Atherosclerosis: Viewing the problem from a different perspective including possible treatment options

This paper proposes that atherosclerosis is initiated by a signaling event that deposits calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca-HAP). This event is preceded by a loss of mechanical structure in the arterial wall. After Ca-HAP has been deposited, it is unlikely that it will be reabsorbed because the solubility product constant (K sp) is very small, and the large stores of Ca +2 and PO 4-3 in the bones oppose any attempts to dissolve Ca-HAP by decreasing the common ions. The hydroxide ion (OH -) of Ca-HAP can be displaced in nature by fluoride (F -) and carbonate (CO 3-2) ions, and it is proposed that anions associated with cholesterol ester hydrolysis and, in very small quantities, the enolate of 7-ketocholesterol could also displace the OH -of Ca-HAP, forming an ionic bond. The free energy of hydration of Ca-HAP at 310 K is most likely negative, and the ionic radii of the anions associated with the hydrolysis of cholesterol ester are compatible with the substitution. Furthermore, examination of the pathology of atherosclerotic lesions by Raman and NMR spectroscopy and confocal microscopy supports deposition of Ca-HAP associated with cholesterol. Investigating the affinity of intermediates of cholesterol hydrolysis for Ca-HAP compared to lipoproteins such as HDL, LDL, and VLDL using isothermic titration calorimetry could add proof of this concept and may lead to the development of a new class of medications targeted at the deposition of cholesterol within Ca-HAP. Treatment of acute ischemic events as a consequence of atherosclerosis with denitrogenation and oxygenation is discussed. © the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd.

Use of Metals and Anion Species with Chemometrics Tools for Classification of Unprocessed and Processed Coconut Waters

Coconut water is a natural isotonic, nutritive, and low-caloric drink. Preservation process is necessary to increase its shelf life outside the fruit and to improve commercialization. However, the influence of the conservation processes, antioxidant addition, maturation time, and soil where coconut is cultivated on the chemical composition of coconut water has had few arguments and studies. For these reasons, an evaluation of coconut waters (unprocessed and processed) was carried out using Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, malate, and ascorbate concentrations and chemometric tools. The quantitative determinations were performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis. The results showed that Ca, K, and Zn concentrations did not present significant alterations between the samples. The ranges of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, PO (4) (3-) , and SO (4) (2-) concentrations were as follows: Cu (3.1-120 A mu g L(-1)), Fe (60-330 A mu g L(-1)), Mg (48-123 mg L(-1)), Mn (0.4-4.0 mg L(-1)), PO (4) (3-) (55-212 mg L(-1)), and SO (4) (2-) (19-136 mg L(-1)). The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to differentiate unprocessed and processed samples. Multivariated analysis (PCA and HCA) were compared through one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test, and p values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant.

Avaliação da qualidade da água e autodepuração do ribeirão do meio, Leme (SP)

This investigation utilized hydrochemical relations to evaluate possible anthropogenic inputs at Meio Stream, São Paulo State. Realized three sampling of water during the months of February, April and July/2005, in five sampling points analyzing: discharge, temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen ( DO), TDS (total dissolved solids), TSS (total suspended solids), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), HCO(3)(-), Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), PO(4)(3-) and NO(3)(-). The characteristics of water close to spring until Leme city allow concluding that there is a small interference in its quality, however the absence of treatment of domestic wastewater at Leme city reduced its quality. It was applied the QUAL 2K modeling to evaluate the Meio Stream auto-purification identified the auto-purification zones and indicated the necessity of secondary wastewater treatment, with 76% of efficiency.

Wet deposition of major ions in a rural area impacted by biomass burning emissions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A new palladium chelate compound for determination of sulfide

A new palladium chelate compound is described for the determination of sulfide in aqueous samples. The reagent, bis(2-aminobenzoate)palladium(II) (PdA 2), was prepared by reaction of tetrachloropalladate (PdCl 4 -) with 2-aminobenzoic acid. The compound was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis. The measurement was based on the selective reaction of PdA 2 with sulfide in an aqueous medium, which quantitatively produced fluorescent 2-aminobenzoate (λ ex=245nm, λ em=410nm). The analytical response was linear in the range 0.10-20.0μmol (S 2-) L -1 (r>0.99), with a limit of detection of 0.075μmolL -1 and repeatability (RSD) of 3.4%. There was no interference from CO 3 2-, NO 3 -, Cl -, SO 4 2-, Br -, NO 2 -, K +, NH 4 +, Na +, citrate or S 2O 8 2-. The fluorescence intensity decreased in the presence of H 3CCOO -, PO 4 3- and SCN -, while OH - caused a positive interference. The new fluorescent compound was successfully applied for the determination of sulfide in synthetic wastewater and natural water sample. The advantages of the proposed palladium chelate are absence of toxic by-products, simple synthesis procedure of reagent and yield reaction of about 85%, easy handling and fast acquirement of analytical signal. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Dinâmica do carbono dissolvido no Rio Acre: variações espaciais e sazonais

