This is Not a Photo Opportunity: Verbal/Visual Struggle in Francophone Travel Narratives

This article explores the ethics and aesthetics of representing travel and intercultural encounter in textual and photographic forms. Taking as its starting point two textual accounts of journeys in the course of which photographic narratives were also produced, the article explores the possibilities and limitations of textuality and visuality and thus considers the implications of, or new opportunities afforded by, reading – and ultimately publishing – these narratives as iconotexts. Focusing on Pierre Loti's L'Inde (sans les Anglais) (1901) and Ella Maillart's Oasis interdites (1937), the article also offers an alternative perspective on writers whose work is commonly associated with an imperialist or exoticist discourse, with cliché and one-dimensionality. As such, it aims to replace the monolithic, orientalist vision often attributed to these writers with ambiguity, ethical hesitation and a plurality of perspectives. Using these examples as a springboard, the article seeks to argue that verbal/visual mobility in narratives representing mobility contributes to resisting static, monolithic perceptions of other cultures. Using the work of British graffiti artist Banksy as a foil for exploring photography as cultural commodification and art as commodity, the article also seeks to engage with current debates in Humanities research on ekphrasis and iconotextuality and on the problematics of representing other cultures within an ethical and/or humanist frame.

Association between tortilla consumption and human urinary fumonisin B1 levels in a Mexican population

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. and commonly contaminate maize and maize products worldwide. Fumonisins are rodent carcinogens and have been associated with human esophageal cancer. However, the lack of a valid exposure biomarker has hindered both the assessment of human exposure and the evaluation of disease risk. A sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to measure urinary fumonisin B1 (FB1) following extraction on Oasis MAX cartridges was established and applied to urine samples from women in a cohort recruited in Morelos County, Mexico. Urinary FB1 was compared with dietary information on tortilla consumption. FB1 recovery in spiked samples averaged 94% as judged by deuterium-labeled FB1 internal standard. Urinary FB1 was determined in 75 samples from women selected based on low, medium, or high consumption of maize-based tortillas. The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of urinary FB1 was 35.0 (18.8-65.2), 63.1 (36.8-108.2), and 147.4 (87.6-248.0) pg/mL and the frequency of samples above the detection limit (set at 20 pg FB1/mL urine) was 45%, 80%, and 96% for the low, medium, and high groups, respectively. Women with high intake had a 3-fold higher average FB1 levels compared with the "low intake" group (F = 7.3; P = 0.0015). Urinary FB1 was correlated with maize intake (P-trend = 0.001); the correlation remained significant after adjusting for age, education, and place of residence. This study suggests that measurement of urinary FB1 is sufficiently sensitive for fumonisin exposure assessment in human populations and could be a valuable tool in investigating the associated health effects of exposure.

Development of a simple analytical method for the simultaneousdetermination of paracetamol, paracetamol-glucuronide andp-aminophenol in river water

Paracetamol is among the most worldwide consumed pharmaceuticals. Although its occurrence in the environment is well documented, data about the presence of its metabolites and transformation products is very scarce. The present work describes the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol, its principal metabolite (paracetamol-glucuronide) and its main transformation product (p-aminophenol) based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The method was applied to analysis of river waters, showing to be suitable to be used in routine analysis. Different SPE sorbents were compared and the use of two Oasis WAX cartridges in tandem proved to be the most adequate approach for sample clean up and pre-concentration. Under optimized conditions, limits of detection in the range 40–67 ng/L were obtained, as well as mean recoveries between 60 and 110% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 6%. Finally, the developed SPE-HPLC/DAD method was successfully applied to the analysis of the selected compounds in samples from seven rivers located in the north of Portugal. Nevertheless all the compounds were detected, it was the first time that paracetamol-glucuronide was found in river water at concentrations up to 3.57 μg/L.

