Preparação, caracterização e aplicação de derivados do ácido 12- tungstofosfórico suportado em SBA-15

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 2016.

Study of ammonia borane and its derivatives: Influence of nanoconfinements and pressures

Recently, ammonia borane has increasingly attracted researchers’ attention because of its merging applications, such as organic synthesis, boron nitride compounds synthesis, and hydrogen storage. This dissertation presents the results from several studies related to ammonia borane. ^ The pressure-induced tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition in ammonia borane was studied in a diamond anvil cell using in situ Raman spectroscopy. We found a positive Clapeyron-slope for this phase transformation in the experiment, which implies that the phase transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic is exothermic. The result of this study indicates that the rehydrogenation of the high pressure orthorhombic phase is expected to be easier than that of the ambient pressure tetragonal phase due to its lower enthalpy. ^ The high pressure behavior of ammonia borane after thermal decomposition was studied by in situ Raman spectroscopy at high pressures up to 10 GPa. The sample of ammonia borane was first decomposed at ∼140 degree Celcius and ∼0.7 GPa and then compessed step wise in an isolated sample chamber of a diamond anvil cell for Raman spectroscopy measurement. We did not observe the characteristic shift of Raman mode under high pressure due to dihydrogen bonding, indicating that the dihydrogen bonding disappears in the decomposed ammonia borane. Although no chemical rehydrogenation was detected in this study, the decomposed ammonia borane could store extra hydrogen by physical absorption. ^ The effect of nanoconfinement on ammonia borane at high pressures and different temperatures was studied. Ammonia borane was mixed with a type of mesoporous silica, SBA-15, and restricted within a small space of nanometer scale. The nano-scale ammonia borane was decomposed at ∼125 degree Celcius in a diamond anvil cell and rehydrogenated after applying high pressures up to ∼13 GPa at room temperature. The successful rehydrogenation of decomposed nano-scale ammonia borane gives guidance to further investigations on hydrogen storage. ^ In addition, the high pressure behavior of lithium amidoborane, one derivative of ammonia borane, was studied at different temperatures. Lithium amidoborane (LAB) was decomposed and recompressed in a diamond anvil cell. After applying high pressures on the decomposed lithium amidoborane, its recovery peaks were discovered by Raman spectroscopy. This result suggests that the decomposition of LAB is reversible at high pressures.^

Revêtement intelligent à base des silices mésoporeuses fonctionnalisées pour le relargage stimulé d’agents antimicrobiens

Les biofilms bactériens sont composés d’organismes unicellulaires vivants au sein d’une matrice protectrice, formée de macromolécules naturelles. Des biofilms non désirés peuvent avoir un certain nombre de conséquences néfastes, par exemple la diminution du transfert de chaleur dans les échangeurs de chaleurs, l’obstruction de membranes poreuses, la contamination des surfaces coques de navires, etc. Par ailleurs, les bactéries pathogènes qui prolifèrent dans un biofilm posent également un danger pour la santé s’ils croissent sur des surfaces médicales synthétiques comme des implants biomédicaux, cathéters ou des lentilles de vue. De plus, la croissance sur le tissu naturel par certaines souches des bactéries peut être fatale, comme Pseudomonas aeruginosa dans les poumons. Cependant, la présence de biofilms reste difficile à traiter, car les bactéries sont protégées par une matrice extracellulaire. Pour tenter de remédier à ces problèmes, nous proposons de développer une surface antisalissure (antifouling) qui libère sur demande des agents antimicrobiens. La proximité et la disposition du système de relargage placé sous le biofilm, assureront une utilisation plus efficace des molécules antimicrobiennes et minimiseront les effets secondaires de ces dernières. Pour ce faire, nous envisageons l’utilisation d’une couche de particules de silice mésoporeuses comme agents de livraison d’agents antimicrobiens. Les nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuses (MSNs) ont démontré un fort potentiel pour la livraison ciblée d’agents thérapeutiques et bioactifs. Leur utilisation en nano médecine découle de leurs propriétés de porosité intéressantes, de la taille et de la forme ajustable de ces particules, de la chimie de leur surface et leur biocompatibilité. Ces propriétés offrent une flexibilité pour diverses applications. De plus, il est possible de les charger avec différentes molécules ou biomolécules (de tailles variées, allant de l’ibuprofène à l’ARN) et d’exercer un contrôle précis des paramètres d’adsorption et des cinétiques de relargage (désorption). Mots Clés : biofilms, nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuses, microfluidique, surface antisalissure.

