987 resultados para Photosynthetycally active radiation


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Compararam-se os efeitos da enxertia nas trocas gasosas de dois híbridos de berinjela em pé franco e enxertado. Conduziu-se um ensaio em ambiente protegido, na FCA/UNESP, em estrutura simples, tipo arco com 7 m de largura, 40 m de comprimento e 3 m de pé direito, cobertos por filme plástico de 100 micrometros. Foram utilizados os híbridos de berinjela Nápoli e Kokuyo, enxertados em porta-enxerto específico (híbrido Taibyo VF) para esta espécie. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (Nápoli pé franco, Nápoli enxertada, Kokuyo pé franco e Kokuyo enxertada) com dez repetições. A assimilação líquida de CO2 (A), transpiração (E), condutância estomática (g s) e eficiência no uso de água (EUA), obtida pela relação (A/E), foram determinadas às 09:00; 12:00; 14:00 e 16:00 horas em um dia sem nebulosidade com fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos (FFFA) de 937±126 mmol m-2 s-1, com um sistema fechado portátil de fotossíntese, IRGA, modelo LI-6200 (LI-COR). Observou-se que as plantas do híbrido Kokuyo apresentaram maiores valores para as variáveis A, E, g s e EUA que o híbrido Nápoli. A enxertia não afetou a capacidade fotossintética dos híbridos, porém, esta resultou em menores valores de E e g s nos dois híbridos, levando à maior EUA, efeito este que na prática pode resultar em menor demanda de água pelas plantas.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Eutrophication has been listed as one of the main problems of water pollution on a global level. In the Brazilian semi-arid areas this problem takes even greater proportions due to characteristical water scarcity of the region. It is extremely important to the predictive eutrophication models development and to the reservoirs management in the semi-arid region, studies that promotes understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the expansion and control of algae blooms, essential for improving the water quality of these environments. The present study had as its main aims, evaluate the temporal pattern of trophic state, considering the influence of nutrients (N and P) and the light availability in the water column in the development of phytoplankton biomass, and perform the mathematical modelling of changes in phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in the Cruzeta man-made lake located on Seridó, a typical semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte. To this, a fortnightly monitoring was performed in the reservoir in 05 stations over the months of March 2007 to May 2008. Were measured the concentrations of total phosphorus, total organic nitrogen, chlorophyll a, total, fixed and volatile suspended solids, as well as the measure of transparency (Secchi) and the profiles of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity in the water column. Measurements of vertical profiles have shown some periods of chemical and thermal stratification, especially in the rainy season, due to increased water column depth, however, the reservoir can be classified as warm polimitic. During the study period the reservoir was characterized as eutrophic considering the concentrations of phosphorus and most of the time as mesotrophic, based on the concentrations of chlorophyll a, according to the Thornton & Rast (1993) classification. The N:P relations suggest N limitation, conversely, significant linear relationship between the algae biomass and nutrients (N and P) were not observed in our study. However, a relevant event was the negative and significant correlation presented by Kt and chlorophyll a (r ² = 0.83) at the end of the drought of 2007 and the rainy season of 2008, and the algal biomass collapse observed at the end of the drought season (Dec/07). The equation used to simulate the change in the total phosphorus was not satisfactory, being necessary inclusion of parameters able to increase the power of the model prediction. The chlorophyll a simulation presented a good adjustment trend, however there is a need to check the calibrated model parameters and subsequent equation validation

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Seasonal variation in gross primary production (GPP) of Utricularia foliosa Linnaeus, Egeria densa Planchon and Cabomba furcata Schult & Schult.f. in rivers of the coastal plain of the state of São Paulo, Brazil was examined in relation to water physico-chemistry. These three species do not affect the multiple uses of the streams and are present throughout the year. The most productive was U. foliosa (maximum production 24.7 mgO(2) g(-1) DW h(-1)), while C. furcata had an intermediate GPP (maximum production 17.5 mgO(2) g(-1) DW h(-1)) and E. densa was lowest at 5.6 mgO(2) g(-1) DW h(-1). Despite the low amplitude of seasonal variation in this south tropical area, the three species showed seasonal variation in the primary production: GPP was positively correlated with photosynthetic active radiation for U. foliosa and E. densa, and there was a negative correlation for C. furcata. For U. foliosa, GPP was positively correlated with temperature and dissolved inorganic carbon and the GPP of C. jurcata was positively correlated with dissolved inorganic carbon.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar os indicadores de estresse hídrico, bem como seu efeito na cultura do feijão, por meio da condutância estomática. O experimento foi realizado na Área Experimental de Irrigação da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Jaboticabal, no ano agrícola de 2000. Foram estudados quatro tratamentos de irrigação com níveis crescentes de ETm: (T1) ETm acumulada = 22 mm; (T2) ETm acumulada = 33 mm; (T3) ETm acumulada = 44 mm; (T4) ausência de irrigação. Nas plantas com suprimento adequado de água, os maiores valores de condutância estomática ocorreram por volta do meio-dia solar, atingindo cerca de 159 e 174 mmol m-2 s-1, para T1 e T2, respectivamente, enquanto nos tratamentos T3 e T4, os maiores valores encontrados foram de 83 e 52 mmol m-2 s-1, respectivamente. A condutância estomática ao longo do ciclo apresentou valor máximo de 165 mmol m-2 s-1 para o tratamento T4, enquanto para T1 e T2 os valores máximos obtidos variaram de 179 a 183 mmol m-2 s-1. A temperatura da folha e a transpiração apresentaram estreita relação com a resistência estomática, enquanto a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa não diferiu entre os tratamentos.

