Febre maculosa no município de Pedreira, SP, Brasil. Inquérito sorológico

Casos de febre maculosa brasileira vêm ocorrendo desde 1985 no município de Pedreira. Com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência da febre maculosa brasileira nessa área endêmica, foram coletadas amostras únicas de soro de 473 pessoas sadias, moradores e funcionários de uma indústria de louças. As amostras obtidas foram testadas através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA), para determinação do título de anticorpos para ricketttsia do grupo da febre maculosa brasileira. Vinte e cinco (5,3%) foram considerados positivos (título ³1:64) e trinta e um (6,5%) apresentaram título igual a 1:32 ("borderline"). Os resultados evidenciam uma taxa de soropositividade semelhante a outras áreas reconhecidamente endêmicas do país.

Hanseníase no Brasil

A hanseníase é doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. A predileção pela pele e nervos periféricos confere características peculiares a esta moléstia, tornando o seu diagnóstico simples. O Brasil continua sendo o segundo país em número de casos no mundo, após a Índia. Aproximadamente 94% dos casos conhecidos nas Américas e 94% dos novos diagnosticados são notificados pelo Brasil. A doença manifesta-se em dois pólos estáveis e opostos (virchowiano e tuberculóide) e dois grupos instáveis (indeterminado e dimorfo). Em outra classificação a doença é dividida em forma tuberculóide, borderline ou dimorfa que são subdivididos em dimorfa-tuberculóide, dimorfa-dimorfa e dimorfa-virchowiana, e virchowiana. A baciloscopia é o exame complementar mais útil no diagnóstico. O tratamento da hanseníase compreende: quimioterapia específica, supressão dos surtos reacionais, prevenção de incapacidades físicas, reabilitação física e psicossocial. A poliquimioterapia com rifampicina, dapsona e clofazimina revelou-se muito eficaz e a perspectiva de controle da doença no Brasil é real no curto prazo.

Risk factors for physical disability at diagnosis of 19,283 new cases of leprosy

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors for physical disability at the moment of leprosy diagnosis. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive and exploratory investigation of 19,283 patients with leprosy, registered in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2000 and 2005. RESULTS: The risk of Grade 2 disability was 16.5-fold higher in patients with lepromatous leprosy, and 12.8-fold higher in patients presenting the borderline form, compared to patients presenting indeterminate leprosy. The occurrence of more than one thickened nerve increased the odds of a patient developing Grade 2 disability, 8.4-fold. Age <15 years, multibacillary leprosy and no formal education presented 7.0, 5.7 and 5.6 odds of developing physical disability, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These factors should be considered as strong prognostic indicators in the development of physical disability at diagnosis.

Características epidemiológicas e clínicas das reações hansênicas em indivíduos paucibacilares e multibacilares, atendidos em dois centros de referência para hanseníase, na Cidade de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco

INTRODUÇÃO: As reações são frequentes e importantes no contexto da hanseníase, representando uma significativa parcela de pacientes com incapacidades e submetidos ao retratamento da hanseníase. A caracterização clínico-epidemiológica dos padrões reacionais é primordial para o manejo dos pacientes. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever as características epidemiológicas e clínicas das reações hansênicas em indivíduos paucibacilares e multibacilares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal onde foram avaliados 201 pacientes com história de quadro reacional, atendidos em dois centros de referência para tratamento da hanseníase. Variáveis como baciloscopia inicial, sexo, idade, fototipo, procedência, forma clínica, tipo de tratamento e de reação, índice baciloscópico final e período de surgimento da reação em relação ao tratamento foram avaliados. A análise estatística foi realizada usando-se frequências simples. Para cálculo dos fatores de risco para as formas multibacilares, foram realizadas análises univariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Sexo masculino, idade entre 30-44 anos, fototipo V, a forma clínica borderline, tratamento regular, reação tipo I, neurite, presença de 10 a 20 nódulos e surgimento da reação hansênica durante o tratamento foram os achados mais frequentes. CONCLUSÕES: Predominaram os indivíduos do sexo masculino que se associaram a um maior risco de desenvolvimento da forma multibacilar. As reações hansênicas foram mais frequentes durante o tratamento, os pacientes multibacilares foram mais propensos ao retratamento da hanseníase e aqueles com reações tipo I e II, apresentaram maior frequência de neurite, linfadenopatia, artrite e irite do que aqueles com reação isolada.