Engineered zeolitic materials: synthesis and application

Les zéolithes étant des matériaux cristallins microporeux ont démontré leurs potentiels et leur polyvalence dans un nombre très important d’applications. Les propriétés uniques des zéolithes ont poussé les chercheurs à leur trouver constamment de nouvelles utilités pour tirer le meilleur parti de ces matériaux extraordinaires. Modifier les caractéristiques des zéolithes classiques ou les combiner en synergie avec d’autres matériaux se trouvent être deux approches viables pour trouver encore de nouvelles applications. Dans ce travail de doctorat, ces deux approches ont été utilisées séparément, premièrement avec la modification morphologique de la ZSM-12 et deuxièmement lors de la formation des matériaux de type coeur/coquille (silice mésoporeuses@silicalite-1). La ZSM-12 est une zéolithe à haute teneur en silice qui a récemment attiré beaucoup l’attention par ses performances supérieures dans les domaines de l’adsorption et de la catalyse. Afin de synthétiser la ZSM-12 avec une pureté élevée et une morphologie contrôlée, la cristallisation de la zéolithe ZSM-12 a été étudiée en détail en fonction des différents réactifs chimiques disponibles (agent directeur de structure, types de silicium et source d’aluminium) et des paramètres réactionnels (l’alcalinité, ratio entre Na, Al et eau). Les résultats présentés dans cette étude ont montré que, contrairement à l’utilisation du structurant organique TEAOH, en utilisant un autre structurant, le MTEAOH, ainsi que le Al(o-i-Pr)3, cela a permis la formation de monocristaux ZSM-12 monodisperses dans un temps plus court. L’alcalinité et la teneur en Na jouent également des rôles déterminants lors de ces synthèses. Les structures de types coeur/coquille avec une zéolithe polycristalline silicalite-1 en tant que coquille, entourant un coeur formé par une microsphère de silice mésoporeuse (tailles de particules de 1,5, 3 et 20-45 μm) ont été synthétisés soit sous forme pure ou chargée avec des espèces hôtes métalliques. Des techniques de nucléations de la zéolithe sur le noyau ont été utilisées pour faire croitre la coquille de façon fiable et arriver à former ces matériaux. C’est la qualité des produits finaux en termes de connectivité des réseaux poreux et d’intégrité de la coquille, qui permet d’obtenir une stéréosélectivité. Ceci a été étudié en faisant varier les paramètres de synthèse, par exemple, lors de prétraitements qui comprennent ; la modification de surface, la nucléation, la calcination et le nombre d’étapes secondaires de cristallisation hydrothermale. En fonction de la taille du noyau mésoporeux et des espèces hôtes incorporées, l’efficacité de la nucléation se révèle être influencée par la technique de modification de surface choisie. En effet, les microsphères de silice mésoporeuses contenant des espèces métalliques nécessitent un traitement supplémentaire de fonctionnalisation chimique sur leur surface externe avec des précurseurs tels que le (3-aminopropyl) triéthoxysilane (APTES), plutôt que d’utiliser une modification de surface avec des polymères ioniques. Nous avons également montré que, selon la taille du noyau, de deux à quatre traitements hydrothermaux rapides sont nécessaires pour envelopper totalement le noyau sans aucune agrégation et sans dissoudre le noyau. De tels matériaux avec une enveloppe de tamis moléculaire cristallin peuvent être utilisés dans une grande variété d’applications, en particulier pour de l’adsorption et de la catalyse stéréo-sélective. Ce type de matériaux a été étudié lors d’une série d’expériences sur l’adsorption sélective du glycérol provenant de biodiesel brut avec des compositions différentes et à des températures différentes. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à ceux utilisant des adsorbants classiques comme par exemple du gel de sphères de silice mésoporeux, des zéolithes classiques, silicalite-1, Si-BEA et ZSM-5(H+), sous forment de cristaux, ainsi que le mélange physique de ces matériaux références, à savoir un mélange silicalite-1 et le gel de silice sphères. Bien que le gel de sphères de silice mésoporeux ait montré une capacité d’adsorption de glycérol un peu plus élevée, l’étude a révélé que les adsorbants mésoporeux ont tendance à piéger une quantité importante de molécules plus volumineuses, telles que les « fatty acid methyl ester » (FAME), dans leur vaste réseau de pores. Cependant, dans l’adsorbant à porosité hiérarchisée, la fine couche de zéolite silicalite-1 microporeuse joue un rôle de membrane empêchant la diffusion des molécules de FAME dans les mésopores composant le noyau/coeur de l’adsorbant composite, tandis que le volume des mésopores du noyau permet l’adsorption du glycérol sous forme de multicouches. Finalement, cette caractéristique du matériau coeur/coquille a sensiblement amélioré les performances en termes de rendement de purification et de capacité d’adsorption, par rapport à d’autres adsorbants classiques, y compris le gel de silice mésoporeuse et les zéolithes.

