Strategic political communication : a leader's address to the nation

Este trabajo está destinado a divulgar en la población de las carreras de inglés como lengua extranjera un enfoque al estudio del discurso que reconoce su carácter situado tanto en sentido local como histórico. Su objetivo específico es revelar las características del género ‘alocución inaugural’ y la construcción discursiva de la nación estadounidense a través del análisis de un discurso público importante desde el punto de vista histórico pronunciado por el presidente de los EE.UU. George W. Bush. El examen de los datos muestra que la concurrencia de rasgos de actuación oral y eficaces recursos retóricos en un texto cuidadosamente elaborado que convoca ciertos aspectos de la identidad nacional se orienta a complejos fines políticos y se dirige a múltiples auditorios.

El uso de la poesía en la tradición oral moderna

En todos los pueblos el origen de la creación, al interior de las distintas religiones y dentro del universo entero, se manifiesta por la palabra, a la que se considera la fuerza genérica, de origen divino, fundadora y productora de todas las cosas tanto materiales como espirituales. La voz se equipara a la emisión de un soplo milagroso. Nombrar es un acto de creación; crear y nombrar, entonces, se convierten en sinónimos: "en el principio era el Verbo y el Verbo era Dios". Sobre esas antiguas creencias se generaron mitos, se conformaron relatos legendarios y nacieron fórmulas de comunicación. Las culturas indígenas conservan hermosas leyendas entregadas por la tradición oral; recuerdo de ideales épocas y "tiempo de los sueños": la edad de la poesía. Poesía que transmite historia y mitos; cantos que permiten investigar y mantener la inteligencia activa: la permanencia de la memoria genética

El uso de la poesía en la tradición oral moderna

En todos los pueblos el origen de la creación, al interior de las distintas religiones y dentro del universo entero, se manifiesta por la palabra, a la que se considera la fuerza genérica, de origen divino, fundadora y productora de todas las cosas tanto materiales como espirituales. La voz se equipara a la emisión de un soplo milagroso. Nombrar es un acto de creación; crear y nombrar, entonces, se convierten en sinónimos: "en el principio era el Verbo y el Verbo era Dios". Sobre esas antiguas creencias se generaron mitos, se conformaron relatos legendarios y nacieron fórmulas de comunicación. Las culturas indígenas conservan hermosas leyendas entregadas por la tradición oral; recuerdo de ideales épocas y "tiempo de los sueños": la edad de la poesía. Poesía que transmite historia y mitos; cantos que permiten investigar y mantener la inteligencia activa: la permanencia de la memoria genética

El uso de la poesía en la tradición oral moderna

En todos los pueblos el origen de la creación, al interior de las distintas religiones y dentro del universo entero, se manifiesta por la palabra, a la que se considera la fuerza genérica, de origen divino, fundadora y productora de todas las cosas tanto materiales como espirituales. La voz se equipara a la emisión de un soplo milagroso. Nombrar es un acto de creación; crear y nombrar, entonces, se convierten en sinónimos: "en el principio era el Verbo y el Verbo era Dios". Sobre esas antiguas creencias se generaron mitos, se conformaron relatos legendarios y nacieron fórmulas de comunicación. Las culturas indígenas conservan hermosas leyendas entregadas por la tradición oral; recuerdo de ideales épocas y "tiempo de los sueños": la edad de la poesía. Poesía que transmite historia y mitos; cantos que permiten investigar y mantener la inteligencia activa: la permanencia de la memoria genética

Detecção dos herpesvirus humanos na mucosa oral de pacientes irradiados para tratamento de carcinoma epidermoide em região de cabeça e pescoço