Enantiomeric fraction evaluation of pharmaceuticals in environmentalmatrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The interest for environmental fate assessment of chiral pharmaceuticals is increasing and enantioselective analytical methods are mandatory. This study presents an enantioselective analytical method for the quantification of seven pairs of enantiomers of pharmaceuticals and a pair of a metabolite. The selected chiral pharmaceuticals belong to three different therapeutic classes, namely selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine), beta-blockers (alprenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol) and a beta2-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol). The analytical method was based on solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole analyser. Briefly, Oasis® MCX cartridges were used to preconcentrate 250 mL of water samples and the reconstituted extracts were analysed with a Chirobiotic™ V under reversed mode. The effluent of a laboratory-scale aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor (AGS-SBR) was used to validate the method. Linearity (r2 > 0.99), selectivity and sensitivity were achieved in the range of 20–400 ng L−1 for all enantiomers, except for norfluoxetine enantiomers which range covered 30–400 ng L−1. The method detection limits were between 0.65 and 11.5 ng L−1 and the method quantification limits were between 1.98 and 19.7 ng L−1. The identity of all enantiomers was confirmed using two MS/MS transitions and its ion ratios, according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This method was successfully applied to evaluate effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Portugal. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine were quantified as non-racemic mixtures (enantiomeric fraction ≠ 0.5). The enantioselective validated method was able to monitor chiral pharmaceuticals in WWTP effluents and has potential to assess the enantioselective biodegradation in bioreactors. Further application in environmental matrices as surface and estuarine waters can be exploited.

Histoire de l'interprétation de la transition néolithique : évolution des théories, modèles et hypothèses

Ce mémoire reconstitue l’histoire des théories, modèles et hypothèses qui ont été formulés, principalement en archéologie, afin d’expliquer la naissance de l’agriculture qui correspond, du point de vue chronologique, à la transition (ou révolution) néolithique. Ces schèmes explicatifs sont décrits chronologiquement depuis la naissance de l’archéologie préhistorique, dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, jusqu’à maintenant. Ils sont classifiés en fonction des principales écoles qui ont joué un rôle prédominant en archéologie préhistorique depuis son origine, soit : l’évolutionnisme multilinéaire, l’école culturelle-historique, le processualisme, le néodarwinisme et le postprocessualisme. Les théories spécifiques (dites de « niveau mitoyen » ou « régionales ») qui ont été avancées par ces écoles sont présentées dans leur ordre chronologique, soit (principalement) : les théories de la dessiccation ou de l’oasis, des flancs de colline, de la périphérie, du stress démographique, du festin compétitif, de la révolution des symboles, etc. Ce mémoire pose enfin les jalons d’une théorie multifactorielle qui intègre ou synthétise les principaux facteurs qui ont pu influer sur la naissance de l’agriculture et sur la transition néolithique.

Une ville bien arrosée : Montréal durant l'ère de la prohibition (1920-1933)

Au début des années 1920, la ville de Montréal se retrouve dans une situation assez unique. À l’époque, les États-Unis et toutes les provinces canadiennes à l’exception du Québec ont adopté la prohibition de la vente d’alcool. Mais même au Québec, environ la moitié de la population de la province est alors touchée par des prohibitions locales (votées au niveau municipal), des prohibitions qui ont largement perduré tout au long de la période à l’étude. Durant cette ère de prohibition de l’alcool nord-américaine, Montréal est la plus grande ville, et une des seules sur le continent non régie par une loi sur la prohibition. C’est aussi celle qui dispose des lois les plus libérales envers l’alcool des deux côtés du 49ème parallèle grâce à la création de la Commission des Liqueurs de Québec (CLQ), le premier système de contrôle gouvernemental de l’alcool en Amérique du Nord. C’est dans ce contexte que Montréal devient une rare oasis dans un continent assoiffé et le plus grand cobaye du modèle de contrôle gouvernemental de l’alcool. Ce mémoire examine les impacts de cette conjoncture sur le développement de cette ville, de son industrie touristique, de sa vie nocturne et de sa réputation. En premier lieu, le mémoire présente une mise en contexte de la situation aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Québec afin de faire ressortir le caractère unique de Montréal pendant cette période. En deuxième lieu, l’essor du tourisme dit « de liqueur » et de la vie nocturne montréalaise, à la fois légale et illicite, est exploré. En dernier lieu, le mémoire met au jour l’impact que cette conjoncture a eu sur la construction de la réputation de la ville à travers l’examen des écrits des anti- et pro-prohibitionnistes qui ont chacun propagé des visions idéalisées et démonisées de cette ville « bien arrosée », ainsi que des documents associés à l’essor du tourisme, tels que les chansons, les guides touristiques et les récits de voyage, qui, pour leur part, ont présenté un image plus romancée de la métropole et associée à un refuge festif de la prohibition. Malgré leurs différences, ces trois visions de Montréal l’ont néanmoins associée à la liberté, que ce soit une liberté ordonnée, dangereuse ou bien émancipatrice. Ainsi, à partir de l’expérience de la prohibition et du tourisme de liqueur, Montréal devient connue comme une ville « ouverte », dans ses acceptions à la fois positives et négatives.

