Integration of the dispersed generators in the distribution management system

Since the 80s huge efforts have been made to utilize renewable energy sources to generate electric power. An important issue about using renewable energy sources is a Distribution Management System (DMS) in presence of dispersed generators. This paper reports some aspects of integration of the dispersed generators in the DMS. Besides, an investigation of impact of the dispersed generators on the overall performances of the distribution systems in steady state is performed. In order to observe losses in the distribution networks with dispersed generators, several loss allocation methods are applied. Results obtained from case study using IEEE test network, are presented and discussed. © 2003 IEEE.

Investigation into the impact of embedded generators on distribution system performance using theorem of superposition

Since the 1980s, huge efforts have been made to utilise renewable energy sources to generate electric power. One of the interesting issues about embedded generators is the question of optimal placement and sizing of the embedded generators. This paper reports an investigation of impact of the integration of embedded generators on the overall performances of the distribution networks in the steady state, using theorem of superposition. Set of distribution system indices is proposed to observe performances of the distribution networks with embedded generators. Results obtained from the case study using IEEE test network are presented and discussed.

Contribution of distributed generators to the harmonic distortion in low voltage power network

In the last 20 years immense efforts have been made to utilize renewable energy sources for electric power generation. This paper investigates some aspects of integration of the distributed generators into the low voltage distribution network. An assessment of impact of the distributed generators on the voltage and current harmonic distortion in the low voltage network is performed. Results obtained from a case study, using real-life low voltage network, are presented and discussed.

Reactive power support pricing of distributed generators with primary energy source uncertainty

In this paper, a novel methodology to price the reactive power support ancillary service of Distributed Generators (DGs) with primary energy source uncertainty is shown. The proposed methodology provides the service pricing based on the Loss of Opportunity Costs (LOC) calculation. An algorithm is proposed to reduce the uncertainty present in these generators using Multiobjective Power Flows (MOPFs) implemented in multiple probabilistic scenarios through Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS), and modeling the time series associated with the generation of active power from DGs through Markov Chains (MC). © 2011 IEEE.

Optimal allocation of distributed generators providing reactive power support ancillary service

Problems as voltage increase at the end of a feeder, demand supply unbalance in a fault condition, power quality decline, increase of power losses, and reduction of reliability levels may occur if Distributed Generators (DGs) are not properly allocated. For this reason, researchers have been employed several solution techniques to solve the problem of optimal allocation of DGs. This work is focused on the ancillary service of reactive power support provided by DGs. The main objective is to price this service by determining the costs in which a DG incurs when it loses sales opportunity of active power, i.e, by determining the Loss of Opportunity Costs (LOC). The LOC will be determined for different allocation alternatives of DGs as a result of a multi-objective optimization process, aiming the minimization of losses in the lines of the system and costs of active power generation from DGs, and the maximization of the static voltage stability margin of the system. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology in improving the goals outlined was demonstrated using the IEEE 34 bus distribution test feeder with two DGs cosidered to be allocated. © 2011 IEEE.

Pricing of reactive power support provided by distributed generators in transmission systems

Distributed Generation, microgrid technologies, two-way communication systems, and demand response programs are issues that are being studied in recent years within the concept of smart grids. At some level of enough penetration, the Distributed Generators (DGs) can provide benefits for sub-transmission and transmission systems through the so-called ancillary services. This work is focused on the ancillary service of reactive power support provided by DGs, specifically Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs), with high level of impact on transmission systems. The main objective of this work is to propose an optimization methodology to price this service by determining the costs in which a DG incurs when it loses sales opportunity of active power, i.e, by determining the Loss of Opportunity Costs (LOC). LOC occur when more reactive power is required than available, and the active power generation has to be reduced in order to increase the reactive power capacity. In the optimization process, three objectives are considered: active power generation costs of DGs, voltage stability margin of the system, and losses in the lines of the network. Uncertainties of WTGs are reduced solving multi-objective optimal power flows in multiple probabilistic scenarios constructed by Monte Carlo simulations, and modeling the time series associated with the active power generation of each WTG via Fuzzy Logic and Markov Chains. The proposed methodology was tested using the IEEE 14 bus test system with two WTGs installed. © 2011 IEEE.

