Evaluation of an Older Persons’ Assessment Educational Workbook with second year nursing students in the UK.

Background: As a first step to successfully meet the complex health and social needs of older people, patient assessment has become a central feature of government policy and practice in order to ensure that care planning is person-centred. A core component of nurse education is clinical practice in order to support the development of clinical skills and competence; therefore it is important to help students and their practice-based mentors to develop and apply older person assessment skills. Therefore, an educational workbook was developed to help 2nd year nursing students to learn a structured, systematic and individualised older person assessment process with the support of their mentor.

Aim: A pilot study to evaluate the impact of an Older Persons’ Assessment Educational Workbook and explore second year nursing students’ competence and their opinions and use of an older person’s assessment skills workbook.

Research Methodology: A pre-experimental design (pre and post-test with no comparison group) was undertaken with n=6 2nd year students in 2014. The outcome measure was the Nursing Competence Questionnaire and results were analysed using the Wilcoxin Signed Rank Test in SPSS version 21. Content analysis of completed workbooks and a survey (n=5) of opinions regarding the workbook was undertaken.

Key Findings- No pre-post-test difference was found in the Nursing Competence Questionnaire with p=0.058 for the total scale. However, as this was a pilot, the study was under-powered and all students’ scores improved. Content analysis of the workbook found that 3 of the 5 participants completed all components of the workbook, with a mean of 1051 words used (Std dev 281.8). Through the survey students reported the workbook as a useful guide when undertaking a patient assessment.

Conclusions: The workbook showed potential as an intervention to help support development of nursing students’ assessment skills in practice.

Establishing a nurse practitioner collaborative: evolution, development, and outcomes

The first Australian palliative care nurse practitioner (NP) was endorsed in 2003. In 2009 the Victoria Department of Health funded the development of the Victorian Palliative Care Nurse Practitioner Collaborative (VPCNPC). Its aim was to promote the NP role, develop resources, and provide education and mentorship to NPs, nurse practitioner candidates (NPCs), and health service managers. Four key objectives were developed: identify the demographic profile of palliative care NPCs in Victoria; develop an education curriculum and practical resources to support the training and education of palliative care NPCs and NPs; provide mentorship to NPs, NPCs, and service managers; and ensure effective communication with all key stakeholders. An NPC survey was also conducted to explore NPC demographics, models of care, the hours of study required for the role, the mentoring process, and education needs. This paper reports on the establishment of the VPCNPC, the steps taken to achieve its objectives, and the results of the survey. The NP role in palliative care in Australia continues to evolve, and the VPCNPC provides a structure and resources to clearly articulate the benefits of the role to nursing and clinical services. The advanced clinical practice role of the nurse practitioner (NP) has been well established in North America for several decades and across a range of specialties (Ryan-Woolley et al, 2007; Poghosyan et al, 2012). The NP role in Australia and the UK is a relatively new initiative that commenced in the early 2000s (Gardner et al, 2009). There are over 1000 NPs across all states and territories of Australia, of whom approximately 130 work in the state of Victoria (Victorian Government Health Information, 2012). Australian NPs work across a range of specialties, including palliative, emergency, older person, renal, cardiac, respiratory, and mental health care. There has been increasing focus nationally and internationally on developing academic programmes specifically for nurses working toward NP status (Gardner et al, 2006). There has been less emphasis on identifying the comprehensive clinical support requirements for NPs and NP candidates (NPCs) to ensure they meet all registration requirements to achieve and/or maintain endorsement, or on articulating the ongoing requirements for NPs once endorsed. Historically in Australia there has been a lack of clarity and limited published evidence on the benefits of the NP role for patients, carers, and health services (Quaglietti et al, 2004; Gardner and Gardner, 2005; Bookbinder et al, 2011; Dyar et al, 2012). An NP is considered to be at the apex of clinical nursing practice. The NP role typically entails comprehensively assessing and managing patients, prescribing medicines, making direct referrals to other specialists and services, and ordering diagnostic investigations (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2009). All NPs in Australia are required to meet the following generic criteria: be a registered nurse, have completed a Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia approved postgraduate university Master's (nurse practitioner) degree programme, and be able to demonstrate a minimum of 3 years' experience in an advanced practice role (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2011). An NPC in Victoria is a registered nurse employed by a service or organisation to work toward meeting the academic and clinical requirements for national endorsement as an NP. During the period of candidacy, which is of variable duration, NPCs consolidate their competence to work at the advanced practice level of an NP. The candidacy period is a process of learning the new role while engaging with mentors (medical and nursing) and accessing other learning opportunities both within and outside one's organisation to meet the educational requirements. Integral to the NP role is the development of a model of care that is responsive to identified service delivery gaps that can be addressed by the skills, knowledge, and expertise of an NP. These are unique to each individual service. The practice of an Australian NP is guided by national standards (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2014). It is defined by four overarching standards: clinical, education, research, and leadership. Following the initial endorsement of four Victorian palliative care NPs in 2005, there was a lull in recruitment. The Victoria Department of Health (DH) recognised the potential benefits of NPs for health services, and in 2008 it provided funding for Victorian public health services to scope palliative care NP models of care that could enhance service delivery and patient outcomes. The scoping strategy was effective and led to the appointment of 16 palliative care nurses to NPC positions over the ensuing 3 years. The NPCs work across a broad range of care settings, including inpatient, community, and outpatient in metropolitan, regional, and rural areas of Victoria. At the same time, the DH also funded the Centre for Palliative Care to establish the Victorian Palliative Care Nurse Practitioner Collaborative (VPCNPC) to support the NPs and NPCs. The Centre is a state-wide service that is part of St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and a collaborative Centre of the University of Melbourne. Its primary function is to provide training and conduct research in palliative care. The purpose of the VPCNPC was to provide support and mentorship and develop resources targeted at palliative care NPs, NPCs, and health service managers. Membership of the VPCNPC is open to all NPs, NPCs, health service managers, and nurses interested in the NP role. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of the VPCNPC, its actions, and the outcomes of these actions.

