Catástrofe e invación discursiva en Phaedra de Séneca

El prólogo de la tragedia despliega dos espacios distintivos: las silvae de Hipólito y el opresivo y lujurioso espacio interior del palacio de Fedra. Cada personaje es definido por las características de los espacios que sus discursos configuran: los castos y salvajes bosques de Hipólito revelarán, bajo su manto de agreste tranquilidad, una violenta y estéril dicción que sugiere una inadecuación del personaje al paradigma de sapiens que parte de la crítica ha visto en él, mientras que el espacio interior de Fedra estará lleno de llamas y vapor, símbolos de su pasión. Ambos mundos conviven a modo de compartimentos estancos: frío y llamas, castidad y libido, nieve y vapor conviven pacíficamente, y en esta convivencia no hay ni catástrofe ni tragedia. Éstas se desarrollan y toman fuerza a medida que Fedra se adentra discursivamente en los dominios de Hipólito y los tiña progresivamente con su discurso, convirtiéndolo finalmente en un locushorridus donde el joven cazador huirá horrorizado como las bestias que solía perseguir. Por lo tanto tragedia y catástrofe ocurren cuando las silvae de Hipólito se convierten en el acechante Nemus habitado por lujuriosas criaturas gracias a la intrusión discursiva que la reina realiza en el áspero paisaje configurado en la monodia inicial del personaje

La inundación de 1959: Sus efectos en el sur entrerriano

Caracterizada por una verdadera maraña hidrográfica, las tierras entrerrianas presentan a mediados del siglo XX, rasgos productivos exclusivamente agro-pecuarios. La inundación de abril de 1959, considerada en la Argentina un "desastre nacional", deja bajo las aguas una extensión que supera los 20.000 km2. Desde Concordia hasta el delta y durante tres meses, la provincia observa un continuo manto hídrico sobre tierras ricamente productivas. Sorprendidos por la situación, los pobladores afectados buscan protección en las zonas altas y en ciudades cabeceras de Departamento. El gobierno nacional, provincial y los municipales diseñan estrategias de auxilio con el concurso espontáneamente solidario de la población. Aproximarnos a registros testimoniales escritos y orales, representativos de los que guarda aún la memoria colectiva, permite visualizar efectos socio-económicos producidos en el Departamento Gualeguaychú por la inundación del '59, evaluada en ese tiempo, la de mayor envergadura en la historia hidrográfica regional.

Oraculizando a los ciudadanos : Demagogia y profanación de las inscripciones oraculares en Caballeros de Aristófanes (vv. 818- 819)

Dentro de los ataques cómicos que el Morcillero emite a Paflagonio en Caballeros de Aristófanes, uno en particular describe las formas que le permitieron a este figurado Cleón construir su poder sobre Atenas. Luego de que el propio Paflagonio se comparara con el gran Temístocles, el Morcillero expone los modos perniciosos de hacer política: en vv. 818-819, dice que Paflagonio convirtió a Atenas en una ciudad pequeña "levantando muros a través de ella y oraculizando". La primera estrategia remite al dicho del "divide y triunfarás". La segunda, en cambio, hace referencia a una institución político-religiosa como la adivinación. El oráculo, que era un aparato ideológico de la polis ateniense, aparece en el drama como un mensaje legitimador de quien detenta o detentará el poder y Aristófanes echa un manto de sospecha sobre dicha institución sagrada que es manipulada con fines propagandísticos. Con base en estas reflexiones, esta ponencia se propone analizar en Caballeros la denuncia del Morcillero sobre el ocultamiento de los oráculos inscriptos, su vínculo con el contexto socio- histórico de su inscripción y los motivos cómicos que subyacen en la operatoria de profanación de los mensajes divinos

Tiempo de cerezas

"Tiempo de cerezas" es una mención a una vieja canción de los libertarios de la comuna de Paris, que el donostiarra Inazio Mujika Iraola (1963-) tomó como título para el cuento largo Gerezi denbora (Tiempo de cerezas) en euskera precisamente, publicado en 1999. Este cuento largo, para algunos novela corta, representó una de las primeras excepciones de la literatura vasca escrita en euskera en que el tema de la Guerra Civil española se trata lejos del punto de vista de la épica, tan propio hasta entonces. Gerezi denbora nos acerca a la parte absurda e incluso irónica de la guerra, de cualquier guerra. Que una pareja de anarquistas y un cura nacionalista vasco vayan a rescatar al arzobispo de Valladolid y ponerle a salvo en las líneas franquistas más bien podría resultar una comedia barata, pero no, ya que esta línea argumental de Gerezi denbora está basada en hechos reales. Gerezi denbora nos retrotrae a una época de sueños y esperanza, a un tiempo en el que debajo del manto de ideologías diversas, el anhelo general era construir un mundo diferente del conocido hasta entonces, años duros pero de gran riqueza, muy diferentes a los actuales de la globalización.

