Is a Revision a Revision? An Analysis of National Arthroplasty Registries' Definitions of Revision.

BACKGROUND The reported survival of implants depends on the definition used for the endpoint, usually revision. When screening through registry reports from different countries, it appears that revision is defined quite differently. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purposes of this study were to compare the definitions of revision among registry reports and to apply common clinical scenarios to these definitions. METHODS We downloaded or requested reports of all available national joint registries. Of the 23 registries we identified, 13 had published reports that were available in English and were beyond the pilot phase. We searched these registries' reports for the definitions of the endpoint, mostly revision. We then applied the following scenarios to the definition of revision and analyzed if those scenarios were regarded as a revision: (A) wound revision without any addition or removal of implant components (such as hematoma evacuation); (B) exchange of head and/or liner (like for infection); (C) isolated secondary patella resurfacing; and (D) secondary patella resurfacing with a routine liner exchange. RESULTS All registries looked separately at the characteristic of primary implantation without a revision and 11 of 13 registers reported on the characteristics of revisions. Regarding the definition of revision, there were considerable differences across the reports. In 11 of 13 reports, the primary outcome was revision of the implant. In one registry the primary endpoint was "reintervention/revision" while another registry reported separately on "failure" and "reoperations". In three registries, the definition of the outcome was not provided, however in one report a results list gave an indication for the definition of the outcome. Wound revision without any addition or removal of implant components (scenario A) was considered a revision in three of nine reports that provided a clear definition on this question, whereas two others did not provide enough information to allow this determination. Exchange of the head and/or liner (like for infection; scenario B) was considered a revision in 11 of 11; isolated secondary patella resurfacing (scenario C) in six of eight; and secondary patella resurfacing with routine liner exchange (scenario D) was considered a revision in nine of nine reports. CONCLUSIONS Revision, which is the most common main endpoint used by arthroplasty registries, is not universally defined. This implies that some reoperations that are considered a revision in one registry are not considered a revision in another registry. Therefore, comparisons of implant performance using data from different registries have to be performed with caution. We suggest that registries work to harmonize their definitions of revision to help facilitate comparisons of results across the world's arthroplasty registries.

When Spanish owns English words

The English language and the Internet, both separately and taken together, are nowadays well-acknowledged as powerful forces which influence and affect the lexico-grammatical characteristics of other languages world-wide. In fact, many authors like Crystal (2004) have pointed out the emergence of the so-called Netspeak, that is, the language used in the Net or World Wide Web; as Crystal himself (2004: 19) puts it, ‘a type of language displaying features that are unique to the Internet […] arising out of its character as a medium which is electronic, global and interactive’. This ‘language’, however, may be differently understood: either as an adaptation of the English language proper to internet requirements and purposes, or as a new and rapidly-changing and developing language as a result of a rapid evolution or adaptation to Internet requirements of almost all world languages, for whom English is a trendsetter. If the second and probably most plausible interpretation is adopted, there are three salient features of ‘Netspeak’: (a) the rapid expansion of all its new linguistic developments thanks to the Internet itself, which may lead to the generalization and widespread acceptance of new words, coinages, or meanings, hundreds of times faster than was the case with the printed media. As said above, (b) the visible influence of English, the most prevalent language on the Internet. Consequently, (c) this new language tends to reduce the ‘distance’ between English and other languages as well as the ignorance of the former by speakers of other languages, since the ‘Netspeak’ version of the latter adopts grammatical, syntactic and lexical features of English. Thus, linguistic differences may even disappear when code-switching and/or borrowing occurs, as whole fragments of English appear in other language contexts. As a consequence of the new situation, an ideal context appears for interlanguage or multilingual word formation to thrive: puns, blends, compounds and word creativity in general find in the web the ideal place to gain rapid acceptance world-wide, as a result of fashion, coincidence, or sheer merit of the new linguistic proposals.

The distribution of debt across euro area countries : The role of individual characteristics, institutions and credit conditions. National Bank of Belgium Working Paper No. 252, December 2013

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we present an up-to-date assessment of the differences across euro area countries in the distributions of various measures of debt conditional on household characteristics. We consider three different outcomes: the probability of holding debt, the amount of debt held and, in the case of secured debt, the interest rate paid on the main mortgage. Second, we examine the role of legal and economic institutions in accounting for these differences. We use data from the first wave of a new survey of household finances, the Household Finance and Consumption Survey, to achieve these aims. We find that the patterns of secured and unsecured debt outcomes vary markedly across countries. Among all the institutions considered, the length of asset repossession periods best accounts for the features of the distribution of secured debt. In countries with longer repossession periods, the fraction of people who borrow is smaller, the youngest group of households borrow lower amounts (conditional on borrowing), and the mortgage interest rates paid by low-income households are higher. Regulatory loan-to-value ratios, the taxation of mortgages and the prevalence of interest-only or fixed-rate mortgages deliver less robust results.

The national democratic campaign songster : 1880 Hancock & English ...

Without music.

National Center for Statistics and Analysis collected technical studies. Volume II: accident data analysis of occupant injuries and crash characteristics - eight papers.

Mode of access: Internet.

Advertising 1972. Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, second session, on S. 1461, to require the furnishing of documentation of claims concerning safety, performance, efficacy, characteristics, and comparative price of advertised products and services [and] S. 1753 amendment no. 1118 to establish a National Institute of Advertising, Marketing, Society. May 16, 18, and 31, 1972

"Serial no. 92-72."

Text-book of English grammar : a treatise on the etymology and syntax of the English language ... : for the use of students in training colleges and the upper classes in national and other elementary schools /

Mode of access: Internet.

Children abducted by family members : national estimates and characteristics /

Shipping list no. 2003-0019-P.

National and international ideals in the English poets,: a lecture delivered in the John Rylands library on 4th January, 1916.

"Reprinted from 'The Bulletin of the John Rylands library,' April-Sept., 1916."

The new national spelling book, and pronouncing tutor : on an improved plan : exhibiting the precise sound of each syllable in every word, according to the most approved principles of English orthoepy, with progressive reading lessons, designed for the use of schools in the United States /

Library's copy imperfect: all after p. 152 wanting.

The new national spelling book and pronouncing tutor, on an improved plan; exhibiting the precise sound of each syllable in every word according to the most approved principles of English orthoepy, with progressive reading lessons. Designed for the use of schools in the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.

The new national spelling book, and pronouncing tutor, on an improved plan; exhibiting the precise sound of each syllable in every word, according to the most approved principles of English orthoepy; with progressive reading lessons. Designed for the use of schools in the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Englishman's library : comprising a series of historical, biographical, and national information, under the following heads, English history, and lives of eminent statesmen, English scenes, and essays on subjects of national importance, lives of eminent English philosophers, writers, etc., and patriotic poetry : being a selection from the original articles of the Plain Englishman.

"Dr. Samuel Johnson": p. 340-346.

Peace-republicans' manual; or, The French constitution of 1793, and the Declaration of the rights of man and of citizens, according to the Moniteur of June 27th, 1793; in the original French, together with a translation in English. To which is added: debates on this constitution in the National convention ... translated extracts from pieces seized in Babœuf's rooms; extracts from a translation of Rousseau's work on the Social contract; and various other extracts ...

Preface signed : Maria Aletta Hulshoff.

The British minstrel, and national melodist; a collection of the most esteemed and popular English, Scottish, and Irish songs, duets, catches, chorusses, glees, and comic recitations; including all Dibdin's admired productions.

Mode of access: Internet.