Upgrading of Transmission Lines in Areas of Severe Environmental Constraints

The need for increasing the loading capacity of transmission lines in a traditional way, by replacing or reinforcement of the structures and foundations on routes crossing areas considered of permanent environmental preservation, may require additional works that alter the environment. The present rigorous environmental legislation turns these changes and substitution unfeasible. One way to increase the capacity of these lines is the use of new conductor technology. The aim of this paper is to discuss the needs for upgrading a transmission line and minimize or eliminate the damage to the environment by using special conductors. Because the aluminum conductor composite reinforced technology is relatively new and considering the lack of information related to its effective performance in practical system, there is a need to verify the behavior of these conductors through monitoring procedures.

Inoculum sources and Preservation in Soils of Phytophthora parasitica from Cherry Tomato in Continental Crop Areas in Southeast Spain

Inoculum sources and Preservation in Soils of Phytophthora parasitica from Cherry Tomato in Continental Crop Areas in Southeast Spain

Wilderness preservation system : hearings before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Eighty-seventh Congress, first[-second] session, on S. 174 [and other] bills to establish a national wilderness preservation system for the permanent good of the whole people, and for other purposes ....

"Serial 12."

Functionality preservation with enhanced mechanical integrity in the nanocomposites of the metal-organic framework, ZIF-8, with BN nanosheets

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and boron nitride both possess novel properties, the former associated with microporosity and the latter with good mechanical properties. We have synthesized composites of the imidazolate based MOF, ZIF-8, and few-layer BN in order to see whether we can incorporate the properties of both these materials in the composites. The composites so prepared between BN nanosheets and ZIF-8 have compositions ZIF-1BN, ZIF-2BN, ZIF-3BN and similar to ZIF-4BN. The composites have been characterized by PXRD, TGA, XPS, electron microscopy, IR, Raman and solid state NMR spectroscopy. The composites possess good surface areas, the actual value decreasing only slightly with the increase in the BN content. The CO2 uptake remains nearly the same in the composites as in the parent ZIF-8. More importantly, the addition of BN markedly improves the mechanical properties of ZIF-8, a feature that is much desired in MOFs. Observation of microporous features along with improved mechanical properties in a MOF is indeed noteworthy. Such manipulation of properties can be profitably exploited in practical applications.

Annotated bibliography on socio-economic and ecological impacts of marine protected areas in Pacific Island countries

The bibliography is to highlight impacts on fisheries and livelihoods attributed to coral reef marine protected areas in Pacific Island countries and territories. Included in this collection is literature that reports various forms of reef area management practiced in Pacific Island countries: reserves, sanctuaries, permanent or temporary closed areas, community and traditional managed areas. (Document contains 36 pages)

Florística e fitossociologia da Floresta Atlântica montana no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, RJ