Leprosy in Buriticupu, state of Maranhão: active search in the general population

INTRODUCTION: This study was developed to evaluate the situation of leprosy in the general population of the municipality of Buriticupu, State of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: We used the method of active search to identify new cases from 2008 to 2010. Bacilloscopy of intradermal scrapings was performed in all patients with skin lesions compatible with leprosy, and histopathological examination in those who had doubts on the definition of the clinical form. RESULTS: The study included 19,104 individuals, with 42 patients diagnosed with leprosy after clinical examination, representing a detection rate of 219.84 per 100,000 inhabitants. The predominant clinical presentation was tuberculoid with 24 (57.1%) cases, followed by borderline with 11, indeterminate with four, and lepromatous with three cases. The study also allowed the identification of 81 patients with a history of leprosy and other skin diseases, such as pityriasis versicolor, dermatophytosis, scabies, vitiligo, and skin carcinoma. The binomial test showed that the proportion of cases in the headquarters was significantly higher than that in the villages (p = 0.04), and the generalized exact test showed that there was no association between age and clinical form (p = 0.438) and between age and gender (p = 0.083). CONCLUSIONS: The elevated detection rate defines the city as hyperendemic for leprosy; the active search for cases, as well as the organization of health services, is an important method for disease control.

Concordance between expected and observed bacilloscopy results of clinical forms of leprosy: a 6-year retrospective study in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Operational classification of leprosy based on the number of skin lesions was conceived to screen patients presenting severe forms of the disease to enable their reception of a more intense multidrug regimen without having to undergo lymph smear testing. We evaluated the concordance between operational classification and bacilloscopy to define multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy. METHODS: We selected 1,213 records of individuals with leprosy, who were untreated (new cases) and admitted to a dermatology clinic in Recife, Brazil, from 2000 to 2005, and who underwent bacteriological examination at diagnosis for ratification of the operational classification. RESULTS: Compared to bacilloscopy, operational classification demonstrated 88.6% sensitivity, 76.9% specificity, a positive predictive value of 61.8%, and a negative predictive value of 94.1%, with 80% accuracy and a moderate kappa index. Among the bacilloscopy-negative cases, 23% had more than 5 skin lesions. Additionally, 11% of the bacilloscopy-positive cases had up to 5 lesions, which would have led to multibacillary cases being treated as paucibacillary leprosy if the operational classification had not been confirmed by bacilloscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Operational classification has limitations that are more obvious in borderline cases, suggesting that in these cases, lymph smear testing is advisable to enable the selection of true multibacillary cases for more intense treatment, thereby contributing to minimization of resistant strain selection and possible relapse.

Evaluation of the Chagas Disease Control Program in Açucena Municipality, Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introduction Açucena Municipality, Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil temporarily (2001-2005) interrupted epidemiological surveillance for Chagas disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) in Açucena and to offer suggestions for improving local epidemiological surveillance. Methods This study was conducted in three phases: I) a serological investigation of schoolchildren aged 5 to 15 years using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test performed on blood collected on filter paper followed by ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and indirect hemaglutination (IHA) on venous blood for borderline cases and those in the gray zone of reactivity; II) vector evaluation using the data obtained by local health agents during 2006-2010; and III) examination by ELISA, IIF and IHA of serum samples from the inhabitants of houses where infected Triatoma vitticeps was found and evaluation of their knowledge about Chagas disease. Results Five individuals had inconclusive results in the ELISA screening but were seronegative for Chagas disease. The triatomine evaluation revealed the presence of three species: Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus and Panstrongylus diasi. Triatoma vitticeps was the most prevalent and widespread, with a higher (67%) index of Trypanosoma cruzi flagellates and evidence of colonization. Most of the inhabitants of the infested houses recognized triatomines and had basic knowledge about Chagas disease. Conclusions Although T. vitticeps is not clearly associated with Chagas disease transmission, these results highlight the importance of maintaining CDCP in endemic areas and the need for greater emphasis on epidemiological surveillance, especially in areas with important vectorial changes or that have been modified by human intervention.