A radioterapia para tratamento das neoplasias malignas em região de cabeça e pescoço é acompanhada de diversas complicações, decorrentes do comprometimento dos tecidos radiossensíveis localizados próximos ao tumor. Entre essas complicações a mucosite é a que merece maior destaque. A mucosite é uma reação tóxica inflamatória da mucosa oral causada pelo tratamento citorredutivo induzido pela radioterapia (RT) ou pela quimioterapia (QT). Ela manifesta-se com sinais de edema, eritema, úlcera e formação pseudomembrana, resultando em sintomas de ardência, que pode progredir para dor intensa e consequente prejuízo na alimentação e comunicação verbal. Infecções bacterianas, fúngicas ou virais podem acometer a mucosa bucal irradiada e exacerbar a manifestação da mucosite oral por meio da ativação de fatores de transcrição da resposta inflamatória. Existem poucos dados na literatura sobre a participação dos herpesvirus humanos na mucosite oral induzida pela radioterapia. A proposta desse trabalho foi avaliar a excreção oral dos herpesvirus humanos (HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, CMV, VZV, HHV6, HHV7 e HHV8) e sua possível associação com o desenvolvimento e agravamento da mucosite oral, em pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma epidermoide (CEC) de boca e orofaringe, submetidos à radioterapia associado à quimioterapia. Nesse estudo foram analisadas 158 amostras de lavado bucal, de 20 pacientes, submetidos à radioterapia para CEC em região de cabeça e pescoço, coletadas semanalmente, durante todo o tratamento. Foi realizada a extração do DNA dessas amostras e em seguida sua amplificação através da PCR utilizando dois conjuntos de primers: HSVP1/P2 para os subtipos HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, CMV e HHV-8 e o VZVP1/P2 para os subtipos VZV, HHV-6 e HHV-7. As amostras positivas foram submetidas à digestão enzimática com enzimas de restrição BamHI e BstUI para determinação específica de cada um dos oito herpesvirus. Foi também avaliada clinicamente, a mucosite oral, em cada uma das coletas, seguindo os critérios da OMS e NCIC. As análises da amostra mostraram a excreção do EBV, HHV-6 e HHV-7, em todas as semanas de tratamento radioterápico, enquanto que a excreção do HSV1 não pode ser observada no momento da triagem. Considerando-se todos os períodos em conjunto (Triagem, semanas de radioterapia e Controle), a maior frequência foi de pacientes que excretaram EBV (55,0%), seguida daqueles que excretaram HHV-7 (20,5%). A frequência de excreção de EBV foi significativamente maior do que a dos demais vírus (Teste ?2, p<0.001 para todos os cruzamentos). A frequência de excreção de HHV-7 foi significativamente maior do que a de HSV-1 (5,9%) e HHV-6 (5,5%) (Teste ?2, p=0.001 para ambos os cruzamentos). Não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes entre as frequências de HSV-1 e HHV-6. Como conclusão, verificou-se uma correlação positiva entre a excreção oral do EBV e a presença de mucosite induzida pela associação de radioterapia e quimioterapia com graus >=2, sobretudo se considerarmos as três últimas semanas de radioterapia, período este em que a severidade da mucosite foi estatisticamente maior. Esses achados nos possibilitam inferir que o ambiente inflamatório local de mucosites com grau >=2 seja mais favorável para excreção oral do EBV.

Programa de estimulação de linguagem oral para crianças com atraso de linguagem

A aquisição e o desenvolvimento da linguagem são primordiais na vida de uma criança, especialmente porque a linguagem possibilita a comunicação com o mundo, sendo um dos principais meios de integração social. Por isso é de grande importância que se assegure que as crianças tenham um bom desenvolvimento da linguagem e, quando necessário, uma boa intervenção em suas dificuldades. Atualmente, em linguagem infantil no Brasil, discute-se diferentes abordagens terapêuticas, mas se verifica a necessidade da elaboração de programas terapêuticos estruturados, confeccionados com qualidade técnica e cientifica que, estimulem as diversas habilidades de linguagem, de forma a considerar as especificidades de cada criança, a fim de minimizar as dificuldades na comunicação destas. Programas de intervenção deste tipo norteariam os fonoaudiólogos a planejarem suas terapias e proporcionaria maior eficácia no processo terapêutico. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi elaborar, e testar a aplicabilidade de um programa de estimulação de linguagem oral para crianças com atraso de linguagem, na faixa-etária de 3 a 6 anos. Para isso, após a elaboração do programa de estimulação, o mesmo foi julgado por dois juízes, fonoaudiólogos mestres em Linguagem com experiência em Intervenção em Linguagem Infantil, quanto: (a) coerência das estratégias propostas com relação a meta de estimulação; e, (b) com relação ao nível de dificuldade de tais estratégias para o perfil das crianças. Em seguida o programa foi aplicado em 10 crianças com atraso de linguagem sem outros comprometimentos (sensoriais e/ou neurológicos), este programa foi composto de 20 sessões terapêuticas, realizadas com frequência de três vezes por semana, durando em média 60 minutos. As crianças realizaram uma pré-testagem e foram submetidas ao programa de estimulação proposto, ao termino foi realizada uma pós-testagem. Nesta avaliação pré e pós-estimulação, foram avaliados a organização fonológica, vocabulário receptivo e expressivo, habilidades pragmáticas e habilidades psicolinguísticas da criança. O programa foi julgado como adequado pelos juízes e as crianças submetidas à ele tiveram desempenho de acordo com esperado durante as sessões de estimulação. Observou-se também melhora estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) na pós-testagem na Linguagem Global, Linguagem Receptiva, Linguagem Expressiva, Vocabulário Expressivo, Memória de trabalho fonológica e habilidades comunicativas verbais. Conclui-se que o programa atingiu seus objetivos, sendo que o mesmo pode vir a nortear e aprimorar a estimulação fonoaudiológica nos casos de alterações em linguagem infantil, enfatizando a estimulação dos níveis fonético-fonológico, sintático, semântico-lexical e pragmático da linguagem e habilidades psicolinguisticas.