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar a dinâmica do carbono dissolvido ao longo de um trecho do rio Acre, avaliando a influência da área urbana da cidade de Rio Branco, e da descarga de três de seus tributários (Riozinho do Rola, igarapé Judia, igarapé São Francisco), bem como a influência das mudanças hidrológicas sazonais. Foram realizadas campanhas de campo mensais, entre dezembro de 2006 e setembro de 2007, em cinco sítios no rio Acre e um sítio na foz de cada um dos três tributários. A cada amostragem 1 litro de amostra de água era submetida a filtração e dividida em alíquotas para as análises de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COO), carbono inorgânico dissolvido (CIO) e íons maiores (Ca² + , Mg² + , K + , Na + , NH 4 + , HCO 3 -, Cl¯, SO 4 ²¯, NO 3 - , NO 2 - , e PO 4 3-) . Além das coletas foram medidos in situ os parâmetros físico-químicos pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura da água. O pH médio anual no rio Acre variou de 6,46 a 6,54 entre os sítios e a condutividade elétrica apresentou valores médios anuais entre os sítios que variam de 69,93 a 77,84 µS cm¯¹. Nos tributários, os valores médios anuais de pH variaram de 6,10 a 6,51 e a condutividade elétrica apresentou valores médios anuais que variaram entre 54,08 e 153,03 S cm¯¹. Os cátions predominantes no rio Acre e nos tributários foram o Na + e o Ca 2+ e os ânions foram o cr e o sol-. A concentração média anual de COD no rio Acre variou de 4,62 a 5,17 mg l¯¹, sem diferenças significativas entre os sítios de amostragem. Nos tributários as médias anuais, de COD variaram de 3,55 a 6,55 mg r1. As concentrações foram, significativamente maiores no período de cheia, com médias que variaram de 6,26 a 6,39 mg l¯¹ nos sítios do rio Acre. O igarapé São Francisco foi o único tributário que não apresentou diferenças entre os períodos sazonais. O CID teve uma concentração média anual no rio Acre que variou de 527,91 a 598,18 µM, sem diferenças significativas entre os sítios de amostragem. As maiores concentrações foram observada na seca, quando as concentrações médias variaram de 816,31 a 998,52 µM. Nos tributários as concentrações médias anuais de CID variaram de 248,54 a 986,50 µM.Quanto a pressão parcial do CO2 (pCO 2 ) , os sítios no rio Acre apresentam valores médios anuais variando entre 3559 e 4059 ppm, sem diferenças entre os sítios e com os maiores valores ocorrendo no período de cheia. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que a dinâmica do carbono dissolvido no rio Acre não apresenta variações significativas decorrentes das descargas dos tributários nem do lançamento de esgotos. Por outro lado, as mudanças hidrológicas sazonais são os maiores responsáveis pelas alterações nesta dinâmica.

Retention of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by H3PO4-activated lignin: Effect of salts and desorption studies

In this study, the feasibility of using H₃PO₄-activated lignin for hexavalent chromium adsorption has been investigated. The composite of activated lignin was characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM with EDAX analysis. It was observed that the pH had a strong effect on the adsorption capacity; adsorption of Cr(VI) was more favorable at acidic pH with maximum uptake at pH 2. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by Koble-Corrigan isotherm. The monolayer sorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model was found to be 77.85 mg/g. Adsorption showed pseudo-second order rate kinetics and the process involving the rate-controlling step is complex as it involves both film and intraparticle diffusion processes. The NaOH desorbing agent was able to release approximately 84% of metal ions. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the sorption process is exothermic and non-spontaneous. The overall Cr(VI) retention on the activated lignin surface perhaps includes both the physical adsorption of Cr(VI) and the consequent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1-[2,4,6-Trimethyl-3,5-bis(4-oxopiperidin ylmethyl) benzyl ]piperidin- 4-one

In the structure of the title compound, C27H39N3O3, each of the (4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)methyl residues adopts a flattened chair conformation (with the N and carbonyl groups being oriented to either,side of the central C-4 plane) and they occupy positions approximatelym orthogonal to the central benzene ring [C-benzene-C-C-methylene-N torsion angles 103.4 (2), -104.4 (3) and 71.9 (3)degrees]; further, two of these residues are oriented to one side of the central benzene ring with the third to the other side. In the crystal packing, supramolecular layers in the ab plane are sustained by C-H center dotcenter dot center dot O interactions.

