The risk-properties of human capital and the design of government policies

Whether human capital increases or decreases wage uncertainty is an open question from an empirical standpoint. Yet, most policy prescriptions regarding human capital formation are based on models that impose riskiness on this type of investment. In a two period and finite type optimal income taxation problem we derive prescriptions that are robust to the risk characteristics of human capital: savings should be discouraged, human capital investments encouraged and both types of investment driven to an efficient level from an aggregate perspective. These prescriptions are also robust to the assumptions regarding what choices are observed, despite policy instruments being not.

Estudo das variáveis de rugosidade, dureza e condutividade térmica aplicado à percepção tátil em design de produto

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a relação existente entre as variáveis de rugosidade, dureza e condutividade térmica de alguns materiais utilizados em design de produto e a percepção tátil. Inicialmente, foram realizadas pesquisas de descritores subjetivos que os usuários relacionavam com o ato de tocar. A partir destes resultados, foram identificadas características superficiais dos materiais que estavam ligadas a estes descritores. Foi possível então, desenvolver amostras em diferentes materiais (cerâmicos, poliméricos, metálicos e naturais), para serem testadas em ensaios diversos. Os primeiros testes realizados, permitiam a visualização das amostras. Posteriormente, foram realizados ensaios de forma que os entrevistados não podiam visualizar as amostras. Desta forma, somente a percepção tátil era testada sem influência dos demais órgãos dos sentidos. Nestes testes, os entrevistados verificavam entre as variáveis abordadas no trabalho (rugosidade, dureza e condutividade térmica), se haviam diferenças entre as amostras e ordenavam de maior à menor conforme o que era percebido. Com base nas respostas obtidas, e também nos valores atribuídos às amostras para as variáveis já relacionadas anteriormente, foi possível verificar limiares de percepção e também, a relação existente entre o que é percebido e os valores atribuídos às respectivas variáveis tecnológicas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a percepção de diferentes texturas, foi mais facilmente detectada do que diferenças de condutividade térmica e principalmente de dureza. A preferência por texturas menos rugosas foi detectada em grande parte das respostas obtidas Da mesma forma, pode-se dizer que a temperatura ambiente de realização dos testes para condutividade térmica, teve influência direta nas respostas obtidas. Para os ensaios aplicados, não houve diferença grande entre respostas de adultos e de crianças e também entre crianças com deficiência visual e crianças sem deficiência. A investigação da percepção tátil, e posteriormente a relação que se pode fazer desta com algumas das propriedades dos materiais, contribui tanto na seleção de materiais para projeto de produtos, como para seleção de processos de fabricação. Sendo assim, este estudo pode servir como mais uma ferramenta no processo de criação, considerando assim os futuros usuários. Desta maneira, o vínculo entre o usuário e o produto torna-se mais forte, já que este atende às necessidades e também considera a percepção do usuário em relação aos materiais utilizados, podendo, inclusive, evitar um descarte rápido contribuindo para aumentar a sustentabilidade. Além disto, este estudo permite também que a produção nas indústrias de determinados segmentos (têxtil, brinquedos, utensílios, etc.) possa ser orientada de forma que considere limiares de percepção, evitando assim investimentos desnecessários em processos de produção que resultariam em mudanças que podem não ser percebidas pelos usuários. Em suma, os resultados obtidos neste estudo, podem ser utilizados em diversas áreas da Engenharia e do Design, agregando a estas uma ferramenta na orientação de projetos.

Um sistema informacional e perceptivo de seleção de materiais com enfoque no design de calçados