Notas para una discusion acerca de la ley de poblacion en Marx

Documento disponible en otra versión (3836.00)

Distributed generators as providers of reactive power support - A market approach

Traditionally, ancillary services are supplied by large conventional generators. However, with the huge penetration of distributed generators (DGs) as a result of the growing interest in satisfying energy requirements, and considering the benefits that they can bring along to the electrical system and to the environment, it appears reasonable to assume that ancillary services could also be provided by DGs in an economical and efficient way. In this paper, a settlement procedure for a reactive power market for DGs in distribution systems is proposed. Attention is directed to wind turbines connected to the network through synchronous generators with permanent magnets and doubly-fed induction generators. The generation uncertainty of this kind of DG is reduced by running a multi-objective optimization algorithm in multiple probabilistic scenarios through the Monte Carlo method and by representing the active power generated by the DGs through Markov models. The objectives to be minimized are the payments of the distribution system operator to the DGs for reactive power, the curtailment of transactions committed in an active power market previously settled, the losses in the lines of the network, and a voltage profile index. The proposed methodology was tested using a modified IEEE 37-bus distribution test system. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

Considerations governing the selection and design of waterwheel generators with special reference to the conditions in Latin America

Includes bibliography

A máquina e o tempo: dialética das forças produtivas e do tempo de trabalho em Marx

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Concepção e papel da política em Karl Marx: uma perspectiva possível do Manifesto do Partido Comunista à Comuna de Paris

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Marx e o imperativo da mais-valia

A obra de Karl Marx é um complexo orgânico cuja a categoria central é o trabalho. O trabalho funda o ser social e estabelece mediações que remetem para além de si, num desenvolvimento contínuo que impulsiona a humanidade a um desenvolvimento omnilateral, isto é, em todas as suas dimensões, um desenvolvimento que abrange todas as necessidades reais do ser humano. O desenvolvimento do complexo de relações geradas pelo trabalho, designadas como forças produtivas, foi exponencialmente ampliado pelo modo de produção do capital, no entanto, o capital dissocia o trabalhador de seus meios de produção, de maneira que a evolução das forças produtivas não reflete o desenvolvimento das propriedades verdadeiramente humanas. Isto acontece porque o capital possui como necessidade sociometabólica acumular-se e expandir-se initerruptamente, fenômeno só alcançado com a extração do sobretrabalho do trabalhador, que consiste no prolongamento da duração da jornada de um mesmo processo de trabalho, ou seja, um dispêndio excessivo da força de trabalho, uma exploração do trabalhador, denominado de mais-valia. É este movimento que gera um excedente sobre o valor original investido pelo capitalista, que altera na esfera da circulação a grandeza de seu valor. O trabalho excedente ou sobretrabalho que produz a maisvalia é um imperativo ou uma imposição objetiva do capital, sem esta não há continuidade no ciclo capitalista de produção. A produção da riqueza, sob o regime do capital, revela sempre seu par, a produção da miséria absoluta para a maioria esmagadora da humanidade. Enquanto as relações de produção forem mediadas pelo imperativo da extração da mais-valia, o capital resiste e contraria todas as teses a respeito de um “capitalismo humanitário”, pois a mais-valia é a essência da exploração, da dominação e da opulência do capital às custas do trabalhador. Portanto, só poderá haver uma verdadeira satisfação das necessidades humanas com a superação da mais-valia que garante a valorização do capital, isto significa que se para o capital é imperativo a apropriação constante da mais-valia, para a humanidade é imperativo a emancipação do capital, isto significa, uma radical transcendência da divisão hierárquica do trabalho e a superação completa de todas as relações do capital.

Gramsci entre Maquiavel e Marx: da negatividade do homem a ontonegatividade da política

Em uma de suas categorias centrais, Gramsci estabelece uma identidade direta entre as politicidades maquiaveliana e marxiana, de sorte que cada um escreve para a classe da vanguarda política de sua época. No entanto, uma crítica mais rigorosa aos escritos marxianos nos revela que o proletariado não é somente a classe progressista de sua época, da maneira que a burguesia fora no iluminismo, como quer Gramsci, mas é, em verdade, a esfera universal e a única capaz de levar a cabo uma emancipação humana total. Doravante, a identidade entre Marx e Maquiavel inexiste na medida em que o primeiro, de magnitude filosófica distinta, concebe o trabalho ontologicamente como atributo central da humanização, apreendendo a política como uma figura transitória superável, enquanto o segundo concebe a política como o ato fundador de toda sociabilidade.

A questão russa para Marx e Engels

O artigo aborda a evolução do pensamento de Marx e Engels sobre a Rússia dos czares, particularmente no que tange a política internacional e o papel da comuna agrária dentro da crise dessa formação social. Procura também perceber as diferenças de concepção presentes entre os fundadores do comunismo crítico.

Indivíduo, liberdade e igualdade no pensamento liberal e em Marx

O presente artigo pretende realizar um breve balanço bibliográfico em tomo de algumas categorias do pensamento de Tocqueville, Stuart Mill e Bentham para confrontá-las com o pensamento de Marx e realizar, assim, uma reflexão sobre a política em cada um deles.