A layered chlorophosphate, Na-3[Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)], containing Na+ ions in the interlamellar space

Reaction between CdCl2.H2O and NaH2PO4.H2O Under hydrothermal conditions gives rise to a new cadmium chlorophosphate of the formula Na-3[Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)] I. This material crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Fmm2(no. 42). I has macroanionic layers of [Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)](3-) with Na+ ions in the interlamellar space. The discovery of such compounds suggests that metathetic reactions carried out under hydrothermal conditions may provide a novel route for the synthesis of new open-framework structures.

Ba(3)(P(1-x)Mn(x)O(4))(2): Blue/green inorganic materials based on tetrahedral Mn(V)

We describe a blue/green inorganic material, Ba(3)(P(1-x)-Mn(x)O(4))(2) (I) based on tetrahedral MnO(4)(3-):3d(2) chromophore. The solid solutions (I) which are sky-blue and turquoise-blue for x <= 0.25 and dark green for x >= 0-50, are readily synthesized in air from commonly available starting materials, stabilizing the MnO(4)(3-) chromophore in an isostructural phosphate host. We suggest that the covalency/ionicity of P-O/Mn-O bonds in the solid solutions tunes the crystal field strength around Mn(V) such that a blue colour results for materials with small values of x. The material could serve as a nontoxic blue/green inorganic pigment.

Bromenium-Catalysed Tandem Ring Opening/Cyclisation of Vinylcyclopropanes and Vinylcyclobutanes: A Metal-Free 3+2+1]/4+2+1] Cascade for the Synthesis of Chiral Amidines and Computational Investigation

We present a detailed study of a 3+2+1] cascade cyclisation of vinylcyclopropanes (VCP) catalysed by a bromenium species (Brd+?Xd-) generated in situ, which results in the synthesis of chiral bicyclic amidines in a tandem one-pot operation. The formation of amidines involves the ring-opening of VCPs with Br?X, followed by a Ritter-type reaction with chloramine-T and a tandem cyclisation. The reaction has been further extended to vinylcyclobutane systems and involves a 4+2+1] cascade cyclisation with the same reagents. The versatility of the methodology has been demonstrated by careful choice of VCPs and VCBs to yield bicyclo4.3.0]-, -4.3.1]- and -4.4.0]amidines in enantiomerically pure form. On the basis of the experimental observations and DFT calculations, a reasonable mechanism has been put forth to account for the formation of the products and the observed stereoselectivity. We propose the existence of a p-stabilised homoallylic carbocation at the cyclopropane carbon as the reason for high stereoselectivity. DFT studies at B3LYP/6-311+G** and M06-2X/6-31+G* levels of theory in gas-phase calculations suggest the ring-opening of VCP is initiated at the p-complex stage (between the double bond and Br?X). This can be clearly perceived from the solution-phase (acetonitrile) calculations using the polarisable continuum model (PCM) solvation model, from which the extent of the ring opening of VCP was found to be noticeably high. Studies also show that the formation of zero-bridge bicyclic amidines is favoured over other bridged bicyclic amidines. The energetics of competing reaction pathways is compared to explain the product selectivity.

Estudio preliminar sobre la utilización de la semilla de ayote (Cucurbita maxima) en el control de parasitos gastrointestinales en terneros de 3-8 meses de edad en la Hacienda San Emilio, Granada

