Entre similitudes et différences : le sexe et le genre en question

Les différences hommes/femmes sont un présupposé que nous considérons souvent comme une évidence. Les similitudes, en revanche, sont présentées comme des particularités propres à certains individus. Elles ne sont souvent pas perçues comme une caractéristique humaine intrinsèque. Il existe cependant un rapport entre similitude et différence. Ce qui sépare fondamentalement les similitudes des différences c'est le point de vue de l'observateur : celui qui décide ce à quoi il va accorder de l'importance, non pas en fonction de critères scientifiques et objectifs, mais plutôt en fonction de croyances et de présupposés. Les scientifiques, eux-mêmes, ne sont pas à l'abri de ce biais, et ce, en dépit du fait que les différences sont scientifiquement observables et mesurables. L'importance qu'on leur accorde n'est pas plus réelle que les similitudes auxquelles on accorde, en revanche, beaucoup moins de valeur, d'attention et que l'on étudie beaucoup moins, mais qui seraient néanmoins mesurables.

Identität der Identität und Differenz von Raum und Zeit bei Schelling mit Blick auf die Relativitäts- und Quantentheorie

In genannter Schrift soll versucht werden, einen aus der Kantschen und Fichteschen Erkenntnistheorie erfolgenden allgemeinen Zusammenhang herzustellen zwischen dem kategorialen Denken hinsichtlich Denken und Anschauen und dem Problem von Raum und Zeit, wie es sich mit der Entwicklung der modernen Physik durch die Relativitäts- und Quantentheorie deutlich aufdrängt. Es wird gezeigt, dass F.W.J. Schelling grundlegende Lösungsansätze hierzu bereitstellt, welche auf dem Gebiet der Logik, der Epistomologie und Naturphilosophie in der Nachfolge von Kant, Fichte und Spinoza stattfinden, jedoch weit über seine Zeit hinausreichen. Diese Ansätze werden von Schelling selbst unter den Begriff einer „Identität der Identität und Differenz“ gesetzt. In der genannten Dissertation sollen Denkbewegungen dargestellt werden, die eine Anbindung der Schellingschen Naturphilosophie an die sich mit den genannten unterschiedlichen Theorien bzw. deren problematischer Vereinheitlichung beschäftigende Physik zu erreichen versuchen. Der formelle Aufbau der Arbeit gehorcht der inhaltlichen Struktur dieser Anbindungsbemühung, insofern unterstellt wird, dass diese rein nur aus einem dialektischen Denken (sowohl in der Erkenntnistheorie, als auch Naturphilosophie) heraus überhaupt erreicht werden kann. So werden sowohl die Tätigkeiten des Verstandes als die des Anschauens in ihrem Zusammenspiel, wie aber auch die Verstandes- und Anschauungstätigkeiten an sich selbst betrachtet, dialektisch vermittelt dargestellt, was innerhalb der formellen Deduktion der Kantschen Kategorien und der korrespondierenden Anschauungsformen selbst durchgeführt wird. Schellings Intention seines späteren Denkens, die philosophischen Probleme auf die Geschichtlichkeit, die Freiheit und den Erfahrungsbezug des Menschen zu beziehen, wird nicht als Gegenposition zu den frühen Ansätze der Logik und Transzendentalphilosophie gedeutet, sondern selbst als Endpunkt einer dialektischen Entwicklung des Schellingschen Denkens gefasst. Dies ergibt folgenden formellen Aufbau der Arbeit: Zunächst wird in einem einleitenden Abschnitt über die Aufgabe der Philosophie selbst und ihrer Darstellbarkeit im Zusammenhang mit der Hegel-Schelling-Kontroverse gearbeitet, um Schelling als adäquaten Bezugspunkt für unsere moderne Diskussion auf der methodischen und sprachlichen Ebene einzuführen. Im Hauptteil werden die wesentlichen Momente der für Schelling wichtigen Transzendentalphilosophie der Jahrhundertwende dargestellt, um diese dann an den späteren phänomenologisch-epistemologischen Ansätzen zu spiegeln. Von der theoretischen Seite kommend werden die Hauptmomente der praktischen Philosophie Schellings aufgezeigt, um dann den Menschen in einem dritten Schritt Symbol der Ununterschiedenheit von logischen und freien Tätigkeiten bzw. von Leib und Seele zu deuten. Diese Resultate bleiben zunächst einmal liegen, um in dem zweiten Hauptabschnitt auf grundlegende naturphilosophische Voraussetzungen und Resultate derjenigen Physik einzugehen, welche die prinzipiellen Verständnisschwierigkeiten der Physik des frühen 20. Jahrhundert in die heutige kosmologische und atomistische Diskussion mitbringt. Der dritte Hauptabschnitt stellt den Versuch dar, Schellings Naturphilosophie an symptomatische Anschauungen der Physik heranzuführen, um ihn als zeitgenössischen Kritiker einzuführen, wie aber auch als einen, der bestimmte moderne naturwissenschaftliche bzw. physikalische Resultate im Besonderen vorwegzunehmen vermochte. Die Einführung seiner Philosophie in aktuelle naturphilosophische Diskussion wird als unabdingbare Voraussetzung zu einem zukünftigen Verständnis des Natur, des Kosmos´ und des Menschen gefordert.