Nutrient cycling and field-based partial nutrient balances in two mountain oases of Oman

Little is known about nutrient fluxes as a criterion to assess the sustainability of traditional irrigation agriculture in eastern Arabia. In this study GIS-based field research on terraced cropland and groves of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) was conducted over 2 years in two mountain oases of northern Oman to determine their role as hypothesized sinks for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). At Balad Seet 55% of the 385 fields received annual inputs of 100–500 kg N ha^-1 and 26% received 500–1400 kg N ha^-1. No N was applied to 19% of the fields which were under fallow. Phosphorus was applied annually at 1–90 kg ha^-1 on 46% of the fields, whereas 27% received 90–210 kg ha^-1. No K was applied to 27% of the fields, 32% received 1–300 kg K ha^-1, and the remaining fields received up to 1400 kg ha^-1. At Maqta N-inputs were 61–277 kg ha^-1 in palm groves and 112–225 kg ha^-1 in wheat (Triticum spp.) fields, respective P inputs were 9–40 and 14–29 kg ha^-1, and K inputs were 98–421 and 113–227 kg ha^-1. For cropland, partial oasis balances (comprising inputs of manure, mineral fertilizers, N2-fixation and irrigation water, and outputs of harvested products) were similar for both oases, with per hectare surpluses of 131 kg N, 37 kg P, and 84 kg K at Balad Seet and of 136 kg N, 16 kg P and 66 kg K at Maqta. This was despite the fact that N2-fixation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), estimated at up to 480 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 with an average total dry matter of 22 t ha^-1, contributed to the cropland N-balance only at the former site. Respective palm grove surpluses, in contrast were with 303 kg N, 38 kg P, and 173 kg K ha^-1 much higher at Balad Seet than with 84 kg N, 14 kg P, and 91 kg K ha^-1 at Maqta. The data show that both oases presently are large sinks for nutrients. Potential gaseous and leaching losses could at least partly be controlled by a decrease in nutrient input intensity and careful incorporation of manure.

Plant genetic diversity, irrigation and nutrient cycling in traditional mountain oases of northern Oman

Little is known about plant biodiversity, irrigation management and nutrient fluxes as criteria to assess the sustainability of traditional irrigation agriculture in eastern Arabia. Therefore interdisciplinary studies were conducted over 4 yrs on flood-irrigated fields dominated by wheat (Triticum spp.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in two mountain oases of northern Oman. In both oases wheat landraces consisted of varietal mixtures comprising T. aestivum and T. durum of which at least two botanical varieties were new to science. During irrigation cycles of 6-9 days on an alfalfa-planted soil, volumetric water contents ranged from 30-13%. For cropland, partial oasis balances (comprising inputs of manure, mineral fertilizers, N2-fixation and irrigation water, and outputs of harvested products) were similar for both oases, with per hectare annual surpluses of 131 kg N, 37 kg P and 84 kg K at Balad Seet and of 136 kg N, 16 kg P and 66 kg K at Maqta. Respective palm grove surpluses, in contrast were with 303 kg N, 38 kg P, and 173 kg K ha^-1 yr^-1 much higher at Balad Seet than with 84 kg N, 14 kg P and 91 kg K ha^-1 yr^-1 at Maqta. The results show that the sustainability of these irrigated landuse systems depends on a high quality of the irrigation water with low Na but high CaCO3, intensive recycling of manure and an elaborate terrace structure with a well tailored water management system that allows adequate drainage.