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar si la semilla de ayote (Cucurbita maxima) fresca ejerce algún efecto en el control de parásitos gastrointestinales en terneros, el cual fue realizado en la Hacienda San Emilio ubicada en el Municipio de Diriomo, departamento de Granada, la temperatura del lugar oscila entre los 27-34ºC. La duración del experimento fue de 14 días a partir de la selección, identificación de los animales y aplicación de los tratamientos. En el estudio se utilizaron tablas de contingencia de variables dicotómicas: control total y reducción parasitaria como columnas y tratamientos como filas. Para el estudio se seleccionaron 20 animales entre los 3-8 meses de edad, estos se dividieron en 4 grupos constituidos por 5 animales para cada uno de los 4 tratamientos; Tratamiento 1: Doramectina 1% (10mg/50kg) SC, Tratamiento 2: semilla de ayote a dosis de 240 mg/kg/ día por 3 días PO, Tratamiento 3: semilla de ayote a dosis de 240mg/ kg por un día PO,Tratamiento 4: animales sin tratamiento. A los animales se les realizaron análisis coprológicos al inicio del estudio para identificar la familia de parásitos y la carga parasitaria. Los terneros fueron pesados e identificados para la aplicación de los tratamientos; posteriormente se realizó otro análisis coprológico con la técnica de Mc Master a los 14 días después del primer día de aplicación de los tratamientos. Se identificaron las familias Trichost rongylidae, Eimeriidae y Strongyloididae. Para la familia Eimeriidae demostró tener un mejor efecto el tratamiento con semilla de ayote; en lo que refiere a disminución de la carga parasitaria tanto la semilla de ayote como la doramectina resultaron efectivos en las familias Trichostrongylidae y Eimeriidae, mientras que en la familia Strongyloididae solo fue efectiva la doramectina. A través del análisis de costos se determinó que es económicamente factible la utilización de semilla de ayote en la Coccidiosis.

高亲和力PO4(3-)转运子编码基因的cDNA克隆及特性分析

以简并引物，利用RT -PCR，克隆了普通小麦和黑麦根系的PO 43-转运子( Trans-porter)基因长约1.2kb的部分cDNA序列。对其与GenBank中的已知序列进行同源性比较，结果表明：(1)小麦与拟南芥、番茄等高等植物的氨基酸水平的同源性为60%～78%; (2)与酵母较低为40%左右，而与丝状真菌和细菌的同源性则<27%; (3)小麦与黑麦的同源性为75%。对其表达特性的研究表明：(1)该基因在根系和茎叶组织中均有表达，但在根系组织中转录产物的累积量显著高于茎叶;(2)磷饥饿条件下，茎叶和根系组织中该基因的表达均增强，但根系组织中增强幅度较大，由此认为该基因产物的功能不只是根系从生长环境中吸收PO 43-，而与PO 43-在植物体内的转运密切相关;(3)磷饥饿5天 后的植株重新供给充足的PO 43-，则该基因的表达在24小时内即显著减弱;(4)分根试验中同株的部分根系生长于磷饥饿(OuM)环境中，而另一部分根系生长于PO 43-充足(250uM)的环境中，这两部分根系中该基因转录产物的积累水平并无显著差异。因此认为植物感受磷饥饿胁迫的信号可能来自植物体内部POi-库的耗竭。此外，用磷讥饿条件下的普通小麦根系mRNA构建了cDNA文库，以克隆的部分序列为探针，从cDNA文库中分离了全长序列。

铁系3,4-聚异戊二烯橡胶的性能

考察了以异辛酸铁、三异丁基铝和偶氮二异丁腈催化剂在己烷中50℃下制备的3,4-聚异戊二烯(3,4-IR)[3,4(+1,2)结构质量分数约为50%,ML110+04℃为52,玻璃化转变温度为-21.6℃]与SBR或NR质量比为20/80组成的共混胶的力学性能和粘弹性能。SBR/3,4-IR和NR/3,4-IR共混胶与SBR或NR相比,其拉伸强度和扯断伸长率有所下降,回弹性明显降低,但硬度基本不变。根据0℃和60℃下的损耗因子tanδ值可知,3,4-IR可明显提高SBR或NR硫化胶的抗湿滑性能,并使滚动阻力有所降低。

低相对分子质量铁系3,4-聚异戊二烯橡胶的性能

考察了制备的低相对分子质量3,4-聚异戊二烯与SBR或NR按20/80质量比组成的共混胶的力学性能和粘弹性能。结果表明,SBR/3,4-IR和NR/3,4-IR共混胶与SBR或NR相比,其拉伸强度、拉断伸长率和永久变形有所下降,回弹性明显降低,但硬度基本不变。根据0°C和60°C下的损耗因子tanδ值可知,3,4-IR可明显提高SBR或NR硫化胶的抗湿滑性能,对滚动阻力无明显的影响。