Climate refugia: joint inference from fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeography

Climate refugia, locations where taxa survive periods of regionally adverse climate, are thought to be critical for maintaining biodiversity through the glacial–interglacial climate changes of the Quaternary. A critical research need is to better integrate and reconcile the three major lines of evidence used to infer the existence of past refugia – fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeographic surveys – in order to characterize the complex spatiotemporal trajectories of species and populations in and out of refugia. Here we review the complementary strengths, limitations and new advances for these three approaches. We provide case studies to illustrate their combined application, and point the way towards new opportunities for synthesizing these disparate lines of evidence. Case studies with European beech, Qinghai spruce and Douglas-fir illustrate how the combination of these three approaches successfully resolves complex species histories not attainable from any one approach. Promising new statistical techniques can capitalize on the strengths of each method and provide a robust quantitative reconstruction of species history. Studying past refugia can help identify contemporary refugia and clarify their conservation significance, in particular by elucidating the fine-scale processes and the particular geographic locations that buffer species against rapidly changing climate.

Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean

A substantial amount of the atmospheric carbon taken up on land through photosynthesis and chemical weathering is transported laterally along the aquatic continuum from upland terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. So far, global carbon budget estimates have implicitly assumed that the transformation and lateral transport of carbon along this aquatic continuum has remained unchanged since pre-industrial times. A synthesis of published work reveals the magnitude of present-day lateral carbon fluxes from land to ocean, and the extent to which human activities have altered these fluxes. We show that anthropogenic perturbation may have increased the flux of carbon to inland waters by as much as 1.0 Pg C yr(-1) since pre-industrial times, mainly owing to enhanced carbon export from soils. Most of this additional carbon input to upstream rivers is either emitted back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (similar to 0.4 Pg C yr(-1)) or sequestered in sediments (similar to 0.5 Pg C yr(-1)) along the continuum of freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters, leaving only a perturbation carbon input of similar to 0.1 Pg C yr(-1) to the open ocean. According to our analysis, terrestrial ecosystems store similar to 0.9 Pg C yr(-1) at present, which is in agreement with results from forest inventories but significantly differs from the figure of 1.5 Pg C yr(-1) previously estimated when ignoring changes in lateral carbon fluxes. We suggest that carbon fluxes along the land-ocean aquatic continuum need to be included in global carbon dioxide budgets.

Lack of cathelicidin processing in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patients reveals essential role of LL-37 in periodontal homeostasis.

BACKGROUND Loss-of-function point mutations in the cathepsin C gene are the underlying genetic event in patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS). PLS neutrophils lack serine protease activity essential for cathelicidin LL-37 generation from hCAP18 precursor. AIM We hypothesized that a local deficiency of LL-37 in the infected periodontium is mainly responsible for one of the clinical hallmark of PLS: severe periodontitis already in early childhood. METHODS To confirm this effect, we compared the level of neutrophil-derived enzymes and antimicrobial peptides in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva from PLS, aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. RESULTS Although neutrophil numbers in GCF were present at the same level in all periodontitis groups, LL-37 was totally absent in GCF from PLS patients despite the large amounts of its precursor, hCAP18. The absence of LL-37 in PLS patients coincided with the deficiency of both cathepsin C and protease 3 activities. The presence of other neutrophilic anti-microbial peptides in GCF from PLS patients, such as alpha-defensins, were comparable to that found in chronic periodontitis. In PLS microbial analysis revealed a high prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection. Most strains were susceptible to killing by LL-37. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings imply that the lack of protease 3 activation by dysfunctional cathepsin C in PLS patients leads to the deficit of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 in the gingiva, allowing for infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans and the development of severe periodontal disease.

[Verordnung über Geldausleihen] : Demnach Uns von Unserer nachgesetzten Regierung ... ; Decretum Hanau den 31. Januarii 1708

Philipp Reinhard, Graff zu Hanau, Rieneck und Zweybrücken ....

Hanauische Juden-Capitulation de Anno MDCCXXXVIII

Wilhelm, L. z. H.

Neu-eingerichtete Juden-Ordnung Des Allerdurchlauchtigst-Großmächtigsten Fürsten und Herrn, Herrn Friedrichs .... der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden Königs ... Landgraffens zu Hessen ...

Sammelband: enthält 22 Hanauische Juden-Ordnungen; Exlibris von Gottlieb Schnapper-Arndt

Neu eingerichtete Juden-Ordnung des Allerdurchlauchtigst-Großmächtigsten Fürsten und Herrn, Herrn Friedrichs, Von Gottes Gnaden der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden Königs, ... Landgraffens zu Hessen, Fürstens zu Herßf̂eld, Graffens zu Catzenelnbogen, Dietz, Ziegenhayn, Nidda und Schaumburg, ...

Sammelband: enthält 22 Hanauische Juden-Ordnungen; Exlibris von Gottlieb Schnapper-Arndt

Regierungs-Ausschreiben, wodurch der § 22. der Judenordnung vom 1ten Jan. 1749. so viel die Wechsel betrifft, erläutert, weniger nicht den Juden auf dem Lande das Hausiren in den Dörfern erlaubt wird : Cassel den 24. Aug. 1751

Fürstl. Hessische Regierung daselbsten

Verordnung in wie fern den zweiten Juden-Söhnen der Landesherrliche Schutz ...

Wilhelm, L. z. H.

Edict gegen die wucherliche Contracte

Friedrich, L. z. H.

Extract Geheimen-Raths-Protocolli das judenschaftliche Suchen wegen Bevormundung der Juden und Abhörung derer Rechnungen betreffend : Cassel den 6ten Dec. 1763

Sammelband: enthält 22 Hanauische Juden-Ordnungen; Exlibris von Gottlieb Schnapper-Arndt

Regierungs-Ausschreiben daß den Juden keine Häuser, ... Christen besitzen, auf den Dörfern anzukaufen gestattet werden solle

Cassel den 29. Juni 1768, Fürstl. Hessische Regierung ...

[Zusätze z. Judenordnung v. Jahre 1749] : ... obwohl i. d. Landtags-Abschiede vom Jahre 1731 u. ... 1739 u. 1749 ... Juden-Ordnungen gegen die zum größten Nachtheil Unserer anderen Unterthanen... ; ... Cassell den 7.ten April 1772, Friedrich L. z. Hessen

Sammelband: enthält 22 Hanauische Juden-Ordnungen; Exlibris von Gottlieb Schnapper-Arndt

[Verordnung über Darlehen] : Fügen hierdurch zu wissen ... ; bey Aufnahme der Capitalien allerhand Wuchereyen getrieben ... und die darüber vorhin ergangene Verordnungen folgendermaßen zu erneuern und respective abzuändern ... Cassel den 15.ten October 1773

Sammelband: enthält 22 Hanauische Juden-Ordnungen; Exlibris von Gottlieb Schnapper-Arndt

Erläuterung der Verordg v. 1754 weg. der Juden-Contracten : So geschehen Hanau den 9. Decbr 1773

Von Gottes Gnaden, Wir Wilhelm Landgraf und Erbprinz zu Hessen, Fürst zu Hersfeld .... Thun hiermit kund ...