Occupational Therapy and Clinical Research in Mental Health Rehabilitation

Practitioners working in Australian mental health services are faced with the challenge of providing appropriate evidence-based interventions that lead to measurable improvement and good outcomes. Current government policy is committed to the development of strategic mental health research. One focus has been on under-researched practice areas, which include the development of psychosocial rehabilitation systems and models that facilitate recovery. To meet this challenge, an Australian rehabilitation service formed a collaborative partnership with a university. The purposes of the collaboration were to implement new forms of service delivery based on consumer need and evidence and to design research projects to evaluate components of the rehabilitation programme. This article examines the process of developing the collaboration and provides examples of how research projects have been used to inform practice and improve the effectiveness of service delivery. Challenges to the sustainability of this kind of collaboration are considered.

Sources of stress experienced by occupational therapists and social workers in mental health settings

This study examined the sources of stress experienced by occupational therapists and social workers employed in Australian public mental health services and identified the demographic and work-related factors related to stress using a cross-sectional survey design. Participants provided demographic and work-related information and completed the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale. The overall response rate to the survey was 76.6%, consisting of 196 occupational therapists and 108 social workers. Results indicated that lack of resources, relationships and conflicts with other professionals, workload, and professional self-doubt were correlated with increased stress. Working in case management was associated with stress caused by client-related difficulties, lack of resources, and professional self-doubt. The results of this study suggest that Australian occupational therapists and social workers experience stress, with social workers reporting slightly more overall stress than occupational therapists.

Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement : best practice and recommendations

There are increasing numbers of refugees worldwide, with approximately 16 million refugees in 2007 and over 2.5 million refugees resettled in the United States since the start of its humanitarian program. Psychologists and other health professionals who deliver mental health services for individuals from refugee backgrounds need to have confidence that the therapeutic interventions they employ are appropriate and effective for the clients with whom they work. The current review briefly surveys refugee research, examines empirical evaluations of therapeutic interventions in resettlement contexts, and provides recommendations for best practices and future directions in resettlement countries. The resettlement interventions found to be most effective typically target culturally homogeneous client samples and demonstrate moderate to large outcome effects on aspects of traumatic stress and anxiety reduction. Further evaluations of the array of psychotherapeutic, psychosocial, pharmacological, and other therapeutic approaches, including psychoeducational and community-based interventions that facilitate personal and community growth and change, are encouraged. There is a need for increased awareness, training and funding to implement longitudinal interventions that work collaboratively with clients from refugee backgrounds through the stages of resettlement.

Screening for risk of later mental health problems : a longitudinal study

Purpose: This is one of the first studies to report that the Achenbach internalising scales were much more effective at identifying those with current comorbid depression and anxiety, rather than individual mood disorder. Introduction: The Achenbach behaviour checklists (YSR,YASR) are widely used, low cost screening tools used to assess problem behaviour. Several studies report good association between the checklists and psychiatric diagnoses; although with varying degrees of agreement. Most are cross-sectional studies involving adolescents referred to mental health services; few are in large community-based studies. This study examined the usefulness of the Achenbach internalising scales in the primary screening (both predictive and concurrent)for depression and anxiety. Methods: The sample was 2400 young adults from an Australian population-based prospective birth cohort study. The association between the empirical anxiety and depression scales were individually assessed against DSM-IV depression and anxiety diagnoses. Odds ratios and diagnostic efficiency tests report the findings. Results: Adolescents with internalising symptoms were twice (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.7 to 3.1) as likely to be diagnosed with later DSM-IV depression. YASR internalising scale predicted DSM-IV mood disorders (depression OR = 6.9, 95% CI 5.0–9.5; anxiety OR = 5.1, 95% CI 3.8–6.7) in the previous 12 months. The internalising scales were much more effective at identifying those with comorbid depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Adolescence and early adulthood are key risk periods for the onset of anxiety and depression. This study found that young people with internalising behaviour problems were more likely to have comorbid depression and anxiety DSM-IV disorder.

