Studies on the flavones using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Fragmentation pathways of nine flavone compounds have been studied by using electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn). Analyzing the product ion spectra of flavonoids and aglycones, we observed some diagnostic neutral losses, such as *CH3, H2O, residue of glucose and gluconic acid, which are very useful for the identification of the functional groups in the structures. Furthermore, specific retro Diels-Alder (RDA) fragments for flavones with different hydroxyl substitution have also been discussed. The information is helpful for the rapid identification of the location site of hydroxyl substitution on flavones. Fragmentation pathways of C-glycosidic flavonoid have also been discussed using ESI-MSn, demonstrating ions [M-H-60](-), [M-H-90](-), [M-H-120](-) are characteristic ions of C-glycosidic flavonoid. According to the fragmentation mechanism of mass spectrometry and HPLC-MS data, the structures of seven flavones in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi have been identified on-line without time-consuming isolation. The HPLC-ESI-MSn method for analyzing constituents in the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been established.

蚯蚓作为饲料成分对对虾生长及其免疫指标的影响

本文以鲜活饵料赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）为研究对象，从营养学和免疫学的角度研究探讨了蚯蚓对对虾生长和抗病力的影响，为目前虾病问题的解决进行了有益的探索，为蚯蚓在规模化养殖生产中的推广应用提供了参考和依据。主要研究结果如下： 1、以鲜活饵料赤子爱胜蚓为主，双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）和人工配合饵料为对照，比较研究了凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）摄食不同饵料的生长和免疫指标的差异。结果表明：沙蚕和蚯蚓单独投喂或与人工饵料配合投喂都可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长速率，提高对虾肌肉蛋白的营养价值，但用沙蚕单独投喂的对虾成活率较低。在增强对虾的免疫功能方面，蚯蚓和沙蚕与人工饵料配合投喂优于蚯蚓和沙蚕单独投喂，同时蚯蚓的饵料效果优于沙蚕。 2、采用鲜活饵料赤子爱胜蚓和人工配合饵料的不同配比投喂处于健康状态下的中国明对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）幼虾，研究了其生长和免疫特征。结果表明：在人工饵料中配合投喂1/4的蚯蚓（干重）可显著加快中国明对虾的生长速率，增加对虾肌肉蛋白质含量，提高对虾肌肉蛋白的营养价值，减少脂肪含量，但对处于健康状态下的中国明对虾幼虾免疫功能的增强无明显效果。 3、考虑到对虾规模化养殖的可行性，采用冰冻蚯蚓赤子爱胜蚓和人工饵料的不同配比投喂处于非健康状态下的凡纳滨对虾，测定分析对虾的生长、营养成分和免疫指标，结果表明：蚯蚓投喂量（干重）占日投喂量的1/4时可以显著提高对虾的生长速率，增加对虾营养，增强对虾免疫功能，提高对虾成活率。 我国蚯蚓资源丰富，来源广泛，研究证实，以蚯蚓作为对虾饵料可增加对虾营养，促进对虾生长，提高机体免疫力，是对虾规模化养殖生产中的优质绿色动物性饵料。

Diagnóstico da pinta verde: definhamento precoce do maracujazeiro.

Maracujá (do tupi mara Kuya, "fruto que serve" ou "alimento na cuia") é a denominação dada ao fruto produzido por plantas do gênero Passiflora da família Passifloraceae. Das cerca de 600 espécies de Passiflora, P. edulis f. flavicarpa (maracujá amarelo), P. edulis (maracujá roxo) e P. alata (maracujá doce) são responsáveis por 95% da área plantada no Brasil, o maior produtor mundial da fruta com 684.376 toneladas produzidas em 2008 (IBGE, 2009). Dentre os Estados brasileiros, o destaque é a Bahia, principal produtor com 275.445 t produzidas em 2008, seguido por Espírito Santo, Sergipe, Minas Gerais e São Paulo (IBGE,2009).

Pragas da cultura do maracujá-doce no Distrito Federal.

2001

Principais pragas do maracujazeiro e seu controle.

2001

Manejo da floracao do maracujazeiro.

2001

Producao de mudas de maracuja-azedo por estaquia em bandejas.

2001

Severidade da antracnose e perda de materia fresca do maracuja-doce em dois ambientes de armazenamento.