Carbon and nitrogen emissions from stored manure and cropped fields in irrigated mountain oases of Oman

Little is known about gaseous carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) emissions from traditional terrace agriculture in irrigated high mountain agroecosystems of the subtropics. In an effort towards filling this knowledge gap measurements of carbon dioxide (CO_2), methane (CH_4), ammonia (NH_3) and dinitrous oxide (N_2O) were taken with a mobile photoacoustic infrared multi-gas monitor on manure-filled PE-fibre storage bags and on flood-irrigated untilled and tilled fields in three mountain oases of the northen Omani Al Jabal al Akhdar mountains. During typical 9-11 day irrigation cycles of March, August and September 2006 soil volumetric moisture contents of fields dominated by fodder wheat, barley, oats and pomegranate ranged from 46-23%. While manure incorporation after application effectively reduced gaseous N losses, prolonged storage of manure in heaps or in PE-fibre bags caused large losses of C and N. Given the large irrigation-related turnover of organic C, sustainable agricultural productivity of oasis agriculture in Oman seems to require the integration of livestock which allows for several applications of manure per year at individual rates of 20 t dry matter ha^−1.

Assessment of land use and land cover changes during the last 50 years in oases and surrounding rangelands of Xinjiang, NW China

An analysis of historical Corona images, Landsat images, recent radar and Google Earth® images was conducted to determine land use and land cover changes of oases settlements and surrounding rangelands at the fringe of the Altay Mountains from 1964 to 2008. For the Landsat datasets supervised classification methods were used to test the suitability of the Maximum Likelihood Classifier with subsequent smoothing and the Sequential Maximum A Posteriori Classifier (SMAPC). The results show a trend typical for the steppe and desert regions of northern China. From 1964 to 2008 farmland strongly increased (+ 61%), while the area of grassland and forest in the floodplains decreased (- 43%). The urban areas increased threefold and 400 ha of former agricultural land were abandoned. Farmland apparently affected by soil salinity decreased in size from 1990 (1180 ha) to 2008 (630 ha). The vegetated areas of the surrounding rangelands decreased, mainly as a result of overgrazing and drought events.The SMAPC with subsequent post processing revealed the highest classification accuracy. However, the specific landscape characteristics of mountain oasis systems required labour intensive post processing. Further research is needed to test the use of ancillary information for an automated classification of the examined landscape features.

Matter fluxes in mountain oases of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Oman

Since 1970 when Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said took over power from this father, agriculture in Oman has undergone major transformations as a consequence of rapid population and economic growth. In this process groundwater extraction has dramatically increased to meet domestic and agricultural needs. Recently, the agro-ecosystem of ancient mountain oases of Oman have received greater attention as interest has grown to understand the causes of their often millennia old sustainable productivity. Particularly little is known about the carbon (C) and nutrient turnover in these intensive landuse systems. This is partly due to the difficulties to measure such processes in the often remote fields. To fill the existing gap of knowledge, field studies were conducted in five oases at different altitudes of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, the highest agricultural area in Oman, to determine C and nutrient fluxes as well as nutrient use efficiencies for two different cropping systems as affected by temperature, irrigation, and manure quality. The results of this study indicated that water scarcity as a result of low precipitation and an increase in urban water consumption is a major threat to the sustainability of agriculture in these oases. Optimizing the use of irrigation water is a major challenge for agriculture in these oases, particularly given ever increasing competition for this most limiting resource. Traditionally, farmers of these oases adapt to variation of irrigation water supply by minimizing the growing area of annual crops, leaving these areas uncultivated through drought seasons (Luedeling and Buerkert 2008). In this study, a remarkable reduction in annual crop area was observed in 2009 for all oases. Our results suggested that water scarcity as a result of low precipitation and the increase in urban water consumption cause such changes in land use. The data also underline the intensive C and nutrient turnover in the man-made irrigated agroecosystems and confirmed the importance of the large manure quantities applied continuously to the terraces as a key factor responsible for sustainable soil productivity. To trace the fate of C and plant nutrients that are released from the large amount of manure applied by oasis farmers, more detailed studies under controlled conditions, using isotope signatures, would be needed.