Speak up!: A new approach to communication,

First published, 1943, under title: Communication, written and oral.

Theory-of-mind development in oral deaf children with cochlear implants or conventional hearing aids

Background: In the context of the established finding that theory-of-mind (ToM) growth is seriously delayed in late-signing deaf children, and some evidence of equivalent delays in those learning speech with conventional hearing aids, this study's novel contribution was to explore ToM development in deaf children with cochlear implants. Implants can substantially boost auditory acuity and rates of language growth. Despite the implant, there are often problems socialising with hearing peers and some language difficulties, lending special theoretical interest to the present comparative design. Methods: A total of 52 children aged 4 to 12 years took a battery of false belief tests of ToM. There were 26 oral deaf children, half with implants and half with hearing aids, evenly divided between oral-only versus sign-plus-oral schools. Comparison groups of age-matched high-functioning children with autism and younger hearing children were also included. Results: No significant ToM differences emerged between deaf children with implants and those with hearing aids, nor between those in oral-only versus sign-plus-oral schools. Nor did the deaf children perform any better on the ToM tasks than their age peers with autism. Hearing preschoolers scored significantly higher than all other groups. For the deaf and the autistic children, as well as the preschoolers, rate of language development and verbal maturity significantly predicted variability in ToM, over and above chronological age. Conclusions: The finding that deaf children with cochlear implants are as delayed in ToM development as children with autism and their deaf peers with hearing aids or late sign language highlights the likely significance of peer interaction and early fluent communication with peers and family, whether in sign or in speech, in order to optimally facilitate the growth of social cognition and language.

Syntactic complexity measures and their relation to oral proficiency in Japanese as a foreign language

The study reported in this article is a part of a large-scale study investigating syntactic complexity in second language (L2) oral data in commonly taught foreign languages (English, German, Japanese, and Spanish; Ortega, Iwashita, Rabie, & Norris, in preparation). In this article, preliminary findings of the analysis of the Japanese data are reported. Syntactic complexity, which is referred to as syntactic maturity or the use of a range of forms with degrees of sophistication (Ortega, 2003), has long been of interest to researchers in L2 writing. In L2 speaking, researchers have examined syntactic complexity in learner speech in the context of pedagogic intervention (e.g., task type, planning time) and the validation of rating scales. In these studies complexity is examined using measures commonly employed in L2 writing studies. It is assumed that these measures are valid and reliable, but few studies explain what syntactic complexity measures actually examine. The language studied is predominantly English, and little is known about whether the findings of such studies can be applied to languages that are typologically different from English. This study examines how syntactic complexity measures relate to oral proficiency in Japanese as a foreign language. An in-depth analysis of speech samples from 33 learners of Japanese is presented. The results of the analysis are compared across proficiency levels and cross-referenced with 3 other proficiency measures used in the study. As in past studies, the length of T-units and the number of clauses per T-unit is found to be the best way to predict learner proficiency; the measure also had a significant linear relation with independent oral proficiency measures. These results are discussed in light of the notion of syntactic complexity and the interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing. Adapted from the source document

Patients’ and health professionals’ views and experiences of atrial fibrillation and oral-anticoagulant therapy:a qualitative meta-synthesis

Objective - Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients are prescribed oral-anticoagulant (OAC) therapy, often warfarin, to reduce stroke risk. We explored existing qualitative evidence about patients’ and health professionals’ experiences of OAC therapy. Methods - Systematic searches of eight bibliographic databases were conducted. Quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool and data from ten studies were synthesised qualitatively. Results - Four third-order constructs, emerged from the final step in the analysis process: (1) diagnosing AF and the communication of information, (2) deciding on OAC therapy, (3) challenges revolving around patient issues, and (4) healthcare challenges. Synthesis uncovered perspectives that could not be achieved through individual studies. Conclusion - Physicians’ and patients’ experiences present a dichotomy of opinion on decision-making, which requires further exploration and changes in practice. Outcomes of workload pressure on both health professionals and patients should be investigated. The need for on-going support and education to patients and physicians is critical to achieve best practice and treatment adherence. Practice implications - Such research could encourage health professionals to understand and attend better to the needs and concerns of the patient. Additionally these findings can be used to inform researchers and healthcare providers in developing educational interventions with both patients and health professionals.