Cystic fibrosis with normal sweat chloride concentration: case report

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease usually diagnosed by abnormal sweat testing. We report a case of an 18-year-old female with bronchiectasis, chronic P. aeruginosa infection, and normal sweat chloride concentrations who experienced rapid decrease of lung function and clinical deterioration despite treatment. Given the high suspicion ofcystic fibrosis, broad genotyping testing was performed, showing a compound heterozygous with deltaF508 and 3849+10kb C->T mutations, therefore confirming cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Although the sweat chloride test remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, alternative diagnostic tests such as genotyping and electrophysiologic measurements must be performed if there is suspicion of cystic fibrosis, despite normal or borderline sweat chloride levels.

Teoria e eficácia da terapia comportamental dialética na bulimia nervosa e no transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica

OBJETIVOS: Procura-se analisar as atuais evidências empíricas e teóricas sobre o modo de operar nas intervenções comportamentais dialéticas. Procedeu-se igualmente à análise da eficácia dessa terapia no tratamento da bulimia nervosa e no transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. MÉTODO: Realizou-se uma revisão agregativa da literatura, recorrendo às palavras-chave "dialectical behavior therapy", "bulimia nervosa" e "binge eating disorder" nas bases de dados PsycInfo e MedLine e em livros da especialidade, sob o critério da atualidade e premência das publicações levantadas. RESULTADOS: A terapia comportamental dialética, inicialmente desenhada para o transtorno de personalidade borderline, tem-se estendido a outros transtornos do eixo I. Sua aplicação às perturbações alimentares sustentase num paradigma dialético com o recurso das estratégias comportamentais e cognitivas. Esse modelo permite aos pacientes uma regulação mais efetiva dos estados afetivos negativos, reduzindo a probabilidade da ocorrência de comportamentos bulímicos e de compulsão alimentar periódica. CONCLUSÃO: Embora escasseiem estudos sobre a sua eficácia, os resultados existentes parecem comprovar a eficácia da terapia comportamental dialética nas populações descritas.

Avaliação morfo-funcional cardíaca em jovens normotensos, filhos de hipertensos. Estudo Doppler-ecocardiográfico prospectivo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar pelo Doppler-ecocardiograma alterações cardíacas, estrutural e/ou funcionais, que podem surgir nos jovens normotensos com história familiar de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo realizado com 62 jovens normotensos entre 15 e 30 anos, sendo 32 filhos de hipertensos (grupo 1) e 30 filhos de normotensos (grupo 2) comparáveis quanto à pressão arterial, superfície corporal, freqüência cardíaca, idade e sexo. Após exame clínico, todos realizaram Doppler-ecocardiograma para avaliar as estruturas cardíacas e a função ventricular esquerda (sistólico e diastólica). RESULTADOS: A fração de encurtamento sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foi significativamente maior no grupo 1 - valor médio de 38,03±4,95% - do que no grupo 2 - 34,7±4,48 % (p<0,01). O tempo de desaceleração mitral (TD) variou de 85 a 160ms - médio de 116,47±16,99ms - no grupo 1 e de 100 a 220ms - médio de 126,73±26,66ms - no grupo 2 (p<0,05). Houve correlação entre o índice de massa do VE e o diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (AE) no grupo 1 (r= 0,514, p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Os filhos de hipertensos, quando comparados com filhos de normotensos, exibem exacerbação da função sistólica do VE, semelhante ao que ocorre na fase inicial da HAS ou na HAS "borderline", mesmo que não haja hipertrofia do VE ou aumento dos níveis pressóricos. O TD mitral (mais curto no grupo 1) foi o único parâmetro de função diastólica do VE que diferiu nos 2 grupos analisados. A correlação entre o índice de massa do VE e o diâmetro do AE nos filhos de hipertensos sugere que o AE se modifica de acordo com as alterações funcionais e hemodinâmicas do VE.