Un Modelo para evaluar el futuro de Proyectos Open Source

Presentación de CENATI, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Aplicación de las TIC basadas en fuentes abiertas

Panorama actual del ecosistema de software libre para SIG

Los proyectos y productos comúnmente llamados Free and Open Source Software1 relacionados con la geomática están experimentando una evolución y actualización vertiginosa. A los “tradicionales” proyectos de servicios de mapas, bases de datos espaciales o clientes pesados, se les están uniendo un amplio conjunto de componentes como servicios de publicación, clientes ligeros, servicios de geoprocesamiento, movilidad, frameworks, …o nuevos estándares como GeoRSS, WMS Tiled, WPS,… Este artículo pretende efectuar una breve pausa para analizar el panorama actual del mundo del software libre, categorizando los proyectos y productos existentes en la actualidad, para valorar cada uno de ellos, analizando su situación actual, su trayectoria, su evolución futura y las interrelaciones existentes en el ecosistema de software libre SIG. Se analizará la situación y el catálogo disponible de proyectos/productos de servidores de datos espaciales, servidores OGC , publicación/clientes de mapas ligeros, aplicaciones de escritorio, clientes IDE, bibliotecas de desarrollo, herramientas de catálogo cliente y servidor, etc.. Se mostrará el ecosistema de proyectos, organizaciones y personas que colaboran con los principales productos, con sus interrelaciones entre sí, y los planes de futuro conocidos. El resultado esperado es mostrar al lector una imagen general (“big-picture”) que le permita posicionar sus necesidades con criterio dentro del panorama actual de las soluciones SIG basadas en software libre

gvSIG Mobile. Cliente GIS/IDE móvil

En la actualidad el proyecto gvSIG se encuentra en una etapa bastante avanzada. La aplicación ya posee múltiples funcionalidades que la convierten en una herramienta de referencia dentro del mundo de SIG, especialmente en ambientes opensource. En este momento, en que gvSIG es una aplicación consolidada sobre equipos de sobremesa, surge la necesidad de ampliar las plataformas de ejecución de gvSIG a una gama de dispositivos móviles, para dar respuesta a las necesidades de un creciente número de usuarios de soluciones móviles que desean hacer uso de un SIG en diferentes tipos de dispositivos. De esta manera el universo de gvSIG se verá ampliado al dotarlo de todas las ventajas de utilización en una amplia gama de dispositivos. Se va a describir el alcance previsto del proyecto gvSIG Mobile, la situación actual y una introducción tecnológica a las características del desarrollo de la aplicación sobre la plataforma J2ME

SIG e IDE del Cabildo Insular de la Palma: una propuesta tecnológica orientada al software libre

El Sistema de Información Geográfico Corporativo así como la implantación de la IDE Insular de La Palma se plantea como un proyecto a medio plazo, de progresión constante y orientada no sólo a la publicación de información siguiendo la directiva INSPIRE, sino también a la explotación de la propia IDE mediante herramientas SIG avanzadas como gvSIG. La IDE insular de La Palma pretende dar servicio tanto al propio Cabildo como a la administración local y al ciudadano. El proyecto se aborda en la medida de lo posible con tecnología libre, orientando la inversión a los servicios y prescindiendo, en la medida de lo posible, del consumo de licencias. El uso de tecnologías libres se amplia a todos los componentes de la Infraestructura, haciendo especial hincapié en el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones de escritorio orientadas a la explotación de la IDE por las distintas áreas del Cabildo. En Abril de 2007 hemos puesto en marcha dentro de la IDE Insular el servicio WMS, y en base a este, el Geoportal www.mapasdelapalma.es. Paralelamente nos hemos dado de alta en la IDE Española con el fin de hacernos participes en el desarrollo de la IDE nacional. Para finales de año tenemos previsto implementar los Metadatos, el Nomenclator y el Catálogo, y poner a disposición un servicio WCS Durante el proceso inicial de implantacion hemos instalado como software de gestión y análisis de la información geográfica insular gvSIG en todas nuestras dependencias que hacen uso de información geográfica (40 PC aprox.). Paralelamente hemos suscrito convenios de colaboaración con otras entidades locales y participamos activamente en la difusión de esta tecnología mediante la organización de Jornadas, cursos y seminarios. Todos los geoservicios ofertados están disponibles en www.siglapalma.es