Los límites de la teoría distributiva : hacia una política del reconocimiento de la diferencia

El artículo elabora una crítica a la teoría de la justicia distributiva formulada por John Rawls haciendo énfasis en los principios de la igualdad y de la diferencia. De manera paralela, analiza las tesis feministas y las perspectivas desarrolladas por Iris Marion Young y Nancy Fraser con el objeto de señalar los principales límites de la propuesta de Rawls.

Los Espacios Públicos en los Barrios Populares del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires: ¿integración o exclusión social?

Poverty and social exclusión are categories that contribuye to the dehumanization not only of space in general but also of public space in particular, considered as a space pf freedom, of democratic expresión, ando f socialization and difference-resolving.

Identidad y minorías musulmanas en Colombia: ocupación y Gobierno hispánicos del territorio

El artículo analiza las transformaciones del discurso político sobre la identidad nacional a través de la historia y para ello toma como referencia el caso de los musulmanes en Colombia, con el propósito de alimentar la discusión sobre la diversidad cultural en la formación histórica de la nación colombiana y sobre los conceptos de identidad y diferencia, para avanzar en el discernimiento de lo que significaría la ‘colombianidad’. Un primer momento en la historia de los musulmanes en Colombia es el del descubrimiento y conquista de la América hispánica, cuando, por una parte, se generó el discurso hegemónico de identidad nacional, proveniente de España y fundado en la religión católica, y, por otra, se produjo la inmigración de elementos moriscos no sólo en lo cultural (lengua, arquitectura y costumbres), sino también a en lo institucional (la alcaldía, el cabildo y la alcabala). Dichos elementos se arraigaron al ethos colombiano paralelamente con la exclusión religiosa. Este artículo analiza este primer momento, donde la construción de la identidad está basada en la negación absoluta de las minorías religiosas, pero donde, al mismo tiempo, se construyen discursos subalternos de resistencia frente a la hegemonía católica.-----The article analyses the transformations of the political speech about national identities throw out the history, taking as a reference the case of the Muslims in Colombia, with the purpose of enriching the discussion about the cultural diversity in the formation of Colombian national history, and the discussion about the concepts of identity and difference, to continue in the discernment of what it would mean the ‘colombianity’. One first moment in the history of Muslims in Colombia is the discovery and the conquest of the Hispanic America, where first, the hegemonic speech about national identity was generated, coming from Spain and founded in the catholic religion, on the other hand, it produced the immigration of Moorish elements not only at the cultural level (language, arquitecture, traditions), but also at the institutional level (the town hall, the city hall, and the “alcabala”). This elements have taken roots at the same time of the religious exclusion, to the Colombian ethos. This article analyses this first moment, where the construction of the identity is based on the absolute deny of the religious minorities, but at the same time subordinated speeches are being made against the Catholic hegemony.