O primeiro ensino clínico no percurso formativo do estudante de enfermagem

A formação do estudante de enfermagem em ensino clínico reveste-se de uma importância singular pelo contacto e vivência de situações em contexto, por lhe proporcionar a aquisição, o desenvolvimento e a consolidação de conhecimentos e competências em vários domínios, assim como de socialização com a profissão. O primeiro ensino clínico pelas actividades em contexto com os profissionais de saúde e os utentes é um período de transição particularmente marcante em termos formativos. Nele frequentemente acontece a ruptura nas suas concepções de formação e de aprendizagem, tornando-se num momento de confronto com uma formação que prepara para a incerteza e imprevisibilidade. Nesta investigação pretendemos compreender o que acontece neste período de aprendizagem, partindo da seguinte questão central de investigação: Que significado tem o primeiro ensino clínico no percurso formativo do estudante de enfermagem? O estudo desta questão exigiu o recurso a uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa baseada na estratégia estudo de caso na sua vertente multicasos. Seleccionámos três casos de estudo respectivamente do 1º, do 2º e 3º anos do Curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem de três planos de estudos de Escolas Superiores de Enfermagem. O caso é constituído por um grupo de estudantes no primeiro ensino clínico hospitalar, enfermeiros e docentes que os orientam. Desenvolvemos uma etnometodologia em que privilegiámos a observação no terreno com participação directa do investigador, recolha documental, entrevistas etnográficas e semi-estruturadas aos vários intervenientes. A análise da informação reunida processou-se pela análise de conteúdo dos dados obtidos num percurso recursivo entre as várias fontes com apoio do programa informático Nvivo 7. Concluímos que o primeiro ensino clínico: é um período de formação estruturante, com forte impacto pela transição que se opera na postura do estudante perante a aprendizagem, pelas propriedades (trans)formativas que as vivências em contexto encerram, independentemente do ano do Curso em que este acontece; a preparação prévia dos estudantes modeliza os domínios da aprendizagem e a profundidade em que ocorre; aprendem de um modo fragmentado sem conseguirem integrar os vários domínios do conhecimento na acção; os estudantes do 1º ano dão mais significado à destreza e rapidez na realização de intervenções prescritas e à aplicação dos princípios teóricos aprendidos; a orientação dos enfermeiros, tutores e docentes é fundamental na mobilização, para a acção, dos conhecimentos teóricos ou na sua aquisição; a vivência das situações em contexto e o ambiente relacional estão entre os factores mais influentes; a prática orientada com atenção individualizada, questionamento, análise e reflexão em díade supervisor-aluno, são fundamentais no desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico; ser supervisor deve ser assumido pelo docente e pelo enfermeiro ou tutor como um trabalho de articulação e proximidade com e no contexto onde o ensino clínico decorre; a resposta adequada às funções específicas de supervisão exige participação activa de equipas de enfermagem mais preparadas e hierarquicamente apoiadas; o docente pelo conhecimento dos estudantes, dos fins e objectivos da formação, pelos desafios e exigência que coloca tem um papel insubstituível. No percurso da investigação novas questões emergiram nomeadamente no que se prende com: os modelos de articulação entre instituições de saúde e escolares; com a formação dos supervisores e; o papel dos pares no início da aprendizagem dos estudantes em contexto clínico.