Survival models of community tenure and length of hospital stay for the seriously mentally ill : a 10-year perspective

Objective: To examine the effects of personal and community characteristics, specifically race and rurality, on lengths of state psychiatric hospital and community stays using maximum likelihood survival analysis with a special emphasis on change over a ten year period of time. Data Sources: We used the administrative data of the Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services (DMHMRSAS) from 1982-1991 and the Area Resources File (ARF). Given these two sources, we constructed a history file for each individual who entered the state psychiatric system over the ten year period. Histories included demographic, treatment, and community characteristics. Study Design: We used a longitudinal, population-based design with maximum likelihood estimation of survival models. We presented a random effects model with unobserved heterogeneity that was independent of observed covariates. The key dependent variables were lengths of inpatient stay and subsequent length of community stay. Explanatory variables measured personal, diagnostic, and community characteristics, as well as controls for calendar time. Data Collection: This study used secondary, administrative, and health planning data. Principal Findings: African-American clients leave the community more quickly than whites. After controlling for other characteristics, however, race does not affect hospital length of stay. Rurality does not affect length of community stays once other personal and community characteristics are controlled for. However, people from rural areas have longer hospital stays even after controlling for personal and community characteristics. The effects of time are significantly smaller than expected. Diagnostic composition effects and a decrease in the rate of first inpatient admissions explain part of this reduced impact of time. We also find strong evidence for the existence of unobserved heterogeneity in both types of stays and adjust for this in our final models. Conclusions: Our results show that information on client characteristics available from inpatient stay records is useful in predicting not only the length of inpatient stay but also the length of the subsequent community stay. This information can be used to target increased discharge planning for those at risk of more rapid readmission to inpatient care. Correlation across observed and unobserved factors affecting length of stay has significant effects on the measurement of relationships between individual factors and lengths of stay. Thus, it is important to control for both observed and unobserved factors in estimation.

"It broke our hearts": Understanding parents' lived experiences of their child's admission to an acute mental health care facility

This article reports the evaluative findings of an Early Psychosis Education Program (EPEP) designed to support parents caring for their child who was recently admitted to the psychiatric intensive care unit of an inpatient mental health care facility in Australia. The EPEP offered education on mental illness, treatment options, and medication, as well as information on the recovery model of care. The EPEP was facilitated by two RNs and was evaluated for educational effectiveness using a simple pre- and postevaluation questionnaire. The evaluation revealed two themes expressed by parents: "We didn't see it coming," and "Hopelessness and helplessness." The themes highlighted the parents' lack of mental health care knowledge prior to the EPEP, which had a significant impact on the parents' experiences and well-being. The evaluative findings highlighted a need for a nurse-led EPEP within the community. A community EPEP has the potential to strengthen the partnership between parents, families, and mental health service providers and to help with the provision of a recovery framework of care.

How an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care service improved access to mental health care

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience higher levels of psychological distress and mental ill health than their non-Indigenous counterparts, but underuse mental health services. Interventions are required to address the structural and functional access barriers that cause this underuse. In 2012, the Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care employed a psychologist and a social worker to integrate mental health care into its primary health care services. This research study examines the impact of this innovation.

Understanding consumers' decisions to adopt technology-enabled transformative services

This study extends understanding of consumers' decisions to adopt transformative services delivered via technology. It incorporates competitive effects into the model of goal-directed behavior which, in keeping with the majority of consumer decision making models, neglects to explicitly account for competition. A goal-level operationalization of competition, incorporating both direct and indirect competition, is proposed. A national web-based survey collected data from 431 respondents about their decisions to adopt mental health services delivered via mobile phone. The findings show that the extent to which consumers perceived using these transformative services to be more instrumental to achieving their goals than competition had the greatest impact on their adoption decisions. This finding builds on the limited empirical evidence for the inclusion of competitive effects to more fully explain consumers' decisions to adopt technology-based and other services. It also provides support for a broader operationalization of competition with respect to consumers' personal goals.