O presente trabalho decorre da importânciada Seleção dos Materiais no Design de produtos como um fator tecnológico para a inovação e minimização de falhas de projetos. Assim, a investigação dos fatores importantes para a determinação dos seus requisitos ou objetivos torna-se primordial para se estabelecer uma seleção adequada na proposta, buscando determinar o grau de satisfação do consumidor através do atendimento às variáveis objetivas e subjetivas dos projetos que foram abordadas neste estudo. Em função do grande número de diferentes materiais existentes, este processo apresenta-se de forma complexa. Desse modo, a investigação realizada, sobre os diferentes meios de interpretação dos materiais, direcionou a pesquisa à abordagem do estudo de caso de uma Materioteca, referenciandoum sistema de seleção de materiais, onde a inclusão das variáveis subjetivas no processo vem determinar vantagens, estimulando a percepção tátil e visual do projetista. A grande participação conjunta e simultânea do Design e da Engenharia, buscando atrelar aspectos estéticos e subjetivos às viabilidades técnicas e produtivas, foram identificadas neste sistema, onde a avaliação da forma, da textura, da funcionalidade, da durabilidade, da sustentabilidade, do conceito, entre outros itens, apontam para a obtenção de novos requisitos com elevado grau de prioridade. Assim, pode-se dizer que o reconhecimento dos valores subjetivos (percepção) dos materiais, uma vez adaptados em projetos, agregam maior valor ao produto resultante, instigando o Designer a cada vez mais confrontar novos quesitos no momento da projetação, reforçando a potencialidade conceitual expressiva contida nos objetos de consumo, como, por exemplo, a marca do produto e o status social que este possa agregar, baseados na forma de pensar e na maneira de viver do consumidor, em função de suas percepções, com base nos principais órgãos dos sentidos. Em suma, os resultados obtidos neste estudo podem ser utilizados em diversas áreas do Design e da Engenharia, agregando-secomo uma ferramenta na orientação de projetos do setor calçadista.

Mapeamento das necessidades dos portadores de deficiência física do munípio de Blumenau (SC), através do design macroergonômico

Essa dissertação trata do mapeamento das necessidades dos portadores de deficiência física do município de Blumenau (SC) e da confrontação das mesmas com as ações das Secretarias da Prefeitura Municipal de Blumenau. Foram identificados quantos são os portadores de deficiência física deste município, mapeadas e priorizadas suas necessidades. O estudo utilizou a ferramenta Design Macroergonômico (FOGLIATTO e GUIMARAES, 1999) e foi realizado na Associação Blumenauense de Deficientes Físicos – ABLUDEF. A acessibilidade destaca-se como a principal necessidade para os portadores de deficiência física, além de mais linhas com ônibus adaptados para o transporte coletivo urbano de Blumenau - SC. Ficou claro também que as ações das secretarias municipais procuram cumprir as leis pertinentes às necessidades dos portadores de deficiência física. Os resultados serão repassados para as secretarias municipais para que suas ações sejam compatíveis com as expectativas e necessidades dos usuários.

A Framework supporting collaboration on the distributed design of integrated systems