Caracterización de la Cultura Organizacional de Informatica Documental SAS

Actualmente, el estudio de la cultura organizacional se ha convertido en un tema de gran importancia para las empresas ya que, de acuerdo a que tan satisfecho este el empleado, esta tiene un impacto en el desempeño de la compañía, además se vuelve en un factor clave para el fracaso o el éxito de cada uno de los proyectos o tecnologías de gestión que implemente la organización. La cultura organizacional según el autor Carlos Eduardo Méndez Álvarez (2006) es: La conciencia colectiva que se expresa en el sistema de significados compartidos por los miembros de la organización que los identifica y diferencia de otros institucionalizando y estandarizando sus conductas sociales. Tales significados y comportamientos son determinados por el concepto que tiene el líder de la organización tiene sobre el hombre, la estructura, el sistema cultural y el clima organizacional así como por la interrelación y mutua influencia que existe entre estos. Basados en el concepto de este autor, se va a realizar el estudio de cultura organizacional en la empresa Informática Documental SAS, dedicada al manejo y control de documentación a nivel nacional, en el cual, se va a conocer una descripción detallada del comportamiento de los miembros de la organización.

Scandalous Subjects

This essay explores the problems and possibilities of the postcolonial as word and orientation, as category and entity. It sieves postcolonial expressions through critical filters to make two tasks palpable. On the one hand, faced forthwith are the scandals of the nation and the West as well as the outrage of the postcolonial itself. On the other hand, brought to the front are protocols of probing that do not merely lead to an undoing of “foundations” but point to procedures of critical affirmation embedded within a history without guarantee. Here are to be found dispositions that carefully question and prudently elaborate issues of power and difference, authority and alterity, including through critical considerations of modernity and its philosophical and historical discussions in the West.-----Este artículo explora los problemas y posibilidades de lo postcolonial en tanto que concepto y orientación, categoría y entidad. Tamiza las expresiones postcoloniales a través de los filtros de la crítica para lograr que dos tareas devengan palpables. Por una parte, a lo primero que nos enfrentamos es a los escándalos de la nación y de Occidente, así como al ultraje de lo postcolonial en sí mismo. Por otra parte, se destacan protocolos de investigación que no conducen simplemente a un menoscabo de los ‘fundamentos’ sino que apuntan a procedimientos de afirmación crítica enraizados en lo que yo llamo una historia sin garantía. Aquí se encuentran disposiciones que cuestionan de manera juiciosa y elaboran con prudencia asuntos de poder y diferencia, autoridad y alteridad y que incluyen consideraciones críticas de la modernidad y sus discusiones filosóficas e históricas en Occidente.

Amanhecer para uma nova realidade : uma experiência de educação de todos, com todos e para todos, no 1º ciclo do ensino básico

A educação Inclusiva pressupõe proporcionar a todos os alunos as condições para que possam aprender e interagir de forma cooperativa e solidária e, assim, desenvolver competências tanto ao nível social como académico (Leitão, 2006). Foi neste seguimento que surgiu o presente Trabalho de Projecto, tendo como enfoque uma turma do 4º ano, onde se encontra incluída uma criança com Paralisia Cerebral. O principal objectivo foi o de criar raízes de um espírito de trabalho cooperativo na turma em questão, para que se alcance no seu seio uma verdadeira situação de inclusão educativa, em que não haja distinção entre os diferentes alunos da turma, e onde se consiga promover valores e princípios como da equidade e respeito mútuo, de justiça, de dignidade, em que os alunos possam aprender uns com os outros, vivendo experiências enriquecedoras e assimilando atitudes e valores que levem a um efectivo respeito pela diversidade e diferença. Por termos como base os princípios de uma de investigação-acção, foi um projecto onde nos envolvemos activamente, para conseguirmos provocar uma mudança na situação problemática por nós diagnosticada no início do desenvolvimento do projecto e que nos levou a desencadear a acção. Para tal, e como característico deste tipo de modalidade de investigação, foi privilegiada a adopção de técnicas qualitativas para a recolha de dados, como a observação naturalista, a entrevista, a sociometria e a pesquisa documental, através dos quais alicerçámos o nosso projecto. Assim, podemos referir que o nosso projecto se caracterizou como uma investigação interactiva, em espiral e focada num problema, sobre o qual agimos, sustentada por um quadro teórico a partir do qual elaborámos todo o enquadramento metodológico do nosso projecto, bem como o plano de acção, que se baseou em todo um sistema de planificação/acção/reflexão. Como resultados, podemos afirmar que, partindo do facto do J. ser um aluno bem aceite pelos colegas e da grande motivação que toda a turma sempre demonstrou em trabalhar em grupo, conseguiu desenvolver-se uma socialização de aprendizagens, gerando inclusão educativa, beneficiando o J. e outros colegas que, a partir desta experiência, conseguiram libertar-se de constangimentos e fazer emergir potencialidades, capacidades e competências nunca antes vivenciadas.