Frutos do maracuja-doce de dez procedencias foram avaliados quanto a severidade da antracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) e quanto a perda de materia fresca em dois ambientes de armazenamento: camara fria ( 5 ºC e UR de 90%) e em ambiente de sala ( 23 +-1 ºC e UR de 65+- 5%). Plantas provenientes de frutos colhidos em estado nativo ou adquiridos nos mercados da Central de Abastecimento de São Paulo - CEAGESP, procedencias A, B, e C; Vicosa-MG, procedencia D; Tome-Acu-PA, procedencia E, Itacoatiara-AM, procedencia F, Ouro Preto d'Oeste-RO, procedencia G; Domingos Martins-ES, procedencia H; Pontes e Lacerda-MT, procedencia I; e Rondonopolis-MT, procedencia J foram estabelecidas no Distrito Federal. Apos as primeiras colheitas, a melhor planta de cada procedencia, selecionada pela maior taxa de vingamento, coloracao de casca, tamanho do fruto e menor espessura da casca, foi multiplicada por estaquia. Frutos de tres plantas de cada procedencia, obtidos por polinizacao natural, forma colhidos de vez e mantidos em caixas-padrao de papelao. As avalacoes forma efetuadas no dia da colheita (tempo zero), aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias apos, determinado-se o percentual de perda de materia fresca e a severidade da antracnose ( % da superficie do fruto ocupada por lesoes) e incidencia (% de frutos atacados) de outras doencas, aos 12 dias de armazenamento. As procedencias com menores indices de antracnose foram a I e a G, seguidas pela D e J. Os frutos armazenados em camaras fria foram menos afetados pela doenca. As procedencias G e A foram as que, ao final dos doze dias de armazenamento, perderam menos materia fresca sendo as perdas respectivamente de 16,68% e 17,86% em ambiente de sala e de 7,71% e 6,61% em camara fria. Considerando-se a media de todas as procedencias aos 12 dias de armazenamento, a menor perda de materia fresca ( 9, 78%) ocorre em camara fria, contra 22, 06% em ambiente de sala. As procedencias A, E, F, G e J perde menos materia fresca em ambiente natural que as demais.

Incidencia e distribuicao do virus do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro no cerrado do Brasil Central.

2001

Índice de cruzabilidade entre espécies de passifloras nas condições do Distrito Federal.

2006

Maracujá: demandas para pesquisa.

2007

Caracterização de germoplasma e melhoramento genético do maracujazeiro assistidos por marcadores moleculares: resultados de pesquisa 2005-2008.

2008

Manejo da irrigação e da fertirrigação com uréia na produtividade e qualidade do maracujá-doce.

2008

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula. V

As a continuation of previous research on the naturalization of non-native vascular plants in the Iberian Peninsula new chorological data are presented for 16 xenophytes recorded between 2010 and 2014, mostly in the provinces of Huelva and Barcelona (Spain) and in the Algarve and Estremadura (Portugal). For each taxon details about distribution, habitats occupied, previous records, degree of naturalization, etc. are provided. Lachenalia bulbifera and Cyperus albostriatus are probably reported for the first time in the wild in Europe, as are Gamochaeta filaginea, and Dysphania anthelmintica and Oenothera lindheimeri for Portugal and Spain respectively. Cosmos bipinnatus is cited as a novelty for the Algarve (Portugal). Newly reported or confirmed for the province of Huelva are: Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Epilobium brachycarpum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Ficus microcarpa, Tamarix parviflora and Tamarix ramosissima, while Atriplex semibaccata, Chloris truncata, and Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus are new for Barcelona. Finally, Passiflora caerulea is a novelty for both Barcelona and Huelva provinces.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants and their senstivity to treatments with ethnobotanical remedies in Cholistan, Pakistan

