On the Conversion of Hensel Codes to Farey Rationals

Three different algorithms are described for the conversion of Hensel codes to Farey rationals. The first algorithm is based on the trial and error factorization of the weight of a Hensel code, inversion and range test. The second algorithm is deterministic and uses a pair of different p-adic systems for simultaneous computation; from the resulting weights of the two different Hensel codes of the same rational, two equivalence classes of rationals are generated using the respective primitive roots. The intersection of these two equivalence classes uniquely identifies the rational. Both the above algorithms are exponential (in time and/or space).

Sustainable conversion of cellulosic biomass to chemicals under visible-light irradiation

For the first time, the conversion of crystalline cellulose to valuable chemicals was enhanced by visible-light irradiation using zeolite-based gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). This plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic conversion significantly improved processing efficiency and achieved a high yield of 60% at relatively low temperature. Moreover, the photocatalytic properties of the photocatalysts varied with the light intensity and the irradiation wavelength.

Parallel polygon scan conversion algorithms: Performance evaluation on a shared bus architecture

In this paper, three parallel polygon scan conversion algorithms have been proposed, and their performance when executed on a shared bus architecture has been compared. It has been shown that the parallel algorithm that does not use edge coherence performs better than those that use edge coherence. Further, a multiprocessing architecture has been proposed to execute the parallel polygon scan conversion algorithms more efficiently than a single shared bus architecture.

One-pot synthesis of nidorellaurenal and its one-step conversion to methyl nidorellaurinate, a constituent of Nidorella auriculata

Nidorellaurenal (4) is obtained in a one-pot reaction, involving heating of the known carbinol (8) with selenium dioxide in dimethyl sulphoxide. Conversion of 4 to methyl nidorellaurinate (6), the natural product from Nidorella auriculata, has been achieved by Corey's one-step procedure.

Precipitation of rutile and anatase (Tio12) fine powders and their conversion to MTiO3 (M = Ba, Sr, Ca) by the hydrothermal method

Fine powders of TiO2 (rutile) with high degree of crystallinity are formed from aqueous titanium oxychloride solution under hydrothermal conditions at 160–230°C and 15–100 kg/cm2 for 1–2 hours. The anatase phase is produced from the same medium when sulfate ion impurity is present, with Image . Both these fine powders are converted to BaTiO3, SrTiO3 or CaTiO3 when suspended in Ba(OH)2 or Sr(OH)2 solution or in an aqueous slurry of carbonate-free CaO with Image , at 180–280°C and 12–65 kg/cm2 for 4–8 hours. The resulting fine powders contain monocrystallites of the perovskite phase with 0.1–1.5 μm particle size.

Efficient eucalypt cell wall deconstruction and conversion for sustainable lignocellulosic biofuels

In order to meet the world’s growing energy demand and reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion, renewable plant-based feedstocks for biofuel production must be considered. The first-generation biofuels, derived from starches of edible feedstocks, such as corn, create competition between food and fuel resources, both for the crop itself and the land on which it is grown. As such, biofuel synthesized from non-edible plant biomass (lignocellulose) generated on marginal agricultural land will help to alleviate this competition. Eucalypts, the broadly defined taxa encompassing over 900 species of Eucalyptus, Corymbia, and Angophora are the most widely planted hardwood tree in the world, harvested mainly for timber, pulp and paper, and biomaterial products. More recently, due to their exceptional growth rate and amenability to grow under a wide range of environmental conditions, eucalypts are a leading option for the development of a sustainable lignocellulosic biofuels. However, efficient conversion of woody biomass into fermentable monomeric sugars is largely dependent on pretreatment of the cell wall, whose formation and complexity lend itself toward natural recalcitrance against its efficient deconstruction. A greater understanding of this complexity within the context of various pretreatments will allow the design of new and effective deconstruction processes for bioenergy production. In this review, we present the various pretreatment options for eucalypts, including research into understanding structure and formation of the eucalypt cell wall.

Conversion certificate of Jacob Bar Abraham Abinu, copy made January 3, 1820

Digital image

Conversion of (+/-)-synephrine into p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde by Arthrobacter synephrinum: A novel enzymic reaction

A partically purified enzyme from Arthrobacter synephrinum was found to catalyse the conversion of (+/-)-synphrine into p-hydroxyphrenylacetaldehyde and methylamine. The enzyme is highly specific for synephrine and is distinctly different from monoamine oxidase.

vSpeak: Edge detection based feature extraction for sign to text conversion

This paper presents 'vSpeak', the first initiative taken in Pakistan for ICT enabled conversion of dynamic Sign Urdu gestures into natural language sentences. To realize this, vSpeak has adopted a novel approach for feature extraction using edge detection and image compression which gives input to the Artificial Neural Network that recognizes the gesture. This technique caters for the blurred images as well. The training and testing is currently being performed on a dataset of 200 patterns of 20 words from Sign Urdu with target accuracy of 90% and above.

Sonochemical Acceleration of Conversion of 2-Alkoxytetrahydrofurans to y-Butyrolactones Synthesis of (±)-Quercus Lactone-A

Effect of sonochemical irradiation on the conversion of 2-alkoxytetrahydrofurans to γ-butyro-1actores by Jones reagent, and its extension to the highly stereoselective synthesis of quercus lactone a, is reported.

Highly efficient spin-conversion effect leading to energy up-converted electroluminescence in singlet fission photovoltaics

Free charge generation in donor-acceptor (D-A) based organic photovoltaic diodes (OPV) progresses through formation of charge-transfer (CT) and charge-separated (CS) states and excitation decay to the triplet level is considered as a terminal loss. On the other hand a direct excitation decay to the triplet state is beneficial for multiexciton harvesting in singlet fission photovoltaics (SF-PV) and the formation of CT-state is considered as a limiting factor for multiple triplet harvesting. These two extremes when present in a D-A system are expected to provide important insights into the mechanism of free charge generation and spin-character of bimolecular recombination in OPVs. Herein, we present the complete cycle of events linked to spin conversion in the model OPV system of rubrene/C60. By tracking the spectral evolution of photocurrent generation at short-circuit and close to open-circuit conditions we are able to capture spectral changes to photocurrent that reveal the triplet character of CT-state. Furthermore, we unveil an energy up-conversion effect that sets in as a consequence of triplet population build-up where triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) process effectively regenerates the singlet excitation. This detailed balance is shown to enable a rare event of photon emission just above the open-circuit voltage (VOC) in OPVs.

3D hierarchical rutile TiO2 and metal-free organic sensitizer producing dye-sensitized solar cells 8.6% conversion efficiency

Three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanoscale architectures comprised of building blocks, with specifically engineered morphologies, are expected to play important roles in the fabrication of 'next generation' microelectronic and optoelectronic devices due to their high surface-to-volume ratio as well as opto-electronic properties. Herein, a series of well-defined 3D hierarchical rutile TiO2 architectures (HRT) were successfully prepared using a facile hydrothermal method without any surfactant or template, simply by changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in the synthesis. The production of these materials provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first identified example of a ledgewise growth mechanism in a rutile TiO2 structure. Also for the first time, a Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSC) combining a HRT is reported in conjunction with a high-extinction-coefficient metal-free organic sensitizer (D149), achieving a conversion efficiency of 5.5%, which is superior to ones employing P25 (4.5%), comparable to state-of-the-art commercial transparent titania anatase paste (5.8%). Further to this, an overall conversion efficiency 8.6% was achieved when HRT was used as the light scattering layer, a considerable improvement over the commercial transparent/reflector titania anatase paste (7.6%), a significantly smaller gap in performance than has been seen previously.