Value of the Qrs-T Angle in Predicting the Induction of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with Chagas Disease

Background:The QRS-T angle correlates with prognosis in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease, reflected by an increase in mortality proportional to an increase in the difference between the axes of the QRS complex and T wave in the frontal plane. The value of this correlation in patients with Chagas heart disease is currently unknown.Objective:Determine the correlation of the QRS-T angle and the risk of induction of ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation (VT / VF) during electrophysiological study (EPS) in patients with Chagas disease.Methods:Case-control study at a tertiary center. Patients without induction of VT / VF on EPS were used as controls. The QRS-T angle was categorized as normal (0-105º), borderline (105-135º) or abnormal (135-180º). Differences between groups for continuous variables were analyzed with the t test or Mann-Whitney test, and for categorical variables with Fisher's exact test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant.Results:Of 116 patients undergoing EPS, 37.9% were excluded due to incomplete information / inactive records or due to the impossibility to correctly calculate the QRS-T angle (presence of left bundle branch block and atrial fibrillation). Of 72 patients included in the study, 31 induced VT / VF on EPS. Of these, the QRS-T angle was normal in 41.9%, borderline in 12.9% and abnormal in 45.2%. Among patients without induction of VT / VF on EPS, the QRS-T angle was normal in 63.4%, borderline in 14.6% and abnormal in 17.1% (p = 0.04). When compared with patients with normal QRS-T angle, those with abnormal angle had a fourfold higher risk of inducing ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation on EPS [odds ratio (OR) 4; confidence interval (CI) 1.298-12.325; p = 0.028]. After adjustment for other variables such as age, ejection fraction (EF) and QRS size, there was a trend for the abnormal QRS-T angle to identify patients with increased risk of inducing VT / VF during EPS (OR 3.95; CI 0.99-15.82; p = 0.052). The EF also emerged as a predictor of induction of VT / VF: for each point increase in EF, there was a 4% reduction in the rate of sustained ventricular arrhythmia on EPS.Conclusions:Changes in the QRS-T angle and decreases in EF were associated with an increased risk of induction of VT / VF on EPS.

Differentialdiagnostik und Interventionen der dissoziativen Identitätsstörung

Die dissoziative Identitätsstörung (DIS) ist „die schwerste Erkrankung im Syndromspektrum der dissoziativen Störungen“ (Gast, 2011, S.24) und wird häufig fehldiagnostiziert (Gast et al., 2006). Im Bezug zur DIS gibt es immer wieder Diskussionen und Kontroversen, inwiefern das Störungsbild als solches überhaupt existiert (ICD-10, 2012).In dieser Arbeit soll aufgezeigt werden, welche Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen der DIS und der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS) bzw. der Schizophrenie bestehen und welche Probleme es dementsprechend bei der Differentialdiagnostik gibt. Hierbei soll auch auf die Unterschiede zwischen den Störungen eingegangen und geklärt werden, inwiefern eine differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung möglich ist. Des Weiteren werden mögliche psychotherapeutische Interventionen bei der DIS beschrieben. Dabei soll vor allem das Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) betrachtet und erörtert werden, ob EMDR eine wirksame Therapiemethode darstellt und welche Risiken und Besonderheiten für den DIS-Patienten bestehen.Die Erstellung dieser Arbeit erfolgte vorwiegend durch Literaturrecherche. Außerdem wurden Datenbanken wie „springerlink“, „psycontent” und „Google-scholar“ zur weiteren Recherche genutzt. Dabei waren unter anderem Suchbegriffe wie DIS, Differentialdiagnostik DIS, DID, Therapy DID, Psychotherapie dissoziativer Störungen und Metanalysen EMDR relevant.Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass die Symptome der DIS einige bemerkenswerte Überlappungen zu den Symptomen der BPS und der Schizophrenie aufweisen, die eine differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung erschweren. Allerdings gibt es sowohl bei der DIS und der BPS, als auch bei der DIS und der Schizophrenie relevante Unterschiede, wodurch die Störungen, im Sinne der Differentialdiagnostik, voneinander abgrenzb