Risk communication and social media:are we ready?

Oral presentation

Talking about depression:an analogue study of physician gender and communication style on patient disclosures

Objectives: To disentangle the effects of physician gender and patient-centered communication style on patients' oral engagement in depression care. Methods: Physician gender, physician race and communication style (high patient-centered (HPC) and low patient-centered (LPC)) were manipulated and presented as videotaped actors within a computer simulated medical visit to assess effects on analogue patient (AP) verbal responsiveness and care ratings. 307 APs (56% female; 70% African American) were randomly assigned to conditions and instructed to verbally respond to depression-related questions and indicate willingness to continue care. Disclosures were coded using Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS). Results: Both male and female APs talked more overall and conveyed more psychosocial and emotional talk to HPC gender discordant doctors (all p <.05). APs were more willing to continue treatment with gender-discordant HPC physicians (p <.05). No effects were evident in the LPC condition. Conclusions: Findings highlight a role for physician gender when considering active patient engagement in patient-centered depression care. This pattern suggests that there may be largely under-appreciated and consequential effects associated with patient expectations in regard to physician gender that these differ by patient gender. Practice implications: High patient-centeredness increases active patient engagement in depression care especially in gender discordant dyads. © 2014.

A produção oral de inglês como LE em uma escola pública de Natal: uma experiência com a abordagem baseada em tarefas

The aim of this action research of mixed-methods was investigating the role of the tasks proposed by the Task-Based Learning, TBL (WILLIS, 1996) in the process of development of speech production in English as a foreign language (EFL) at the public school. Twenty-three students from a grade of secondary school from a state school in Rio Grande do Norte were exposed systematically to the implementation of the learning tasks focused in the speech production in EFL during two months. The instruments used at the data collection – pre and post-questionnaire; field notes; focal group; and pre and post-tests - generated two kinds of data: a) qualitative (the perception of the students about their speech production and the teaching of this ability at the public school; and, the usage of strategies of communication for these learners facing TBL); and, b) quantitative (the development of pronunciation; of accuracy in the proficiency tests (test KET – Cambridge, adapted); and, of Global Oral Proficiency (POG) of these learners after the accomplishment of the learning tasks). The quantitative results of the study indicate that there was a statistically significant development of pronunciation and accuracy at the proficiency tests, after the tasks experience. The qualitative findings, in turn, represented by the learners‟ reports and from the research teacher, show that there has been greater focus on the use of communicative strategies during the learners‟ oral production throughout the intervention with the tasks.

The knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of patients and their healthcare professionals around oral dosage form modification: a systematic review of the qualitative literature

Objectives: The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the available qualitative evidence on the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of adult patients, healthcare professionals and carers about oral dosage form modification. Design: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies was undertaken, utilising the thematic synthesis approach. Data sources: The following databases were searched from inception to September 2015: PubMed, Medline (EBSCO), EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest Databases, Scopus, Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). Citation tracking and searching the references lists of included studies was also undertaken. Grey literature was searched using the OpenGrey database, internet searching and personal knowledge. An updated search was undertaken in June 2016. Review methods: Studies meeting the following criteria were eligible for inclusion; (i) used qualitative data collection and analysis methods; (ii) full-text was available in English; (iii) included adult patients who require oral dosage forms to be modified to meet their needs or; (iv) carers or healthcare professionals of patients who require oral dosage forms to be modified. Two reviewers independently appraised the quality of the included studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklist. A thematic synthesis was conducted and analytical themes were generated. Results: Of 5455 records screened, seven studies were eligible for inclusion; three involved healthcare professionals and the remaining four studies involved patients. Four analytical themes emerged from the thematic synthesis: (i) patient-centred individuality and variability; (ii) communication; (iii) knowledge and uncertainty and; (iv) complexity. The variability of individual patient’s requirements, poor communication practices and lack of knowledge about oral dosage form modification, when combined with the complex and multi-faceted healthcare environment complicate decision making regarding oral dosage form modification and administration. Conclusions: This systematic review has highlighted the key factors influencing the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of patients and healthcare professionals about oral dosage form modifications. The findings suggest that in order to optimise oral medicine modification practices the needs of individual patients should be routinely and systematically assessed and decision-making should be supported by evidence based recommendations with multidisciplinary input. Further research is needed to optimise oral dosage form modification practices and the factors identified in this review should be considered in the development of future interventions.