The work described in this thesis aims to support the distributed design of integrated systems and considers specifically the need for collaborative interaction among designers. Particular emphasis was given to issues which were only marginally considered in previous approaches, such as the abstraction of the distribution of design automation resources over the network, the possibility of both synchronous and asynchronous interaction among designers and the support for extensible design data models. Such issues demand a rather complex software infrastructure, as possible solutions must encompass a wide range of software modules: from user interfaces to middleware to databases. To build such structure, several engineering techniques were employed and some original solutions were devised. The core of the proposed solution is based in the joint application of two homonymic technologies: CAD Frameworks and object-oriented frameworks. The former concept was coined in the late 80's within the electronic design automation community and comprehends a layered software environment which aims to support CAD tool developers, CAD administrators/integrators and designers. The latter, developed during the last decade by the software engineering community, is a software architecture model to build extensible and reusable object-oriented software subsystems. In this work, we proposed to create an object-oriented framework which includes extensible sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. Such object-oriented framework is included within a CAD Framework, where it plays important roles on typical CAD Framework services such as design data representation and management, versioning, user interfaces, design management and tool integration. The implemented CAD Framework - named Cave2 - followed the classical layered architecture presented by Barnes, Harrison, Newton and Spickelmier, but the possibilities granted by the use of the object-oriented framework foundations allowed a series of improvements which were not available in previous approaches: - object-oriented frameworks are extensible by design, thus this should be also true regarding the implemented sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. This means that both the design representation model and the software modules dealing with it can be upgraded or adapted to a particular design methodology, and that such extensions and adaptations will still inherit the architectural and functional aspects implemented in the object-oriented framework foundation; - the design semantics and the design visualization are both part of the object-oriented framework, but in clearly separated models. This allows for different visualization strategies for a given design data set, which gives collaborating parties the flexibility to choose individual visualization settings; - the control of the consistency between semantics and visualization - a particularly important issue in a design environment with multiple views of a single design - is also included in the foundations of the object-oriented framework. Such mechanism is generic enough to be also used by further extensions of the design data model, as it is based on the inversion of control between view and semantics. The view receives the user input and propagates such event to the semantic model, which evaluates if a state change is possible. If positive, it triggers the change of state of both semantics and view. Our approach took advantage of such inversion of control and included an layer between semantics and view to take into account the possibility of multi-view consistency; - to optimize the consistency control mechanism between views and semantics, we propose an event-based approach that captures each discrete interaction of a designer with his/her respective design views. The information about each interaction is encapsulated inside an event object, which may be propagated to the design semantics - and thus to other possible views - according to the consistency policy which is being used. Furthermore, the use of event pools allows for a late synchronization between view and semantics in case of unavailability of a network connection between them; - the use of proxy objects raised significantly the abstraction of the integration of design automation resources, as either remote or local tools and services are accessed through method calls in a local object. The connection to remote tools and services using a look-up protocol also abstracted completely the network location of such resources, allowing for resource addition and removal during runtime; - the implemented CAD Framework is completely based on Java technology, so it relies on the Java Virtual Machine as the layer which grants the independence between the CAD Framework and the operating system. All such improvements contributed to a higher abstraction on the distribution of design automation resources and also introduced a new paradigm for the remote interaction between designers. The resulting CAD Framework is able to support fine-grained collaboration based on events, so every single design update performed by a designer can be propagated to the rest of the design team regardless of their location in the distributed environment. This can increase the group awareness and allow a richer transfer of experiences among them, improving significantly the collaboration potential when compared to previously proposed file-based or record-based approaches. Three different case studies were conducted to validate the proposed approach, each one focusing one a subset of the contributions of this thesis. The first one uses the proxy-based resource distribution architecture to implement a prototyping platform using reconfigurable hardware modules. The second one extends the foundations of the implemented object-oriented framework to support interface-based design. Such extensions - design representation primitives and tool blocks - are used to implement a design entry tool named IBlaDe, which allows the collaborative creation of functional and structural models of integrated systems. The third case study regards the possibility of integration of multimedia metadata to the design data model. Such possibility is explored in the frame of an online educational and training platform.

O impacto da utilização de design patterns nas métricas e estimativas de projetos de software: a utilização de padrões tem alguma influência nas estimativas?

VALENTIM, R. A. M. ; SOUZA NETO, Plácido Antônio de. O impacto da utilização de design patterns nas métricas e estimativas de projetos de software: a utilização de padrões tem alguma influência nas estimativas?. Revista da FARN, Natal, v. 4, p. 63-74, 2006

TORP: The Open Robot Project A Framework for Module-Based Robots

The development of robots has shown itself as a very complex interdisciplinary research field. The predominant procedure for these developments in the last decades is based on the assumption that each robot is a fully personalized project, with the direct embedding of hardware and software technologies in robot parts with no level of abstraction. Although this methodology has brought countless benefits to the robotics research, on the other hand, it has imposed major drawbacks: (i) the difficulty to reuse hardware and software parts in new robots or new versions; (ii) the difficulty to compare performance of different robots parts; and (iii) the difficulty to adapt development needs-in hardware and software levels-to local groups expertise. Large advances might be reached, for example, if physical parts of a robot could be reused in a different robot constructed with other technologies by other researcher or group. This paper proposes a framework for robots, TORP (The Open Robot Project), that aims to put forward a standardization in all dimensions (electrical, mechanical and computational) of a robot shared development model. This architecture is based on the dissociation between the robot and its parts, and between the robot parts and their technologies. In this paper, the first specification for a TORP family and the first humanoid robot constructed following the TORP specification set are presented, as well as the advances proposed for their improvement.