Este estudo tem por objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre a flora da Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ, através da avaliação florística e fitossociológica da comunidade arbustivoarbórea, com Circunferência à Altura do Peito ≥ 15,7 cm (CAP ≥ 5,0 cm) em trechos de Floresta Atlântica montana. Foram alocadas 34 parcelas retangulares e permanentes de 10x30 m, totalizando uma área amostral de 1,02 ha. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbustivoarbóreos vivos, que tiveram aferidas a circunferência do caule, estimada a altura total, altura do fuste e realizada a coleta de material botânico. A identificação dos espécimes foi realizada através da análise das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas, comparação em herbários, consultas a literatura especializada e, quando possível, com auxílio de especialistas. O material botânico coletado está sendo incorporado à coleção do Herbário da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HRJ). Procedeu-se a avaliação do status de conservação das espécies determinadas para identificar o grau de ameaça. A estrutura da comunidade inventaria foi analisada através do pacote estatístico FITOPAC 2.1. Inventariou-se 1.847 indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos vivos, subordinados a 225 espécies ou morfo-espécies de 27 gêneros e 53 famílias botânicas. Este estudo constatou que a Ilha Grande é uma nova área de ocorrência para 53 espécies fanerogâmicas. As famílias mais abundantes foram: Myrtaceae (391 indivíduos), Rubiaceae (337), Euphorbiaceae (100), Fabaceae (84) e Sapotaceae (72). Myrtaceae (69 spp.), Rubiaceae (14), Fabaceae (13), Lauraceae e Sapotaceae (11) foram as famílias que apresentaram as maiores riquezas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon & Weaver (H) obtido foi de 4,609 nats/indvs. e o de equabilidade (J) de 0,851. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos calculados indicaram que Amaioua intermedia Mart. (5,17%), Eriotheca pentaphylla (Vell.) A. Robyns (4,84%), Qualea glaziovii Warm. (2,74%), Vochysia bifalcata Warm. (2,69%), Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng. (2,48%), Heisteria silvianii Schwacke (2,43%), Coussarea nodosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg. (2,38%), Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (2,37%), Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard (2,02%) e Inga lanceifolia Benth. (1,86%) são as espécies com maiores Valores de Importância (VI). Entre as táxons inventariados foi possível identificar 69 espécies raras, representadas na comunidade por um único indivíduo, e nove espécies com problemas de conservação, dais quais Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart., Micropholis crassipedicellata (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Pierre e Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard estão categorizadas como dependentes de conservação; Eugenia prasina O. Berg como vulnerável; Myrceugenia myrcioides (Cambess.) O.Berg como futuramente ameaçada de extinção; Ocotea odorifera Rohwer como ameaçada de extinção e/ou vulnerável a extinção; Pradosia kuhlmannii Toledo como ameaçada de extinção; Solanum carautae Carvalho como espécie rara e Urbanodendron bahiense (Meisn.) Rohwer em perigo de extinção. A distribuição dos indivíduos em classes diamétricas apresentou uma tendência exponencial negativa, sugerindo que a comunidade possui capacidade de autoregeneração. Os resultados da composição florística e da estrutura da vegetação montana do PEIG evidenciaram expressiva riqueza e diversidade de espécies arbóreas, cuja preservação é fundamental para o funcionamento e o equilíbrio desta formação. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica. Floresta montana. Fitossociologia. Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande.

Shifting rice farming to fish culture in some selected areas of Mymensingh, Bangladesh: the process, conflicts and impacts

The evolutionary process of converting low-lying paddy fields into fish farms and its impact on agrarian communities in some selected areas of Mymensingh district were studied. This study was conducted through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) covering 12 villages from each of selected upazillas viz. Fulpur and Haluaghat of Mymensing [sic] district. A total of 12 PRA sessions were conducted where 90 farmers participated during 29 July to 26 August 2004. It is seen that the use of low-lying paddy fields was mostly confined to Broadcast Aman (B. Aman) rice production until 1960s. With the introduction of modern rice farming technology, the farmers started to produce Boro rice in Rabi season and B. Aman rice in Kharif season. With the passage of time, aquaculture technologies have been evolved and the farmers realized that fish farming is more profitable than rice cultivation, and then they started to utilize their paddy fields for alternate rice-fish farming and rice-cum-fish farming. Now a days, aquaculture based crop production system is in practice in more than 25% of the low-lying paddy fields. Conversion of rice fields in to fish ponds has brought up a change in the livelihood patterns of the rural farmers. The areas where the farmers involved themselves in the new production systems were fingerling collection, transportation and marketing of fry and fingerlings. During 1960s to 1970s, a few people used to culture fish in the permanent ponds for their own consumption, the species produced were rohu, catla, mrigal, ghainna, long whiskered catfish, freshwater shark (boal), snake head (shol) etc. Small fishes like climbing perch, stinging catfish, walking catfish, barb, minnows etc. were available in the rice fields during monsoon season. In 1980s to mid 1990s, some rice fields were converted into fish ponds and the people started to produce fish for commercial purposes. When rice-fish farming became profitable, a large number of people started converting their rice fields in to rice-fish culture ponds. Culture of some exotic fishes like silver carp, tilapia, grass carp, silver barb etc. also started in the paddy fields. Higher income from fish farming contributed positively in improving the housing, sanitation and education system in the study areas. It is seen that the medium and medium high lands were only used for alternate rice fish farming. The net income was high in any fish based cropping system that motivated the farmers to introduce fish based cropping system in the low-lying inland areas. As a result, the regional as well as communal income disparities occurred. However, the extraction of ground water became common during the dry period as the water was used for both rice and fish farming. Mass conversion of paddy fields into rice-fish culture ponds caused water logging in the study areas. In most cases, the participated farmers mentioned that they could be easily benefited by producing fish with T. Aman or only fish during the monsoon season. They agreed that this was an impressive technology to them and they could generate employment opportunities throughout the year. Finally, the social, economic and technical problems which are acting as constraints to rapid expansion of fish production system were reported from the interviewee.