Livestock production contributes substantially to the livelihoods of poor rural farmers in Pakistan; strengthening pastoral communities plays an imperative role in the country’s thrive for poverty alleviation. Intestinal helminths constitute a major threat for pastoral livestock keepers in the whole country because chronic infestation leads to distinct losses in livestock productivity, particularly the growth of young animals. Synthetic anthelmintics have long been considered the only effective way of controlling this problem but high prices, side effects and chemical residues/toxicity problems, or development of resistance, lead to their very limited use in many pastoral systems. Additionally, poor pastoralists in remote areas of Pakistan hardly have access to appropriate anthelmintic drugs, which are also relatively expensive due to the long routes of transportation. The search for new and more sustainable ways of supporting livestock keepers in remote areas has given rise to studies of ethno-botanicals or traditional plant-based remedies to be used in livestock health care. Plant-based remedies are cheap or free of cost, environmentally safe and generally create no problem of drug resistance; they thus might substitute allopathic drugs. Furthermore, these remedies are easily available in remote areas and simple to prepare and/or administer. Cholistan desert is a quite poor region of Pakistan and the majority of its inhabitants are practicing a nomadic life. The region’s total livestock population (1.29 million heads) is almost twice that of the human population. Livestock husbandry is the primordial occupation of the communities and traditionally wealth assessment was based on the number of animals, especially goats and sheep, owned by an individual. Fortunately, about 60% of this desert region is richly endowed with highly adapted grasses, shrubs and trees. This natural flora has a rich heritage of scientifically unexplored botanical pharmacopoeia. Against this background, the present research project that was conducted under the umbrella of the International Center for Development and Decent Work at Kassel University, focused on a development aspect: in the Cholistan desert region it was firstly examined how pastoralists manage their livestock, which major health problems they face for the different animal species, and which of the naturally occurring plants they use for the treatment of animal diseases (Chapter 2). For this purpose, a baseline survey was carried out across five locations in Cholistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 100 livestock farmers (LF) and 20 local healers (LH). Most of LF and LH were illiterate (66%; 70%). On average, LH had larger herds (109 animals) than LF (85 animals) and were more experienced in livestock husbandry and management. On average LF spent about 163 Euro per year on the treatment of their livestock, with a huge variability in expenditures. Eighty-six traditional remedies based on 64 plants belonging to 43 families were used. Capparaceae was the botanical family with the largest number of species used (4), followed by Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3). The plants Capparis decidua (n=55 mentions), Salsola foetida (n=52), Suaeda fruticosa (n=46), Haloxylon salicornicum (n=42) and Haloxylon recurvum (n=39) were said to be most effective against the infestations with gastrointestinal parasites. Aerial parts (43%), leaves (26%), fruits (9%), seeds and seed oils (9%) were the plant parts frequently used for preparation of remedies, while flowers, roots, bulbs and pods were less frequently used (<5%). Common preparations were decoction, jaggery and ball drench; oral drug administration was very common. There was some variation in the doses used for different animal species depending on age, size and physical condition of the animal and severity of the disease. In a second step the regionally most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats were determined (Chapter 3) in 500 animals per species randomly chosen from pastoral herds across the previously studied five localities. Standard parasitological techniques were applied to identify the parasites in faecal samples manually collected at the rectum. Overall helminth prevalence was 78.1% across the 1000 animals; pure nematode infestations were most prevalent (37.5%), followed by pure trematode (7.9%), pure cestode (2.6%) and pure protozoa infestations (0.8%). Mixed infestations with nematodes and trematodes occurred in 6.4% of all animals, mixed nematode-cestode infestations in 3.8%, and all three groups were found in 19.1% of the sheep and goats. In goats more males (81.1%) than females (77.0%) were infested, the opposite was found in sheep (73.6% males, 79.5% females). Parasites were especially prevalent in suckling goats (85.2%) and sheep (88.5%) and to a lesser extent in young (goats 80.6%, sheep 79.3%) and adult animals (goats 72.8%, sheep 73.8%). Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris ovis and Paramphistomum cervi were the most prevalent helminths. In a third step the in vitro anthelmintic activity of C. decidua, S. foetida, S. fruticosa, H. salicornicum and H. recurvum (Chapter 2) was investigated against adult worms of H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi (Chapter 3) via adult motility assay (Chapter 4). Various concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 500 mg dry matter/ml of three types of extracts of each plant, i.e. aqueous, methanol, and aqueous-methanol (30:70), were used at different time intervals to access their anthelmintic activity. Levamisol (0.55 mg/ml) and oxyclozanide (30 mg/ml) served as positive and phosphate-buffered saline as negative control. All extracts exhibited minimum and maximum activity at 2 h and 12 h after parasite exposure; the 500 mg/ml extract concentrations were most effective. Plant species (P<0.05), extract type (P<0.01), parasite species (P<0.01), extract concentration (P<0.01), time of exposure (P<0.01) and their interactions (P<0.01) had significant effects on the number of immobile/dead helminths. From the comparison of LC50 values it appeared that the aqueous extract of C. decidua was more potent against H. contortus and T. ovis, while the aqueous extract of S. foetida was effective against P. cervi. The methanol extracts of H. recurvum were most potent against all three types of parasites, and its aqueous-methanol extract was also very effective against T. ovis and P. cervi. Based on these result it is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. decidua, as well as the methanol and aqueous-methanol extract of H. recurvum have the potential to be developed into plant-based drugs for treatment against H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi infestations. Further studies are now needed to investigate the in vivo anthelmintic activity of these plants and plant extracts, respectively, in order to develop effective, cheap and locally available anthelmintics for pastoralists in Cholistan and neighboring desert regions. This will allow developing tangible recommendations for plant-based anthelminthic treatment of sheep and goat herds, and by this enable pastoralists to maintain healthy and productive flocks at low costs and probably even manufacture herbal drugs for marketing on a regional scale.