Stress no estágio pedagógico: estudo comparativo entre Portugal e Brasil

A formação inicial de professores possui caraterísticas muito próprias e a complexidade envolta sobre o período de estágio na prática pedagógica, requer um olhar aprofundado sobre as questões subjacentes ao stress tanto no estagiário, como no supervisor e orientador. A presente investigação inter e multicultural, pretende conhecer junto a estes três atores as principais fontes indutoras de stress e seus sintomas no decorrer do período de estágio pedagógico, as estratégias de coping e a satisfação com o suporte social. Desenvolvemos três estudos de cariz comparativo entre Portugal e Brasil, em oito Instituições de Ensino Superior (4 de Portugal e 4 do Brasil) numa amostra total de 1.194 indivíduos. O primeiro de índole qualitativa envolveu 24 professores supervisores e orientadores de estágio, os quais identificaram as principais causas de stress que permitiram a construção do questionário “Avaliação do stress do professor/orientador de Estágio Pedagógico” (ASPOEP). Contamos no segundo estudo com uma amostra de 204 docentes (122 orientadores e 82 supervisores) no exercício da supervisão pedagógica e no terceiro estudo com 966 estagiários (476 Portugal e 490 Brasil). Nestes dois últimos estudos, para a identificação dos fatores de stress, os supervisores responderam ao questionário ASPOEP e os estagiários ao questionário ASAE (Avaliação do stress do aluno estagiário). Foram ainda utilizados os questionários de “Avaliação dos sintomas de stress”, o de “Estratégias de coping” e para a análise do suporte social fizemos uso da “Escala de satisfação com o suporte social”. Na análise dos dados foi utilizado o SPSS, tendo sido realizadas as estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Os resultados globais evidenciam o estágio pedagógico como uma fonte indutora de stress. Nos supervisores de estágio, a sobrecarga de trabalho, as relações interpessoais, o desempenho do estagiário e sobretudo a estrutura e acompanhamento do estágio, marcaram os fatores de maior stress, que foi mais evidente no gênero feminino e na população brasileira. Entre estagiários, a insegurança e a indisciplina são os fatores de maior stress, sobretudo no gênero feminino de Portugal. O stress apesar de moderado para a maioria da amostra, evidencia índices de stress elevado em 10,7% dos docentes e 19,1% dos estagiários portugueses e 23,8% dos docentes e 12,7% dos estagiários brasileiros. Os sintomas cognitivos são os mais evidentes nestas duas populações estudadas, porém nos casados e com filhos existe evidência significativa de sintoma comportamental. A estratégia de coping centrada no indivíduo foi mais prevalente, porém evidencia-se que os brasileiros e também os pais com filhos apresentam significativo coping centrado no outro. O suporte social da amizade e da intimidade foram os que demonstraram maior satisfação, sendo assim eficaz na manutenção de um stress moderado. Os portugueses apresentam maior satisfação com o suporte social que os brasileiros. Ficou evidente que a satisfação e as estratégias de coping contribuem de forma positiva na diminuição dos sintomas de stress, bem como a satisfação com estágio diminui os níveis de stress. Sugere-se que na formação de professores sejam integrados programas de formação sobre gestão e controlo do stress para supervisor, orientador e estagiário, bem como devem ser propostas mudanças a nível curricular, ligado à estrutura e acompanhamento do estágio, para que este possa ser um período de desenvolvimento de competências profissionais, alicerçadas no bem-estar para todos os intervenientes.

