refletem a presença de labradorita no antiplástico. A fertilidade potencial dos fragmentos cerâmicos é nitidamente superior a dos solos TPA quando analisados sem os fragmentos. Portanto é plausível se supor que os fragmentos podem ser fonte dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Isto foi comprovado através dos ensaios que comprovara a dessorção de P, a qual ocorre de forma lenta, um aspecto muito importante para reforçar a persistência da fertilidade. Essa dessorção é mais bem descrita pelo modelo de Freundlich que sugere interações entre os íons adsorvidos. O experimento que simulou condições de cozimento mostrou que o Ca e o P podem ser adsorvidos tanto nas paredes quanto nas tampas das panelas cerâmicas, porém concentrações mais elevadas são evidenciadas nas paredes. Embora o Ca tenha sido adsorvido não foi identificada uma fase seja ela amorfa ou cristalina contendo este elemento, provavelmente porque o tempo não foi suficiente. Porém quanto ao P, a adsorção ocorreu, e já a partir de 600 h formou-se variscita, um fosfato de alumínio, nas paredes das panelas. Portanto os fosfatos de alumínio podem se formar ainda nas vasilhas cerâmicas durante o preparo de alimento por cozimento, assim, sua presença nas das vasilhas cerâmicas se constitui, em um importante indicador de uso das mesmas para o cozimento de alimentos e seus fragmentos nos solos são fonte potencial importante de fertilidade.

An Assessment of Local Peoples Opinions of Community Conservation Initiatives in Relation to Livelihood Strategies in Kenya

Abstract This paper analyzed the changing livelihood strategies in Kenya, and their cultural impacts via a literature review. I then combined this understanding with the data I collected while in Kenya to examine the opinions local people have of community conservation initiatives, based on their changing livelihood strategies. I expected to find that the following factors would have an affect on the opinions local community members have of community conservation initiatives: livelihood strategy, gender, ethnicity, whether or not they believe the distribution of benefits coming from wildlife conservation is equitable, what issues they would like to see improved within community conservation initiatives, and their overall satisfaction with community conservation initiatives. Through correlation tests done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientists) I found that all five of these factors do influence the perceptions local community members have of community conservation initiatives within the Amboseli region in Kenya.

Dispelling the Mascot Myth: The Misuse of Indigenous Peoples as Mascots in American Schools

This workshop details the deculturalization process that takes place when Indigenous Peoples are used as mascots in school-related activities; examines the arguments(s) and defensive tactics used by sports fans and school officials to maintain these hegemonic images; and offers successful strategies for developing policy toward the elimination of Indigenous Peoples as mascots.

NONSPECIFIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN PREHISTORIC SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA, NORTHERN CHILE

The region of San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile, has undergone several cultural and social changes after humans settled in Atacama Desert around 500 BC. The Atacameno people experienced the highest degree of social and cultural changes between 400 and 900 AD when they were assimilated into the Tiwanaku trade and political web that influenced most of the Central-Southern Andes. Under the influence of Tiwanaku, San Pedro de Atacama experienced its greatest economic development. Prior analyses of local human skeletal remains have shown a significant increase in the stature of the local population during the same period. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the Tiwanaku influence on the local epidemiological profile using the incidence of periostitis and osteomyelitis as indicators of biological stress. Surprisingly, the best epidemiological condition occurred during the final phase of influence of Tiwanaku (910-960 AD), and not during the apex influence (480-920 AD), as expected by the archaeological context. We suggest that population growth and aggregation may have counteracted the benefits of improved nutrition during the peak Tiwanaku influence. A severe drought occurred between 1,100 and 1,400 AD in Northern Chile. This could also explain the marked increase of bone infections in the post-Tiwanaku period (920-1,240 AD).