Oraculizando a los ciudadanos : Demagogia y profanación de las inscripciones oraculares en Caballeros de Aristófanes (vv. 818- 819)

Dentro de los ataques cómicos que el Morcillero emite a Paflagonio en Caballeros de Aristófanes, uno en particular describe las formas que le permitieron a este figurado Cleón construir su poder sobre Atenas. Luego de que el propio Paflagonio se comparara con el gran Temístocles, el Morcillero expone los modos perniciosos de hacer política: en vv. 818-819, dice que Paflagonio convirtió a Atenas en una ciudad pequeña "levantando muros a través de ella y oraculizando". La primera estrategia remite al dicho del "divide y triunfarás". La segunda, en cambio, hace referencia a una institución político-religiosa como la adivinación. El oráculo, que era un aparato ideológico de la polis ateniense, aparece en el drama como un mensaje legitimador de quien detenta o detentará el poder y Aristófanes echa un manto de sospecha sobre dicha institución sagrada que es manipulada con fines propagandísticos. Con base en estas reflexiones, esta ponencia se propone analizar en Caballeros la denuncia del Morcillero sobre el ocultamiento de los oráculos inscriptos, su vínculo con el contexto socio- histórico de su inscripción y los motivos cómicos que subyacen en la operatoria de profanación de los mensajes divinos

Catástrofe e invación discursiva en Phaedra de Séneca

El prólogo de la tragedia despliega dos espacios distintivos: las silvae de Hipólito y el opresivo y lujurioso espacio interior del palacio de Fedra. Cada personaje es definido por las características de los espacios que sus discursos configuran: los castos y salvajes bosques de Hipólito revelarán, bajo su manto de agreste tranquilidad, una violenta y estéril dicción que sugiere una inadecuación del personaje al paradigma de sapiens que parte de la crítica ha visto en él, mientras que el espacio interior de Fedra estará lleno de llamas y vapor, símbolos de su pasión. Ambos mundos conviven a modo de compartimentos estancos: frío y llamas, castidad y libido, nieve y vapor conviven pacíficamente, y en esta convivencia no hay ni catástrofe ni tragedia. Éstas se desarrollan y toman fuerza a medida que Fedra se adentra discursivamente en los dominios de Hipólito y los tiña progresivamente con su discurso, convirtiéndolo finalmente en un locushorridus donde el joven cazador huirá horrorizado como las bestias que solía perseguir. Por lo tanto tragedia y catástrofe ocurren cuando las silvae de Hipólito se convierten en el acechante Nemus habitado por lujuriosas criaturas gracias a la intrusión discursiva que la reina realiza en el áspero paisaje configurado en la monodia inicial del personaje

Tiempo de cerezas

"Tiempo de cerezas" es una mención a una vieja canción de los libertarios de la comuna de Paris, que el donostiarra Inazio Mujika Iraola (1963-) tomó como título para el cuento largo Gerezi denbora (Tiempo de cerezas) en euskera precisamente, publicado en 1999. Este cuento largo, para algunos novela corta, representó una de las primeras excepciones de la literatura vasca escrita en euskera en que el tema de la Guerra Civil española se trata lejos del punto de vista de la épica, tan propio hasta entonces. Gerezi denbora nos acerca a la parte absurda e incluso irónica de la guerra, de cualquier guerra. Que una pareja de anarquistas y un cura nacionalista vasco vayan a rescatar al arzobispo de Valladolid y ponerle a salvo en las líneas franquistas más bien podría resultar una comedia barata, pero no, ya que esta línea argumental de Gerezi denbora está basada en hechos reales. Gerezi denbora nos retrotrae a una época de sueños y esperanza, a un tiempo en el que debajo del manto de ideologías diversas, el anhelo general era construir un mundo diferente del conocido hasta entonces, años duros pero de gran riqueza, muy diferentes a los actuales de la globalización.