Developing a best practice pathway to support improvements in Indigenous Australians' mental health and well-being: A qualitative study

Objective: There is a need to adapt pathways to care to promote access to mental health services for Indigenous people in Australia. This study explored Indigenous community and service provider perspectives of well-being and ways to promote access to care for Indigenous people at risk of depressive illness. Design: A participatory action research framework was used to inform the development of an agreed early intervention pathway; thematic analysis Setting: 2 remote communities in the Northern Territory. Participants: Using snowball and purposive sampling, 27 service providers and community members with knowledge of the local context and the diverse needs of those at risk of depression were interviewed. 30% of participants were Indigenous. The proposed pathway to care was adapted in response to participant feedback. Results: The study found that Indigenous mental health and well-being is perceived as multifaceted and strongly linked to cultural identity. It also confirms that there is broad support for promotion of a clear pathway to early intervention. Key identified components of this pathway were the health centre, visiting and community-based services, and local community resources including elders, cultural activities and families. Enablers to early intervention were reported. Significant barriers to the detection and treatment of those at risk of depression were identified, including insufficient resources, negative attitudes and stigma, and limited awareness of support options. Conclusions: Successful early intervention for wellbeing concerns requires improved understanding of Indigenous well-being perspectives and a systematic change in service delivery that promotes integration, flexibility and collaboration between services and the community, and recognises the importance of social determinants in health promotion and the healing process. Such changes require policy support, targeted training and education, and ongoing promotion.

State Estimates of Employment Rates for Persons with Disabilities: Report Summary

Statistics on the states’ employment rates for persons with disabilities relative to their non-disabled peers may be of assistance to providers of employment services for persons with disabilities. Such information can help service providers, policy makers, and disability advocacy leaders to assess whether the employment rate of people with disabilities is improving over time, given policy, regulatory, and service intervention strategies. A recent report from the Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with Disabilities uses data from the March Current Population Survey to estimate employment rates for persons with and without a disability in the non-institutionalized working-age (aged 25 through 61) civilian population in the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia for the years 1980 through 1998. The employment rate of persons with a disability relative to that of persons without disabilities are found to vary greatly across states. Over the last 20 years the relative employment rate of those with a disability dramatically declined overall and in most states.

Consensus statement on the role of Accredited Exercise Physiologists within the treatment of mental disorders: A guide for mental health professionals

- Objective The aim is to identify the role and scope of Accredited Exercise Physiologist (AEP) services in the mental health sector and to provide insight as to how AEPs can contribute to the multidisciplinary mental health team. - Methods A modified Delphi approach was utilised. Thirteen AEPs with experience in mental health contributed to the iterative development of a national consensus statement. Six mental health professionals with expertise in psychiatry, mental health nursing, general practice and mental health research participated in the review process. Reviewers were provided with a template to systematically provide feedback on the language, content, structure and relevance to their professional group. - Results This consensus statement outlines how AEPs can contribute to the multidisciplinary mental health team, the aims and scope of AEP-led interventions in mental health services and examples of such interventions, the range of physical and mental health outcomes possible through AEP-led interventions and common referral pathways to community AEP services. - Outcome AEPs can play a key role in the treatment of individuals experiencing mental illness. The diversity of AEP interventions allows for a holistic approach to care, enhancing both physical and mental health outcomes.

Atenção psicossocial, clínica ampliada e território : a reforma psiquiátrica e os novos serviços de saúde mental

Este estudo tem como objetivo a análise dos centros de atenção psicossocial. Considera que a adoção do modelo psicossocial demanda a inserção e da responsabilização territorial. Investiga os efeitos da territorialização para a clínica e a organização dos serviços. Apresenta a reforma psiquiátrica brasileira como parte de um processo mais amplo de transformação da política pública de saúde. Situa a influência da crítica ao paradigma psiquiátrico e do Sistema Único de Saúde no desenvolvimento de experiências locais de reorientação da assistência psiquiátrica. Elege como campo de pesquisa a configuração dos centros de atenção psicossocial da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, apontando seus avanços e impasses.

Caracterização de alterações epigenéticas no gene JARID1C e desequilíbrios genéticos como causas do retardo mental ligado ao x de etiologia idiopática