Control of ordered structure and morphology of large-pore periodic mesoporous organosilicas by inorganic salt

Highly ordered rodlike periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) were successfully synthesized using 1.2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane as an precursor and triblock copolymer P123 as a template at low acid concentration and in the presence of inorganic salts (KCl). The role of acid and salt as well as the effects of synthesis temperature and reactant mole ratio in the control of morphology and the formation of ordered mesostructure was systematically examined. It was found that the addition of inorganic salt can dramatically expand the range of the synthesis parameters to produce highly ordered PMO structure and improve the quality of PMO materials. The morphology of PMOs was significantly dependent on the induction time for precipitation. The uniform PMO rods can only be synthesized in a narrow range of acid and salt concentrations. The results also show that the optimized salt concentration (I M) and low acidity (0.167 M) were beneficial to the formation of not only highly ordered mesostructure but also rodlike morphology. Increasing acidity resulted in fast hydrolysis reaction and short rod or plate-like particles. Highly ordered rod can also be prepared at low temperature (35 degrees C) with high salt amount (1.5 M) or high temperature (45 degrees C) with low salt amount (0.5 M). Optimum reactant molar composition at 40 degrees C is 0.035P123:8KCl:1.34HCI:444H(2)O:1.0bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane. Lower or higher SiO2/PI23 ratio led to the formation of uniform meso-macropores or pore-blocking effect. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Observation of a cubic phase in mesoporous silicate films grown at the air/water interface

X-Ray diffraction is reported from mesoporous silicate films grown at the air/water interface. The films were studied both as powdered films, and oriented on silicon or mica sheets. At early stages of growth we observe Bragg diffraction from a highly ordered cubic phase, with both long and short d-spacing peaks. We have assigned this as a discontinuous micellar Pm3n phase in which the silica is partly ordered. Later films retain only the known hexagonal p6m peaks and have lost any order both at short d-spacings and the longer d-spacing Bragg peaks characteristic of the cubic structure. The silica framework is considerably expanded from that in bulk amorphous silica, average Si Si distances are some 30% greater. Incorporation of glycerol or polyethylene glycol preserves the earlier cubic structure. To be consistent with earlier, in situ, X-ray and neutron reflectivity data we infer that both structures are produced after a phase transition from a less-ordered him structure late in the induction phase. The structural relations between the film Pm3n and p6m phase(s) and the known bulk SBA-1 and MCM-41 phases are briefly discussed.