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We evaluated the growth and development of the medicinal species Pothomorphe umbellata ( L.) Miq. under different shade levels ( full sun and 30, 50, and 70 % shade, marked as I(100), I(70), I(50), and I(30), respectively) and their effects on gas exchange and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Photosynthetically active radiation varied from 1 254 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) at I(100) to 285 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) at I(30). Stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and relative chlorophyll (Chl) content were maximal in I(70) plants. Plants grown under I(100) produced leaves with lower Chl content and signs of chlorosis and necrosis. These symptoms indicated Chl degradation induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Stress related antioxidant enzyme activities ( Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD, and Cu/Zn-SOD) were highest in I(100) plants, whereas catalase activity was the lowest. Hence P. umbellata is a shade species ( sciophyte), a feature that should be considered in reforestation programs or in field plantings for production of medicinal constituents.

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This experiment was carried out to evaluate canopy height of guinea grass with 95% of photosynthetic active radiation interception and quantify the nitrogen fertilization influence and plants' density on the morphogenesis and structural characteristics of Tanzania grass. Four doses of N (0, 80, 160 e 320 kg.ha -1), were arranged with three plant densities (9, 25 and 49 plants.m -2), according to 4 × 3 completely randomized design, with three repetitions. Total dry matter (DM) accumulation throughout the experimental period was influenced by nitrogen fertilization and plants' density. In the rainy period, the higher nitrogen fertilization decreased the harvesting intervals, and consequently, increased the number of harvests. The rate of leaf appearance and the phyllochron were influenced only under nitrogen fertilization in the transition period of rainy and dry weather. Tanzania grass canopy height under 95% of light interception was positively influenced because of the plant densities in rainy period and transition period between rainy/drought and drought. Tanzania grass height under 95% of light interception presented variations along the evaluations and the values were higher (near 70 cm) in the rainy period, followed by transition period rain/drought and drought. © 2011 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia.

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The municipality of Petrolina, located in the semi-arid region of Brazil, is highlighted as an important agricultural growing region, however the irrigated areas have cleared natural vegetation inducing a loss of biodiversity. To analyze the contrast between these two ecosystems the large scale values of biomass production (BIO), evapotranspiration (ET) and water productivity (WP) were quantified. Monteithś equation was applied for estimating the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), while the new SAFER (Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving) algorithm was used to retrieve ET. The water productivity (WP) was analysed by the ratio of BIO by ET at monthly time scale with four bands of MODIS satellite images together with agrometeorological data for the year of 2011. The period with the highest water productivity values were from March to April in the rainy period for both irrigated and not irrigated conditions. However the largest ET rates were in November for irrigated crops and April for natural vegetation. More uniformity of the vegetation and water variables occurs in natural vegetation, evidenced by the lower values of standard deviation when comparing to irrigated crops, due to the different crop stages, cultural and irrigation managements. The models applied with MODIS satellite images on a large scale are considered to be suitable for water productivity assessments and for quantifying the effects of increasing irrigated areas over natural vegetation on regional water consumption in situations of quick changing land use pattern. © 2012 SPIE.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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A avaliação da influência da exclusão da precipitação sobre a variação na produção de liteira foi realizada na Reserva Florestal de Caxiuanã – Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (1º 42' S, 51º 31' W) durante o período de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003, com o objetivo de identificar as principais variáveis meteorológicas e do balanço hídrico mensal que afetaram a produção e decomposição de liteira. Este trabalho foi parte do subprojeto EXPERIMENTO DE SECA NA FLORESTA (ESECAFLOR), que tinha o objetivo de estudar o impacto de seca prolongada na floresta nos fluxos de água, energia e dióxido de carbono na floresta amazônica. A sazonalidade na produção de liteira e de seus componentes (folhas, gravetos e partes reprodutivas) foi bem estabelecida, com a ocorrência da maior produção de liteira nos meses com menor precipitação. A produção total mensal de liteira variou durante o período experimental, de 294,78 kg.ha-1 a 1758,69 kg.ha-1, com um valor médio de 777,70 kg.ha-1. A produção total de liteira foi distribuída em folhas (61,40 %), gravetos (18,45 %) e partes reprodutivas (20,14 %). Os resultados obtidos na parcela sob condições naturais apresentaram uma maior produção de liteira, aproximadamente 25 %, comparada com a produção de liteira na parcela submetida à exclusão da água de chuva. As variáveis mais fortemente correlacionadas com a produção de liteira e suas componentes foram a velocidade do vento, a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, a densidade de fluxo de radiação fotossintéticamente