La inundación de 1959: Sus efectos en el sur entrerriano

Caracterizada por una verdadera maraña hidrográfica, las tierras entrerrianas presentan a mediados del siglo XX, rasgos productivos exclusivamente agro-pecuarios. La inundación de abril de 1959, considerada en la Argentina un "desastre nacional", deja bajo las aguas una extensión que supera los 20.000 km2. Desde Concordia hasta el delta y durante tres meses, la provincia observa un continuo manto hídrico sobre tierras ricamente productivas. Sorprendidos por la situación, los pobladores afectados buscan protección en las zonas altas y en ciudades cabeceras de Departamento. El gobierno nacional, provincial y los municipales diseñan estrategias de auxilio con el concurso espontáneamente solidario de la población. Aproximarnos a registros testimoniales escritos y orales, representativos de los que guarda aún la memoria colectiva, permite visualizar efectos socio-económicos producidos en el Departamento Gualeguaychú por la inundación del '59, evaluada en ese tiempo, la de mayor envergadura en la historia hidrográfica regional.

Geochemistry of Walvis Ridge basalts

The proposed origins for the Enriched Mantle I component are many and various and some require an arbitrary addition of an exotic component, be it pure sediment or an enriched melt from the subcontinental lithosphere. With Pitcairn, Walvis Ridge is the 'type-locality' for the Enriched Mantle I (EMI) component. We analyzed basalts from DSDP Site 525A, Site 527 and Site 528 on the Walvis Ridge with the aim to constrain the history of its source. The isotopic compositions we measured for the three sites overlap with the values obtained by Richardson et al. (1982a) and extend towards less radiogenic Sr and more radiogenic Pb and Nd isotopic compositions. We used our new trace element and radiogenic isotope (Hf, Nd, Pb and Sr) characterization in combination with the literature data to produce the simplest possible model that satisfies the trace element and isotopic constraints. Although the elevated 207Pb/204Pb with respect to 206Pb/204Pb predicts an ancient origin for EMI, none of the proposed origins had modeled it as such. The data is consistent with the EMI composition being formed by the addition of a melt to a mantle with bulk Earth-like composition followed by melt extraction of a low degree melt. The timing of these two events is such that the metasomatism has to have taken place prior to 4 Ga and the subsequent melt removal before 3.5 Ga. This confirms the expectation of an ancient character for the EMI component. The Walvis Ridge data shows two distinct two component mixing trends: one formed by the less enriched Site 527 and Site 528 basalts and one formed by the Site 525A basalts. The two trends have the EMI endmember in common. The less depleted end of the Site 527-Site 528 basalts is FOZO-like and can be explained by the addition of a recycled component (basaltic oceanic crust plus sediment). This recycled component was altered during subduction. The sense and magnitude of the chemical fractionation resulting from the subduction alteration are in agreement with dehydration experiments on basalts and sediment. Compared to other EMI like basalts the Walvis Ridge basalts have flatter REE patterns and show less fractionation between large ion lithophile and heavy REE elements. Using the isotopic compositions as constrains for the parent-daughter ratios we were able to model the trace element patterns of the basalts as melting between 5 and 10% for Site 525A and between 10 and 15% for the depleted end of the Site 528-Site 527 array. In all cases a significant portion of melting takes place in the garnet stability field.

Geochemistry of Qeqertaa xenoliths

This study presents electron microprobe data for dunite xenoliths from a lamprophyre dyke located on the island of Qeqertaa, West Greenland. The minimum age of this dyke is Palaeoproterozoic and it experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism and deformation during that era. The samples consist of nearly 200 xenoliths with a size range of 0.5-8 cm. These dunite xenoliths have olivine Mg#, that range from 80.3 to 94.6 (n = 579) with a mean of 92.6. Orthopyroxene is found in three xenoliths and garnet in five others. The latter suggests the depth of the Qeqertaa xenolith suite to be near the diamond stability-field, which is substantiated by the finding of diamonds in bulk samples of the Qeqertaa dyke. This further indicates the presence of a lithospheric mantle domain dominated by high-Mg# dunite to this depth in Palaeoproterozoic time. Cr-rich spinel, in the 0.1-0.2 mm size range, is found within and between olivine grains in individual xenoliths. These Cr-spinels yield Fe-Mg exchange temperatures of 400-600°C. However, the presence of intermediate spinel compositions spanning the lower temperature solvus suggests that equilibration temperatures were >550°C. Fe3+#, expressed as 100xFe3+/(Fe3++Al+Cr)), is shown to be a useful parameter in order to screen for altered spinel (Fe3+#>10) with disturbed Mg# and Cr#. The screened spinel data (Fe3+#<10) show a distinctly different trend in terms of spinel Cr# versus Mg#, compared to unmetamorphosed xenoliths in Tertiary lavas and dikes from Ubekendt Ejland and Wiedemann Fjord, respectively, also located within the North Atlantic craton. This difference likely reflects amphibolite facies metamorphic resetting of the Qeqertaa xenolith suite by Fe-Mg exchange. Given the similarity of the Qeqertaa xenolith suite with the Ubekendt and Wiedemann suites, in terms of their olivine Mg# and spinel Cr# distribution, high-Mg# dunite is likely to be an important component of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North Atlantic craton and appears to have spanned a vertical distance of at least 150 km in this region, even during the Palaeoproterozoic.