O direito de ser diferente dos alunos com deficiência em uma universidade brasileira : análise de fatos e da concepção deste corpo discente

O direito ao acesso à educação escolar compreende-se como alicerce para que a pessoa com deficiência possa verdadeiramente tornar-se um cidadão na construção dos ideários democráticos, participação na vida econômica e política. Dados apresentados pelo IBGE sobre o aspecto educacional das pessoas com deficiência no ensino superior é bastante preocupante. Mediante Censo realizado pelo MEC, alunos com deficiência matriculados nas universidades representam apenas 0,1% do total. A CR/1988 instituiu o Estado Democrático de Direito, cuja implementação fática está condicionada à busca de uma igualdade substancial, onde o acesso à educação é uma ferramenta e um direito fundamental para emancipação social, cultural, e econômica, inclusive, desse segmento e na tutela da dignidade humana. Ações afirmativas fazem-se necessárias a essas pessoas, no sentido de corrigir desigualdades, balizada pela educação inclusiva que concatena com a ideia de universidade inclusiva e de uma sociedade também inclusiva, caminhando justamente na intenção de corrigir desigualdades de oportunidades, buscando dirimir a ótica excludente do atual estágio social. Este estudo analisa fatos e concepções dos alunos com deficiência e de um docente da UFPE, sob a ótica de que a educação escolar inclusiva constitui paradigma educacional fundamentado na concepção de que igualdade e diferença são valores indissociáveis na construção de uma sociedade mais justa e solidária.

Cuerpos encerrados cuerpos emancipados: las políticas del cuerpo y las negociaciones identitarias de las travesías en el expenal García Moreno

La identidad sexual y de género como el cuerpo son espacios de poder y diferencia donde se evidencia la precariedad del sistema político económico heterosexual ‘blanco occidental’ y su impositivo sistema de sexo-género. Mediante un trabajo etnográfico la investigación indagó y analizó la situación actual de las travestis encarceladas en el Centro de rehabilitación para Varones Nº 1, vinculándolo con la estructura macro social circundante a la que pertenece y el ex-penal está inserto activamente. El estudio da cuenta de la actualidad enmarcada entre junio 2005 y enero 2007. Hace referencia a hechos sociopolíticos e históricos que visibilizan y evidencian dentro del contexto nacional la situación de la violencia socio cultural, física-psico afectiva, como las circunstancias de marginalización y discriminación que se ejerce sobre las travestis; así como la persistente violación a sus derechos fundamentales como consecuencia de su identidad sexual y de género abyecta; por parte de otros agentes sociales.

An analysis of verbal responses to music in a group of adult non-specialists

In a workshop setting, two pieces of recorded music were presented to a group of adult non-specialists; a key feature was to set up structured discussion within which the respondents considered each piece of music as a whole and not in its constituent parts. There were two areas of interest, namely to explore whether the respondents were likely to identify the musical features or to make extra-musical associations and, to establish the extent to which there would be commonality and difference in their approach to formulating the verbal responses. An inductive approach was used in the analysis of data to reveal some of the working theories underpinning the intuitive musicianship of the adult non-specialist listener. Findings have shown that, when unprompted by forced choice responses, the listeners generated responses that could be said to be information-poor in terms of musical features but rich in terms of the level of personal investment they made in formulating their responses. This is evidenced in a number of connections they made between the discursive and the non-discursive, including those which are relational and mediated by their experiences. Implications for music education are considered.

Pulsating equilibria: stability through migration

This paper is to present a model of spatial equilibrium using a nonlinear generalization of Markov-chain type model, and to show the dynamic stability of a unique equilibrium. Even at an equilibrium, people continue to migrate among regions as well as among agent-types, and yet their overall distribution remain unchanged. The model is also adapted to suggest a theory of traffic distribution in a city.