Improving the risk concept: a revision of Arrow-Pratt theory in the context of controlled dynamic stochastic environments

In the literature on risk, one generally assume that uncertainty is uniformly distributed over the entire working horizon, when the absolute risk-aversion index is negative and constant. From this perspective, the risk is totally exogenous, and thus independent of endogenous risks. The classic procedure is "myopic" with regard to potential changes in the future behavior of the agent due to inherent random fluctuations of the system. The agent's attitude to risk is rigid. Although often criticized, the most widely used hypothesis for the analysis of economic behavior is risk-neutrality. This borderline case must be envisaged with prudence in a dynamic stochastic context. The traditional measures of risk-aversion are generally too weak for making comparisons between risky situations, given the dynamic �complexity of the environment. This can be highlighted in concrete problems in finance and insurance, context for which the Arrow-Pratt measures (in the small) give ambiguous.

Analyse rétrospective de la prise en charge du cancer ovarien au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois

Introduction:¦L'incidence annuelle du cancer de l'ovaire en Suisse est de 600 cas, il touche principalement les femmes âgées de plus de 60 ans. Le cancer de l'ovaire est aujourd'hui la 1ère cause de mortalité par cancer gynécologique chez la femme. Le but de notre recherche, est de créer une base de données de toutes les¦patientes atteintes d'un cancer de l'ovaire et hospitalisées au CHUV pour la prise en charge de leur maladie.¦Cette étude rétrospective monocentrique nous permettra en premier lieu d'analyser les caractéristiques de¦cette tumeur présentées par les patientes, les traitements instaurés pour traiter ce cancer et les taux de¦récidives et de survie des patientes en fonction de ces variables.¦Méthodologie:¦Analyse rétrospective de 147 patientes diagnostiquées d'un cancer de l'ovaire et hospitalisées au CHUV entre¦septembre 2001 et mars 2010 pour la prise en charge de leur tumeur ovarienne. Utilisation du programme informatique ARCHIMED qui contient les dossiers médicaux de toutes les patientes inclues dans l'étude et création de 2 bases des données. La 1ère base de données regroupe l'ensemble des patientes de l'étude y¦compris les tumeurs type borderline, la 2ème base de données concerne uniquement les patientes ayant récidivé de leur tumeur. Les tumeurs bénignes ont été exclues de l'étude.¦Résultats:¦La probabilitéde survie à 1 an chez les patientes avec un cancer de l'ovaire, tous stades FIGO et prises en¦charge confondus, hospitalisées au CHUV est de 88,04% (95% CI = 0.7981-­‐0.9306), à 3 ans la probabilité de survie est de 70,4% (95% CI = 0.5864-­‐0.7936), et à plus de 5 ans, elle est de 60% (95% CI = 0.4315-­‐0.6859).¦Nous avons comparé le taux de survie en fonction du stade FIGO de la tumeur ovarienne et nous avons observé une différence significative de survie entre les stades FIGO précoces et les stades avancés (Pvaleur=¦0.0161).