Element and isotope compostion of basalts and sediments from the Japan Sea

Ocean Drilling Program Legs 127 and 128 in the Yamato Basin of the Japan Sea, a Miocene-age back-arc basin in the western Pacific Ocean, recovered incompatible-element-depleted and enriched tholeiitic dolerites and basalts from the basin floor, which provide evidence of a significant sedimentary component in their mantle source. Isotopically, the volcanic rocks cover a wide range of compositions (e.g., 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70369 - 0.70503, 206Pb/204Pb = 17.65 - 18.36) and define a mixing trend between a depleted mantle (DM) component and an enriched component with the composition of EM II. At Site 797, the combined isotope and trace element systematics support a model of two component mixing between depleted, MORB-like mantle and Pacific pelagic sediments. A best estimate of the composition of the sedimentary component has been determined by analyzing samples of differing lithology from DSDP Sites 579 and 581 in the western Pacific, east of the Japan arc. The sediments have large depletions in the high field strength elements and are relatively enriched in the large-ion-lithophile elements, including Pb. These characteristics are mirrored, with reduced amplitudes, in Japan Sea enriched tholeiites and northeast Japan arc lavas, which strengthens the link between source enrichment and subducted sediments. However, Site 579/581 sediments have higher LILE/REE and lower HFSE/REE than the enriched component inferred fiom mixing trends at Site 797. Sub-arc devolatilization of the sediments is a process that will lower LILE/REE and raise HFSE/REE in the residual sediment, and thus this residual sediment may serve as the enriched component in the back-arc basalt source. Samples from other potential sources of an enriched, EM II-like component beneath Japan, such as the subcontinental lithosphere or crust, have isotopic compositions which overlap those of the Japan Sea tholeiites and are not "enriched" enough to be the EM II end-member.

Major, trace and rare earth element concentration of ODP Site 210-1277 basalts, Newfoundland margin

Drilling of the distal Newfoundland margin at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1277 recovered part of the transition between exhumed sub-continental mantle lithosphere and normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt (N-MORB) volcanism perhaps related to the initiation of seafloor spreading, which may have occurred near the Aptian/Albian boundary, coincident with the final separation of subcontinental mantle lithosphere. Subcontinental mantle lithosphere was recovered near the crest of a basement high, the Mauzy Ridge. This ridge lies near magnetic Anomaly M1 and is inferred to be of Barremian age. The recovered section is dominated by serpentinized spinel harzburgite, with subordinate dunite and minor gabbroic intrusives, and it includes inferred high-temperature ductile shear zones. The serpentinite is capped by foliated gabbro cataclasite that is interpreted as the product of a major seafloor extensional detachment. The serpentinized harzburgite beneath is highly depleted subcontinental mantle lithosphere that was exhumed to create new seafloor within the ocean-continent transition zone. After inferred removal of overlying brittle crust, the detachment was eroded, producing multiple mass flows that were dominated by clasts of serpentinite and gabbro in a lithoclastic and calcareous matrix. Basaltic lavas were erupted spasmodically, mainly as sheet flows, with subordinate lava breccia, hyaloclastite, and possible pillow lava. The sedimentary-volcanic succession and the exhumed mantle lithosphere experienced later high-angle extensional fracturing and probably faulting. Extensional fissures opened incrementally and were filled with silt-sized carbonate, basalt-derived clastic sediment, and hyaloclastite, forming neptunian dykes and geopetal structures. Chemical analysis of representative basalts for major elements and trace elements were made using a high-precision, high-accuracy X-ray fluorescence method (utilizing increased count times) and by whole-rock inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry that yielded additional evidence for rare earth elements. The analyses indicate N-MORB to slightly enriched compositions. The MORB was produced by relatively high degree melting of a fertile mantle source that differed strongly from the cored serpentinized peridotites. The basalts exhibit a distinct negative Nb anomaly on MORB-normalized plots that can be explained by prior extraction of melt from upper mantle that had previously been affected by subduction, possibly during closure of the Iapetus or Rheic oceans. In the proposed interpretation, mantle lithosphere was exhumed to the seafloor and experienced mass wasting to form serpentinite-rich mass flows. The interbedded MORB records the beginning of a transition to "normal" seafloor spreading. This interpretation takes into account drilling results from the Iberia-Galicia margin and the Jurassic Alps-Apennines.