Probability functions to build composite indicators: a methodology to measure environmental impacts of genetically modified crops

There is an on-going debate on the environmental effects of genetically modified crops to which this paper aims to contribute. First, data on environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) and conventional crops are collected from peer-reviewed journals, and secondly an analysis is conducted in order to examine which crop type is less harmful for the environment. Published data on environmental impacts are measured using an array of indicators, and their analysis requires their normalisation and aggregation. Taking advantage of composite indicators literature, this paper builds composite indicators to measure the impact of GM and conventional crops in three dimensions: (1) non-target key species richness, (2) pesticide use, and (3) aggregated environmental impact. The comparison between the three composite indicators for both crop types allows us to establish not only a ranking to elucidate which crop is more convenient for the environment but the probability that one crop type outperforms the other from an environmental perspective. Results show that GM crops tend to cause lower environmental impacts than conventional crops for the analysed indicators.

- Ni får gärna hoppa på golvet om ni vill hoppa : En studie om pedagogers bemötande av barns egna initativ i förskola och förskoleklass

The purpose of this survey was to discern possible similarities and difference between how teachers in preschool and pre-class respond to children’s own initiative out of a power perspective. The results of this study is collect by observations that we have done in free and planned activity in both preschool and pre-class as well as a few interviews with some of the teachers. The results have shown that teacher’s responses to children’s own initiatives in preschool and pre-class to most part is similar, despite the difference in their commission. The biggest differences are that teachers in preschool prioritize children’s care before allowing the children to pursue their own initiatives, which haven’t emerged from the observations in the pre-class. Another difference is that the teachers in pre-class are more flexible during the planned activities and utilize the children’s own initiatives.

Scriptural Archeology: Excavating the Presence of Women in the Torah

Women's roles in religious history have been traditionally described in terms of their relation and value to men. The normative religious texts provide an androcentric perspective on the gender relationships within the early community, the growth of Judaism in "Jacob's House" and the monotheistic worship of God. Yet these literary representations omit an entire half of the experience of the Jewish community: the perspective and participation of women. As Judith Plaskow argues extensively in Standing Again at Sinai, women are defined not in her own terms or in her own voice, but by her relationship and value to men through the androcentric vocabulary of the Torah. This statement is textually illustrated by the authorial and editorial presentation of women and their place in ancient Israelite society in the Torah. As Judaism grew increasingly androcentric in its leadership, women were increasingly reduced to marginal figures in the community by authorial and editorial revisions. Yet the participation of women of ancient Israel is not lost. Instead, the presence of women is buried beneath the androcentric presentation of the early Judaic community, waiting to be excavated by historical and scriptural examination. The retelling of the past is influenced by the present; memory is not static but takes on different shapes depending on the focus of concentration. However, tradition greatly influences the interpretation of religious history as well. In the book of Genesis, the literature emphasizes the divine appointment of male figures such as Abraham the father of the covenant and Jacob who is renamed and claimed by God as "Israel," placing them at the center of Jewish history. As a result, the other figures in these biblical narratives are described in relation to the patriarchs, those male bearers of the covenant, by their service or their value to him. Women are at the bottom of this hierarchy. Although female figures of exceptional quality are noted in later chronicles, such as Ruth, Deborah and Miriam, it is the very nature of their exception that highlights the androcentric editorial focus of the Torah. I agree with Peggy Day, whose own scriptural examination in Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel, makes the important distinction between the literary representation and the reality of ancient Israelite culture: they are not coextensive nor equivalent. Although the text represents the culture of ancient Israel as male dominated from the time of Abraham, this presentation omits the perspective of half of the population-the women. By beginning at the point of realization that women did exist and were active in their culture, and placing aside the androcentric perspective of the text and its editors, the reality of women's place in ancient Israel may be determined. Through this new perspective, the women of the Torah will emerge as the archetypes of strength, leadership and spiritual insight to provide Jewish women of the present with female, ancestral role models and a foundation for their gender's heritage, a more complete understanding of the partial record of Jewish history recorded in the Torah. Those stories that appear as the exception of women's presence will unveil an exceptional presence. As Tamar Frankiel eloquently states in The Voice of Sarah, "the women we call our 'Mothers'-Sarah, Rivkah (Rebekah), Rachel, and Leah-are not merely mothers, any more than the 'Fathers'-Abraham, Isaac and Jacob-are merely fathers "(Frankiel 5).