O retardo mental (RM) é caracterizado por um funcionamento intelectual significantemente abaixo da média (QI<70). A prevalência de RM varia entre estudos epidemiológicos, sendo estimada em 2-3% da população mundial, constituindo assim, um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública. Há um consenso geral de que o RM é mais comum no sexo masculino, um achado atribuído às numerosas mutações nos genes encontrados no cromossomo X, levando ao retardo mental ligado ao X (RMLX). Dentre os genes presentes no cromossomo X, o Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain IC (JARID1C) foi recentemente identificado como um potencial candidato etiológico do RM, quando mutado. O JARID1C codifica uma proteína que atua como uma desmetilase da lisina 4 da histona H3 (H3K4), imprescindível para a regulação epigenética. Tão recente como a identificação do gene JARID1C, é a descoberta de que mudanças no número de cópias de sequências de DNA, caracterizadas por microdeleções e microduplicações, poderiam ser consideradas como razões funcionalmente importantes de RMLX. Atualmente, cerca de 5-10% dos casos de RM em homens são reconhecidos por ocorrerem devido a estas variações do número de cópias no cromossomo X. Neste estudo, investigamos mutações no gene JARID1C, através do rastreamento dos éxons 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 e 16, em 121 homens de famílias com RM provavelmente ligado ao X. Paralelamente, realizamos a análise da variação do número de cópias em 16 genes localizados no cromossomo X através da técnica de MLPA no mesmo grupo de pacientes. Esta metodologia consiste em uma amplificação múltipla que detecta variações no número de cópias de até 50 sequências diferentes de DNA genômico, sendo capaz de distinguir sequências que diferem em apenas um nucleotídeo. O DNA genômico foi extraído a partir de sangue periférico e as amostras foram amplificadas pela técnica de PCR, seguida da análise por sequenciamento direto. Foram identificadas três variantes na sequência do gene JARID1C entre os pacientes analisados: a variante intrônica 2243+11 G>T, que esteve presente em 67% dos pacientes, a variante silenciosa c.1794C>G e a mutação inédita nonsense c.2172C>A, ambas presentes em 0,82% dos indivíduos investigados. A análise através do MLPA revelou uma duplicação em um dos pacientes envolvendo as sondas referentes ao gene GDI1 e ao gene HUWE1. Este trabalho expande o estudo de mutações no gene JARID1C para a população brasileira ereforça a importância da triagem de mutações neste gene em homens portadores de RM familiar de origem idiopática, assim como, é primeiro relato científico relativo à investigação de variações no número de cópias de genes localizados no cromossomo X em homens brasileiros com RM, através da técnica de MLPA.

Configuração de rede de assistência em saúde mental em município de pequeno porte: o caso de Piraí.

O presente estudo analisa a rede pública de assistência em saúde mental no município de Piraí no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A proposta da reforma psiquiátrica em curso no Brasil, gerou a constituição de uma rede extra hospitalar de cuidados, que têm nos CAPS, os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, os serviços de saúde mental de base territorial, um dos principais representantes deste percurso de mudanças. Utiliza-se o CAPS de Piraí, como referencial, já que esta Unidade é designada como prestadora de assistência direta, através de procedimentos em saúde, bem como referência para as demais ações de saúde mental no município, vinculadas à atenção básica e o hospital geral. O resgate da história da reorientação de ações no município, através da pesquisa documental e o levantamento de dados acerca do perfil de assistência prestada no CAPS permite a análise acerca da demanda e oferta de serviços , em sua relação com a normatização proposta pelo ministério da saúde para as ações nesta área e os paradigmas da integralidade e da desinstitucionalização. O produto desta análise destaca as mudanças significativas ocorridas nos últimos anos no cotidiano da assistência, a potência do CAPS na ruptura de paradigmas em saúde e a necessidade do avanço em práticas avaliativas em saúde mental, como instrumento de qualificação de ações para a área.

Avaliação da qualidade de serviços de saúde mental um estudo de caso do CAPS Profeta Gentileza

Este estudo visa potencializar a discussão sobre metodologias avaliativas delineadas para os serviços de saúde mental. A questão que orienta a pesquisa é como avaliar um serviço de saúde do tipo Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Realizamos pesquisa avaliativa, em formato de estudo de caso, de um CAPS localizado na Zona Oeste do município do Rio de Janeiro. Apresentamos dados quantitativos e qualitativos sobre a assistência prestada no serviço, referentes a pacientes matriculados e encaminhados em um período de seis meses. O estudo contou com a observação participante do pesquisador, coleta de dados em prontuários e registros oficiais da unidade e discussão de casos clínicos em reunião com a equipe multiprofissional. Procedemos a considerações avaliativas sobre o serviço estudado, privilegiando os eixos de análise: acesso, acolhimento e acompanhamento.