L'insertion professionnelle de l'infirmière experte comme enseignante novice en soins infirmiers au collégial : l'apport du mentorat

Les infirmières et les infirmiers qui s'engagent comme enseignantes et enseignants en soins infirmiers passent du statut d'infirmière et d'infirmier expert à celui d'enseignante et d'enseignant novice sans vraiment être préparés. Le manque de connaissances en pédagogie, l'absence de modèles de référence et la lourdeur de la tâche contribuent à leur incertitude quant au désir de persévérer dans le domaine de l'enseignement. Cette situation s'avère critique puisqu'en ce moment on prévoit une pénurie d'infirmières et d'infirmiers et une pénurie de professeurs pour les former. Comment leur venir en aide à travers un horaire déjà chargé? Un programme de mentorat serait-il la solution? Notre recherche a visé à dégager les points de vue des enseignantes et des enseignants expérimentés en soins infirmiers, susceptibles d'être mentors, sur les défis à relever dans la pratique du mentorat auprès d'enseignantes et d'enseignants novices ainsi que les points de vue des novices sur le sujet.

Supporting Completion of an Online Continuing Professional Development Programme For Newly Qualified Practitioners: a Qualitative Evaluation

Background: Development programmes to support newly qualified practitioners gain confidence in their first professional role often show varied levels of engagement, due to competing priorities and demands. In Scotland, the Flying Start NHS® programme uses a structured programme of online and work-based learning with associated mentoring, to support individuals through an often difficult transition to become capable, confident practitioners. . Whilst the programme was generally well received, the factors leading to widely varying completion rates between professions and organisations were not well understood. Aim: to identify the factors leading to successful completion of Flying Start, a transition programme for newly qualified practitioners. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted to gather data from two groups of participants. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with strategic and management level participants (n=23), from five health boards in Scotland. Semi-structured interviews (n=22) and focus groups (n=11) were conducted with practitioners within 6 months either side of completing the programme. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. Results: Four key themes related to successful completion emerged from the analysis: organisational support; the format of the programme; understanding completion; motivation and incentives to complete. Factors leading to successful completion were identified at programme, organisational and individual level. These included clear communication and signposting, up-to-date and relevant content, links with continuing professional development frameworks, effective leadership, mentor and peer support, setting clear standards for assessment, and facilitating appropriate IT access. Conclusions: A strong strategic commitment to embedding a development programme for newly qualified practitioners can ensure the necessary support is available to encourage timely completion. The mentor’s role - to provide face-to-face support - is identified as a key factor in completion and is achieved through setting attainable targets, monitoring progress, and providing motivation. However organisational structures that facilitate the mentoring relationship are also necessary.

Robótica móvel: sistema de condução autónoma

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo Automação e Electrónica Industrial

Prática de ensino supervisionado no 1.º e 2.º ciclo do ensino básico: de que forma o ensino explícito das estratégias de leitura contribui para uma melhor produção escrita do texto descritivo

Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclos do Ensino Básico

Contributo das organizações do terceiro setor no desenvolvimento dos países de píngua pficial portuguesa

O empreendedorismo social é um campo que tem vindo a ganhar uma importância crescente nas sociedades atuais, sendo reconhecido como uma ferramenta útil na promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Como se trata de um campo emergente, apresenta-se ainda pouco explorado. Em Cabo Verde não existem ainda estudos sobre o tema, embora existam já algumas iniciativas de empreendedorismo social. A investigação foi desenvolvida de forma a responder ao objetivo de se conhecer qual o contributo que as Organizações Não Governamentais para o Desenvolvimento (ONGD) portuguesas têm dado para a sedimentação do empreendedorismo social em Cabo Verde. Assim, procurou-se apurar e analisar as ONGD que desenvolvem projetos em Cabo Verde, as áreas em que estas atuam para promoverem o desenvolvimento economico-social, os meios de financiamentos a que recorrem, as dificuldades encontradas no desenvolvimento das suas atividades, bem como compreender a razão que levou a que Cabo Verde fosse beneficiado com as ações dessas ONGD. Para conseguir atingir estas metas recorreu-se à metodologia qualitativa onde se fez uma análise exploratória e descritiva. A técnica utilizada para a recolha da informação primária foi a entrevista dirigida aos responsáveis de seis ONGD portuguesas que atuam em Cabo Verde, nomeadamente a Associação para a Cooperação Entre os Povos, a Associação de Defesa do Património de Mértola, Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr, Meninos do Mundo, Terras Dentro e a Associação Raia Histórica. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram identificar que as ONGD portuguesas agem impulsionando o empreendedorismo social em Cabo Verde através da promoção do desenvolvimento integrado e sustentável, apoiado em parcerias estabelecidas com outras organizações locais caboverdeanas. Estes parceiros são atores chave que estão no terreno e possuem o conhecimento da realidade do país. Cabo Verde foi beneficiado pelos projetos por pertencer aos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e/ou à Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa. Na obtenção de recursos, a maioria das ONGD portuguesas recorre a recursos em espécie e a voluntários portugueses, desempenhando estes o papel de formadores. A geração de valor social por parte destas entidades é feita muitas vezes de uma forma indireta, através da criação de valor económico que depois se repercute em valor social. Este valor social resulta da sua atuação em várias áreas como a saúde e segurança alimentar, desenvolvimento rural, meio ambiente, educação e formação profissional, emprego, economia alternativa ou microcrédito, pobreza e exclusão social, ambiente, habitação, promoção social e do turismo, capacitação e reforço institucional e coerência das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento. Sendo Cabo Verde um arquipélago, as principais dificuldades encontradas pelas ONGD na sua atuação prende-se com a acessibilidade às ilhas devido à falta de transportes e meios de comunicação.