¦En plus d'une intervention chirurgicale, les patientes atteintes d'un cancer de l'ovaire sont normalement traitées par une chimiothérapie. Dans notre étude, 70 patientes ont bénéficié d'une chimiothérapie; un¦traitement adjuvant a été donné dans 78 % des cas (N = 55), un traitement néoadjuvant a été administré chez 22% des patientes (N=15). Le type combiné carboplatine-­‐taxane est la chimiothérapie la plus fréquente (75%). Au total sur l'étude, 66 patientes sur les 147 (44%) ont récidivé de leur tumeur. En ce qui¦concerne leur prise en charge, 46% des patientes ont reçu une chimiothérapie unique comme du gemzar, cealyx ou taxotère après leur récidive. Une cytoréduction secondaire a également été effectuée chez 33% de ces patientes ayant une récidive. Nous avons également étudié l'intervalle de temps entre la date de la¦récidive et celle du décès. Parmi les 28 patientes décédées chez les récidives, 10 d'entre-­‐elles (36%) ont survécu moins d'un an une fois la récidive diagnostiquée, 8 (28%) patientes ont survécu jusqu'à 2 ans, et¦les 10 (36%) autres patientes ont survécu de 2 à 5 ans. En ce qui concerne le taux de mortalité; 39 patientes sur les 147 étudiées sont décédées pendant la période d'observation, soit 26% des cas. La tumeur¦type borderline, présente une prolifération épithéliale atypique sans invasion dans le stroma et représente¦10 à 20% de toutes les tumeurs ovariennes. Dans notre étude, 41 patientes sont porteuses de cette tumeur¦(28%) et la moyenne d'âge est de 49 ans. En ce qui concerne leur prise en charge, l'intervention chirurgicale¦la plus fréquente, soit 23% des cas, est l'annexectomie unilatérale, qui reste une attitude conservative pour¦ces patientes désirant préserver leur fertilité. 6 patientes présentant ce type de tumeur ont récidivé, soit 14% des cas, avec une progression pelvienne, et 3 de ces 6 patientes sont décédées. Dans notre analyse, on observe que la probabilité de vivre plus longtemps que 1an pour les patientes ayant une tumeur borderline est de 93,8% (95% CI= 0.6323-­‐ 0.9910), à 3 ans elle est également de 93,8% (95% CI = 0.6323-­‐0.9910) et à 5 ans elle est de 78,1% (95% CI = 0.3171-­‐0.9483). Nous n'avons pas observé de¦différence de survie dans notre étude entre les patientes présentant une tumeur borderline et le « non‐borderline ». (Pvaleur=0.3301)

Long-term outcome after cognitive and behavioral regression in nonlesional epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep.

PURPOSE: To present the long-term follow-up of 10 adolescents and young adults with documented cognitive and behavioral regression as children due to nonlesional focal, mainly frontal, epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during slow wave sleep (CSWS). METHODS: Past medical and electroencephalography (EEG) data were reviewed and neuropsychological tests exploring main cognitive functions were administered. KEY FINDINGS: After a mean duration of follow-up of 15.6 years (range, 8-23 years), none of the 10 patients had recovered fully, but four regained borderline to normal intelligence and were almost independent. Patients with prolonged global intellectual regression had the worst outcome, whereas those with more specific and short-lived deficits recovered best. The marked behavioral disorders resolved in all but one patient. Executive functions were neither severely nor homogenously affected. Three patients with a frontal syndrome during the active phase (AP) disclosed only mild residual executive and social cognition deficits. The main cognitive gains occurred shortly after the AP, but qualitative improvements continued to occur. Long-term outcome correlated best with duration of CSWS. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings emphasize that cognitive recovery after cessation of CSWS depends on the severity and duration of the initial regression. None of our patients had major executive and social cognition deficits with preserved intelligence, as reported in adults with early destructive lesions of the frontal lobes. Early recognition of epilepsy with CSWS and rapid introduction of effective therapy are crucial for a best possible outcome.