Mineralogy and geochemistry of a basalt from ODP Hole 119-738C

The Lower Cretaceous tholeiitic basalt cored at Site 738, on the southernmost part of the Kerguelen Plateau, shows anomalous Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions compared to other lavas from Kerguelen Island and the Kerguelen Plateau. The strongly negative value of eNd (- 8.5) and high 207Pb/204Pb ratio (15.71) reflect a long-term evolution in a source high in Nd/Sm and µ. These geochemical properties, not observed in the Indian Ocean mantle plumes (St. Paul, Kerguelen Islands), have been reported for alkali lavas erupted in East Antarctica, thus suggesting that they originate from the Gondwana subcontinental lithosphere.

Major element chemistr yof fallout tephra from ODP Hole 125-782A

New and published analyses of major element oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, FeO*, MnO, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O and P2O5) from the central Izu Bonin and Mariana arcs (IBM) were compiled in order to investigate the evolution of the IBM in terms of major elements since arc inception at ~49 million years ago. The database comprises ?3500 volcanic glasses of distal tephra fallout and ?500 lava samples, ranging from the Quaternary to mid-Eocene in age. The data were corrected to 4 wt% MgO in order to display the highly resolved temporal trends. These trends show that the IBM major elements have always been "arc-like" and clearly distinct from N-MORB. Significant temporal variations of some major element oxides are apparent. The largest variations are displayed by K4.0. The data support a model wherein the K2O variability is caused by the addition of slab component with strongly differing K2O contents to a fairly depleted subarc mantle; variable extents of melting, or mantle heterogeneity, appear to play a negligible role. The other major element oxides are controlled by the composition and processes of the subarc mantle wedge. The transition from the boninitic and tholeiitic magmatism of the Eocene and Oligocene to the exclusively tholeiitic magmatism of the Neogene IBM is proposed to reflect a change in the composition of the subarc mantle wedge. The early boninitic magmas originate from an ultra-depleted subarc mantle, that is residual to either the melting of E-MORB mantle, or of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. During the Eocene and Oligocene, this residual mantle is gradually replaced by Indian MORB mantle advected from the backarc regions. The Indian MORB mantle is more radiogenic in Nd isotope ratios but also more fertile with respect to major and trace elements. Therefore the Neogene tholeiites have higher Al2O3 and TiO2 contents and lower mg# numbers at given SiO2 content. After the subarc mantle replacement was complete in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, the Neogene IBM entered a "steady state" that is characterized by the continuous advection of Indian MORB mantle from the reararc, which is fluxed by fluids and melt components from slab. The thickness of the IBM crust must have grown with time, but any effects of crustal thickening on the major element chemistry of the IBM magmas appear to be minor relative to the compositional changes that are related to source composition. Therefore next to the processes of melting, the composition of the mantle sources must play a major role in creating substantiative heterogeneities in the major element chemistry of the arc crust.

Geochemistry and petrology of the volcanic rocks from the Sulu Sea

Major-, trace-, and rare-earth element analyses of the basaltic rocks recovered from the basement of the Sulu Sea and of lithic clasts from the pyroclastic unit representing the acoustic basement of the Cagayan Ridge, are presented. The major and trace elements were measured by X-ray fluorescence techniques, and rare-earth elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. These data show that the Sulu Sea basalts are back-arc tholeiites and the lithic clasts are basalts, basaltic andesites, and andesites typical of volcanic arc suites erupted on continental crust. Petrogenetic modeling is used to show that the Sulu Sea basalts were derived from a heterogeneous mantle, probably representing subcontinental lithosphere, with contributions from a subduction component. The Sulu Sea is interpreted as a back-arc basin formed by rifting of an Oligocene to early Miocene volcanic arc leaving the Cagayan Ridge as a remnant arc. This event occurred during northward subduction of the Celebes Sea basement beneath the Oligocene to early Miocene arc.