An after-school literacy program : investigating the experiences of students with literacy difficulties, their volunteer tutors, and the tutors' transition into the teaching profession

This research responds to a pervasive call for our educational institutions to provide students with literacy skills, and teachers with the instructional supports necessary to facilitate this skill acquisition. Questions were posed to gain information concerning the efficacy ofteaching literacy strategies to students with learning difficulties, the impact of this training on their volunteer tutors, and the influence of this experience on these tutors' ensuing instructional practice as teacher candidates in a preservice education program. Study #1 compared a nontreatment group of students with literacy difficulties who participated in the program and found that program participants were superior at reading letter patterns and at comprehending the elements of story grammar. Concurrently, the second study explored the experiences of 19 volunteer tutors and uncovered that they acquired instructional skills as they established a knowledge base in teaching reading and writing, and they affirmed personal goals to become future teachers. Study #3 tracked 6 volunteer tutors into their pre-service year and identified their constructions, and beliefs about literacy instruction. These teacher candidates discussed how they had intended to teach reading and writing strategies based on their position that effective teaching ofthese skills in the primary grades is integral to academic success. The teacher candidates emphasized the need to build rapport with students, and the need to exercise flexibility in lesson plan delivery while including activities to meet emotional and developmental requirements of students. The teacher candidates entered their pre-service education with an initial cognition set based on the limited teaching context of tutoring. This foundational ii perception represented their prior knowledge of literacy instruction, a perception that appeared untenable once they were immersed in a regular instructional setting. This disparity provoked some of the teacher candidates to denounce their teacher mentors for not consistently employing literacy strategies and individualized instruction. This critical perspective could have been a demonstration of cognitive dissonance. In the end, when the teacher candidates began to look toward the future and how they would manage the demands of an inclusive classroom, they recognized the differences in the contexts. With an appreciation for the need for balance between prior and present knowledge, the teacher candidates remained committed to implementing their tutoring strategies in future teaching positions. This document highlights the need for teacher candidates with instructional experience prior to teacher education, to engage in cognitive negotiations to assimilate newly acquired pedagogies into existing pedagogies.

Transition into the teaching profession: induction and mentoring issues surrounding secondary music teachers /

The purpose of this study was to investigate the issues surrounding the transition into the teaching profession by specifically focusing on teacher induction and mentoring issues while explicitly addressing matters of concern by secondary music teachers in a large suburban school board in southern Ontario. Participants included beginning teachers with fewer than 5 years of teaching, mid career teachers with between 6 and 15 years of instruction, and experienced teachers with more than 16 years of practice. The ' processes of mentoring and inducting new teachers within the board were examined, along with their relationships between proteges, mentors, and administrators. Further, internal and external programs specifically designed and implemented for newer music teachers were scrutinized and discussed. An analysis of key documents and literature on the subject was performed, and data were collected through 16 personal interviews. The findings suggest that although the necessity of mentoring and induction processes has begun to be recognized, there exists a fundamental relationship between mentoring and induction and the effect of the professional attachments to mentoring; the institutional and administrative supports that are enabled; and essential processes and practices between mentors and proteges. Together these three arms combine to support successfiil induction and mentoring initiatives that will help ease the transition into teaching.