Characterization of silica-carbon mesoporous matrix with embedded nickel nanoparticles synthesized by the polymeric precursor method

Nickel nanoparticles into silica-carbon matrix composites were prepared by using the polymeric precursor method. The effects of the polyester type and the time of pyrolysis on the mesoporosity and nickel particle dispersion into non-aqueous amorphous silica-carbon matrix were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, adsorption/desorption isotherms and TEM. A well-dispersed metallic phase could be only obtained by using ethylene glycol. Weightier polyesters affected the pyrolysis process due to a combination of more amounts of carbonaceous residues and delaying of pyrolysis process. The post-pyrolyzed composites were successfully cleaned at 200 degrees C for I h in oxygen atmosphere leading to an increase in the surface area and without the occurrence of carbon combustion or nickel nanoparticles oxidation. The matrix composites presented predominantly mesoporous with pore size well defined in 38 angstrom, mainly when tetraethylene glycol was used as polymerizing agent. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Application of mesoporous SBA-15 silica functionalized with 4-amino-2-mercaptopyrimidine for the adsorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) from water

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Magnetically separable mesoporous Fe3O4/silica catalysts with very low Fe3O4 content

Two magnetically separable Fe3O4/SiO2 (aerogel and MSU-X) composites with very low Fe3O4 content (<1 wt%) have been successfully prepared at room temperature by co-condensation of MPTES-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with a silicon alkoxide. This procedure yields a homogeneous incorporation of the Fe3O4 NPs on silica supports, leading to magnetic composites that can be easily recovered using an external magnetic field, despite their very low Fe3O4 NPs content (ca. 1 wt%). These novel hybrid Fe3O4/SiO2 materials have been tested for the oxidation reaction of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) with hydrogen peroxide showing an enhancement of the stability of the NPs in the Fe3O4/silica aerogel as compared to the Fe3O4 NPs alone, even after five catalytic cycles, no leaching or agglomeration of the Fe3O4/SiO2 systems.

Comparative Analysis of Structural and Morphological Properties of Large-Pore Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas and Pure Silicas

A systematic study on the structural properties and external morphologies of large-pore mesoporous organosilicas synthesized using triblock copolymer EO20PO70EO20 as a template under low-acid conditions was carried out. By employing the characterization techniques of SAXS, FE-SEM, and physical adsorption of N-2 in combination with alpha(s)-plot method, the structural properties and external morphologies of large-pore mesoporous organosilicas were critically examined and compared with that of their pure-silica counterparts synthesized under similar conditions. It has been observed that unlike mesoporous pure silicas, the structural and morphological properties of mesoporous organosilicas are highly acid-sensitive. High-quality mesoporous organosilicas can only be obtained from synthesis gels with the molar ratios of HCl/H2O between 7.08 x 10(-4) and 6.33 x 10(-3), whereas mesoporous pure silicas with well-ordered structure can be obtained in a wider range of acid concentration. Simply by adjusting the HCl/H2O molar ratios, the micro-, meso-, and macroporosities of the organosilica materials can be finely tuned without obvious effect on their structural order. Such a behavior is closely related to their acid-controlled morphological evolution: from necklacelike fibers to cobweb-supported pearl-like particles and to nanosized particulates.

Mesoporous silicas as versatile supports to tune the palladium-catalyzed selective aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols

Surfactant templating offers a simple route to synthesize high-surface area silicas with ordered, tunable mesopore architectures. The use of these materials as versatile catalyst supports for palladium nanoparticles has been explored in the aerobic selective oxidation (selox) of allylic alcohols under mild conditions. Families of Pd/mesoporous silicas, synthesized through incipient wetness impregnation of SBA-15, SBA-16, and KIT-6, have been characterized by using nitrogen porosimetry, CO chemisorption, diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and high-resolution TEM and benchmarked in liquid phase allylic alcohol selox against a Pd/amorphous SiO2 standard. The transition from amorphous to two-dimensional parallel and three-dimensional interpenetrating porous silica networks conferred significant selox rate enhancements associated with higher surface densities of active palladium oxide sites. Dissolved oxygen was essential for insitu stabilization of palladium oxide, and thus maintenance of high activity on-stream, whereas selectivity to the desired aldehyde selox product over competing hydrogenolysis pathways was directed by using palladium metal. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Hydrothermal saline promoted grafting of periodic mesoporous organic sulfonic acid silicas for sustainable FAME production