On lag controllers: Design and implementation

Sometimes it is inconvenient or expensive to open the loop of a system to insert lag controllers-for instance, when this system is an open-loop system. A new controller structure where the loop is not opened, and that allows the design of lag controllers as in the case where one can open the loop, is presented. This result can be used by educators in undergraduate courses that deal with classic control system theory, because it allows a better comprehension of the concept of lag compensation and provides a new method for its design and implementation. An example illustrates the application of the proposed method.

A comparative evaluation of open loop and closed loop drug administration strategies in the treatment of AIDS.

In recent years, many researchers in the field of biomedical sciences have made successful use of mathematical models to study, in a quantitative way, a multitude of phenomena such as those found in disease dynamics, control of physiological systems, optimization of drug therapy, economics of the preventive medicine and many other applications. The availability of good dynamic models have been providing means for simulation and design of novel control strategies in the context of biological events. This work concerns a particular model related to HIV infection dynamics which is used to allow a comparative evaluation of schemes for treatment of AIDS patients. The mathematical model adopted in this work was proposed by Nowak & Bangham, 1996 and describes the dynamics of viral concentration in terms of interaction with CD4 cells and the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which are responsible for the defense of the organism. Two conceptually distinct techniques for drug therapy are analyzed: Open Loop Treatment, where a priori fixed dosage is prescribed and Closed Loop Treatment, where the doses are adjusted according to results obtained by laboratory analysis. Simulation results show that the Closed Loop Scheme can achieve improved quality of the treatment in terms of reduction in the viral load and quantity of administered drugs, but with the inconvenience related to the necessity of frequent and periodic laboratory analysis.

Transforming open mining pits into fish farms: Moving towards sustainability

The legacy of mining activities has typically been land 'returned to wildlife', or, at some sites, degraded to such an extent that it is unsuitable for any alternate use. Progress towards sustainability is made when value is added in terms of the ecological, social and economic well-being of the community. In keeping with the principles of sustainable development, the innovative use of flooded open pits and tailings impoundments as commercial, recreational or ornamental fish farms should be considered in some locations, as it could make a significant contribution to the social equity, economic vitality and environmental integrity of mining communities. This article highlights the growing significance of aquaculture and explores the benefits and barriers to transforming flooded pits and impoundments into aquaculture operations. Among other benefits, aquaculture may provide a much-needed source of revenue, employment and, in some cases, food to communities impacted by mine closure. Further, aquaculture in a controlled closed environment may be more acceptable to critics of fish farming who are concerned about fish escapes and viral transmissions to wild populations. Despite the potential benefits, aquaculture in flooded pits and impoundments is not without its complications - it requires a site-specific design approach that must consider issues ranging from metals uptake by fish, to the long-term viability of the aquatic system as fish habitat, to the overall contribution of aquaculture to sustainability. © 2004 United Nations. Published by Blackwell Publishing.

Open urban spaces quality: A study in a historical square in Bath - UK

The quality of open urban spaces is very important for urban vitality. Nowadays urban designers have to face the great challenge of designing urban spaces able to respond to people's need for liveable spaces. The success of these spaces depends on various aspects and the microclimatic condition has been recognized as one of the most influential. However, studies on thermal comfort in open space have shown that the user's thermal sensation does not depend only on microclimate parameters but also on other local qualitative aspects. Thus, environmental quality evaluation of successful public spaces can contribute to understand this issue. This paper focuses on a case study regarding Queen Square's environmental quality, a public space of historical importance in Bath-UK. The first stage of the research, a study on local characteristics and people observations, allowed a preliminary evaluation of the space performance, their social aspects, while it characterized and quantified the hourly variation of the space use in different days and seasons. In the second stage, short microclimatic surveys were carried out simultaneously with a perception survey through a questionnaire. The results show the strong vitality of the square and socioenvironmental significance, not only for its location in the urban context, but also for its historical value. The environmental quality of the square contributes to the users' sensation of comfort even in adverse climatic conditions. This research is part of a project that aims to investigate the impact of the environmental stimuli in the use of open spaces and intend to develop design strategies that aim to maximise the use of open spaces in different weather conditions.

Science and technology policies in open economies: the case of Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Productive development in open economies

Includes bibliography