Career paths of educational administrators

Ten superintendents~ 5 male and 5 female~ were randomly selected from a possible 33 males and 9 females in the Niagara and Hamilton regions. The participants were interviewed through a guided interview process coupled with an accounting of their educational and career histories. They were asked to discuss significant aspects of their careers such as the support they had received from families, from mentors and from involvement in networks. The data collected were then analyzed for similarities and differences both within and between the two gender cohorts. Upon analysis, it was found that the female and male administrators possessed differences in their personal backgrounds as well as their career and educational histories. Differences were also found in the perceived role of mentors, and networks. The ways in which the female administrators experienced their careers were found to be quite different from the ways in which the male administrators experienced their careers.

A study of the role learning and socialization during the transition from teacher to elementary school administrator

This thesis examined the role transition from an elementary teacher to an elementary principal. In particular, the training and socialization process of becoming an elementary principal was explored through the study of the hierarchical and political structure of a southern Ontario school board, and how this influenced the learning experiences of new elementary principals. A qualitative methodology, with a grounded theory design, was employed to investigate this process through interviews with 10 participants to examine their experiences and role learning occurs during their development. Specifically, participants perspective shifts, developmental experiences, understanding of group culture, and expansion of a board profile were highlighted in the data. One of the compelling results of the study was the degree to which principals of aspiring administrators influence the socialization of their subordinates. The beliefs and practices of the school principal determine the socialization orientation that teachers and vice-principals will experience during role learning. The results of this study also imply that role orientation needs to be understood as a continuum between custodial and innovative role assumption. Varying degrees of custodianship or innovation depended on the context of the administrative placement and the personal attributes of administrative candidates. Principals who are willing to share responsibilities, who are good communicators, and who wish to develop a collaborative relationship with their viceprincipals are the individuals the participants in this study described as making the best mentors.

A case study investigation of the learning needs of the Niagara grape and wine community

The Niagara Grape and Wine Community (NGWC) is an industry that has undergone rapid change and expansion as a result of changes in governmental regulations and consumer preferences. As a result of these changes, the demands of the wine industry workforce have changed to reflect the need to implement new strategies and practices to remain viable and competitive. The influx of people into the community with little or no prior practical experience in grape growing (viticulture) or winemaking (oenology) has created a need for additional training and learning opportunities to meet workforce needs. This case study investigated the learning needs of the members of this community and how these needs are currently being met. The barriers to, and the opportunities for, members acquiring new knowledge and developing skills were also explored. Participants were those involved in all levels of the industry and sectors (viticulture, processing, and retail), and their views on needs and suggestions for programs of study were collected. Through cross analyses of sectors, areas of common and unique interest were identified as well as formats for delivery. A common fundamental component was identified by all sectors - any program must have a significant applied component or demonstration of proficiency and should utilize members as peer instructors, mentors, and collaborators to generate a larger shared collective of knowledge. Through the review of learning organizations, learning communities, communities of practices, and learning networks, the principles for the development of a Grape and Wine Learning Network to meet the learning needs of the NGWC outside of formal institutional or academic programs were developed. The roles and actions of members to make such a network successful are suggested.

Teachers' experiences and perceptions of voluntary committee work as a vehicle for leadership development

In response to a looming leadership shortage, leadership development for teachers has become an increasingly important area of interest around the world. A review of the literature identified the key components of educational leadership development programs as effective curriculum, leadership practice, relationship building, and reflection. A gap in the research was found regarding the use of voluntary committee work as a vehicle for leadership practice. The purpose of this study was to explore teachers' perceptions of their experiences within board-level committees to determine the key factors that contributed, positively or negatively, to their leadership,pevelopment. A qualitative research design was employed using semistructured interviews with 8 participants. The key findings included a list of factors perceived by teachers as either supporting or hindering their leadership development. The supporting factors were: (a) leadership practice, (b) mentors and role models, (c) relationships and networks, and (d) positive outcomes for students. The hindering factors were: (a) lack of follow through and support, (b) committee members with a careerist approach to the experience, (c) personal and political agendas, and (d) overcommitment leading to burnout. Recommendations for practice focused on strategies to enhanc~_ the committee experience as a tool for leadership development. Recommendations for theory and research suggested more research be done on each of the 8 key factors, perceptions associated with teachers choosing to follow a leadership path, and how school boards can structure the committee process as an effective leadership development tool. This study provides a starting point for educators to begin to intentionally design, develop, and deliver voluntary committee experiences as a tool for leadership development.