Hydrothermal saline promoted grafting of sulfonic acid groups onto SBA-15 and periodic mesoporous organic silica analogues affords solid acid catalysts with high acid site loadings (>2.5 mmol g-1 H+), ordered mesoporosity and tunable hydrophobicity. The resulting catalysts show excellent activity for fatty acid esterification and tripalmitin transesterification to methyl palmitate, with framework phenyl groups promoting fatty acid methyl esters production. (Chemical Equation Presented)

Green preparation of tuneable carbon-silica composite materials from wastes

Bio-oil has successfully been utilized to prepare carbon-silica composites (CSCs) from mesoporous silicas, such as SBA-15, MCM-41, KIT-6 and MMSBA frameworks. These CSCs comprise a thin film of carbon dispersed over the silica matrix and exhibit porosity similar to the parent silica. The surface properties of the resulting materials can be simply tuned by the variation of preparation temperatures leading to a continuum of functionalities ranging from polar hydroxyl rich surfaces to carbonaceous aromatic surfaces, as reflected in solid state NMR, XPS and DRIFT analysis. N2 porosimetry, TEM and SEM images demonstrate that the composites still possess similar ordered mesostructures to the parent silica sample. The modification mechanism is also proposed: silica samples are impregnated with bio-oils (generated from the pyrolysis of waste paper) until the pores are filled, followed by the carbonization at a series of temperatures. Increasing temperature leads to the formation of a carbonaceous layer over the silica surface. The complex mixture of compounds within the bio-oil (including those molecules containing alcohols, aliphatics, carbonyls and aromatics) gives rise to the functionality of the CSCs.

Silica promoted self-assembled mesoporous aluminas. Impact of the silica precursor on the structural, textural and acidic properties

This paper investigates the effect of silica addition on the structural, textural and acidic properties of an evaporation induced self-assembled (EISA) mesoporous alumina. Two silica addition protocols were applied while maintaining the EISA synthesis route. The first route is based on the addition of a Na-free colloidal silica suspension (Ludox®), and the second method consists of the co-hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with aluminium tri-sec-butoxide, to favour a more intimate mixing of the Al- and Si-hydrolysed species. The properties of the so derived materials were compared to the SiO2-free counterpart. The SiO2 addition was always beneficial from a structural and textural standpoint. TEOS appears to have a truly promoting effect; the ordering, surface area and pore volume are all improved. For Ludox®, the enhancement comes from the formation of smaller pores by a densification of the structure. The crystallization of γ-alumina depends on the interaction between the Al- and Si-species in the mesophase. Ludox®-based materials achieved crystallization at 750 °C but the intimate mixing in the TEOS-based mesophases shows a suppression of the phase transformation by 50-100 °C, with respect to the SiO2-free counterpart. This reduces the textural features substantially. For all SiO2-modified materials, the enhancement in the surface area is not accompanied by a concomitant improvement of total acidity, and the formation of weak Lewis acid sites was promoted. These effects were ascribed to SiO2 migration to the surface that blocks part of the acidity.

Biogenic modified silica as a sorbent of cadmium ions: Preparation and characterization

This work describes the preparation and characterization of biogenic modified silica from rice hull ash and its use as a sorbent of cadmium ions. Thus, an agro-industrial residue has been used to produce a new adsorbent product which is able to remove toxic elements. Mesoporous biogenic silica was obtained by alkaline extraction of sodium silicate by hydrolysis with the sol-gel process, and it was modified with salen using 1,2-dichloroethane as a spacer. The surface area of the silica was measured by nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. Surface modification was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The degree of functionalization was obtained by elemental analysis. This work showed that biogenic modified silica can be produced in aqueous media from rice hull ash using a simple method, providing an alternative method for adsorbent preparation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the salen-modified silica is stable up to 209 C. The modified silica displays appropriate structural characteristics for an adsorbent. The cylindrical pores, open at both ends, allow free diffusion of cadmium ions to the adsorption sites on the silica surface. The surface modification increases cadmium adsorption on the silica surface 100-fold. The salen-modified silica showed specific adsorption for Cd2+ of 44.52 mg/g SiO2 at cadmium concentration of 100 mg/l.