Phytomedicinal importance of Saraca asoca (Ashoka): an exciting past, an emerging present and a promising future

Since the dawn of civilization, natural resources have remained the mainstay of various remedial approaches of humans vis-a-vis a large number of illnesses. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde (Saraca indica L.) belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae has been regarded as a universal panacea in old Indian Ayurvedic texts and has especially been used to manage gynaecological complications and infections besides treating haemmorhagic dysentery, uterine pain, bacterial infections, skin problems, tumours, worm infestations, cardiac and circulatory problems. Almost all parts of the plant are considered pharmacologically valuable. Extensive folkloric practices and ethnobotanical applications of this plant have even lead to the availability of several commercial S. asoca formulations recommended for different indications though adulteration of these remains a pressing concern. Though a wealth of knowledge on this plant is available in both the classical and modern literature, extensive research on its phytomedicinal worth using state-of-the-art tools and methodologies is lacking. Recent reports on bioprospecting of S. asoca endophytic fungi for industrial bioproducts and useful pharmacologically relevant metabolites provide a silver lining to uncover single molecular bio-effectors from its endophytes. Here, we describe socio-ethnobotanical usage, present the current pharmacological status and discuss potential bottlenecks in harnessing the proclaimed phytomedicinal worth of this prescribed Ayurvedic medicinal plant. Finally, we also look into the possible future of the drug discovery and pharmaceutical R&D efforts directed at exploring its pharma legacy.

Diagnóstico agro-socioeconómico del sistema agrario de la zona Posoltega - Quezalguaque en la Cordillera de los Maribios

El presente trabajo consistió en un diagnóstico agro socioeconómico del sistema agrario de una zona entre los municipios de Posoltega y Quezalguaque de los departamentos de Chinandega y León que abarca un área de 23 km2 aproximadamente. El estudio se desarrolla bajo la metodología del análisis de sistemas, abarcando los sistemas de cultivo, pecuario y forestales, condiciones económicas y limitaciones de los productores de la zona. La metodología del estudio de zona comprende; la selección de la zona, fuentes secundarias (material bibliográfico, cartográfico de la zona ), un sondeo de zona, división de la zona en sub-zonas homogéneas, historia agraria, realización de encuestas base con la finalidad de elaborar las pre-tipologías ( 45 entrevistas a productores que representan el cien por ciento de productores de la zona). Dando como resultado de las encuestas base tres tipos de pre-tipologías que son; Pequeños productores individuales, Sector cooperativo y Medianos productores individuales, en base a la clasificación que realizó Nitlapan ( 1993 ), de estos se seleccionaron siete casos para un estudio profundo de los sistemas de finca, quedando tres casos para Pequeños productores individuales, tres casos para el Sector cooperativo y un caso para Medianos productores, en base a su representatividad dentro de la zona de estudio. Se dio un seguimiento semanal durante todo el ciclo de primera y postrera del año 1994. dando como resultado al finalizar el ciclo de postrera la realización de los modelos, conocidos como tipologías definidas de sistemas de producción, quedando tres tipos fundamentales de productores que son: Productores de granos básicos que se caracterizan por ser beneficiados de la reforma agraria de la década de los ochenta, Con áreas reducidas para el desarrollo de las distintas actividades y sin posibilidad de aumento, no poseen capital circulante, las actividades no agropecuarias representan mucha importancia, presentan un sistema de cultivo maíz ( Zea mays L ) y frijol común ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), utiliza sólo mano de obra familiar poco uso de productos químicos por falta de dinero, un sistema forestal bien desarrollado y sus principales limitantes son; la obtención de agua y mala comercialización de sus productos. Los productores con diversificación agropecuaria son individuales privados que se ubican cerca del Umbral de Reproducción Simple ( URS ), con una tendencia hacia el aumento de sus áreas, producto de una gran diversidad de cultivos como; maiz ( Zea mays L), frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L ), ajonjoli ( Sesamum indica L ), sorgo ( Sorghum bicolor L ), sorgo escobero ( Sorghum vulgare Pers ), yuca ( Manihot esculenta Cranz), utilizando en cierto grado tracción mécanica y productos químicos, un sistema ganadero reducido y en vías de aumento y con especies menores de mucha importancia para el mantenimiento de la finca, en donde la mayor mano de obra para las labores del campo es familiar y en menor grado mano de obra contratada. Y por último los Medianos productores ganaderos-soyeros que poseen extensas áreas para el desarrollo agrícola y pecuario, son productores individuales privados que sobrepasan en más del cincuenta por ciento, el Umbral de Reproducción Simple, poseen capital circulante para realizar todas sus actividades propias del campo, obtienen préstamos de las entidades bancarias para el desarrollo agrícola en cultivos como soya ( Glycime max (L.) Merrill ) y ajonjolí ( Sesamum indica L ), presentan un desarrollo ganadero de mucha importancia que les proporciona buenos ingresos económicos a la finca y en donde la mayoría de la mano de obra es contratada.

Cuantificación de carbono almacenado en árboles de sombra en tres lotes en un sistema de café, en el Centro Experimental ICIDRI – Masatepe de UPOLI

Se realizó un estudio en Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación en Desarrollo Rural Integral (ICIDRI), como parte de una serie de estudios desarrollados por el mismo, que se ubica en el municipio de Masatepe en el departamento de Masaya, tuvo como ob jetivo evaluar carbono almacenado en el componente arbóreo, para lo que se eligieron tres lotes de un sistema de café bajo sombra; El Genízaro (LGR), El Guanacaste (LGT) y El Cinco piso (LCP). Se realizó un censo forestal al 100 % para individuos con diáme tro mayor a 10 cm, encontrándose 24 familias botánicas, 51 especies y 704 individuos; de estos 348 se encontraron LGR, 226 en LCP y 130 en el LGT, las familias sobresalientes fueron las Fabaceaes, Rutaceaes; Sapotaceaes, Anacardiaceaes y Mimosaceae, las es pecies más representativas fueron: Cordia alliodora 19%, Simarouba glauca 17%, Persea americana 13%, y Mangifera indica y Cedrela o dorata con 12% por individual, acumulando el 73% del total. Al realizar un diagnóstico para conocer la calidad de árboles uti lizados como sombra, se definieron 6 categorías llamadas calidad de árboles; individuos sanos (C1), regulares (C2), con podas muy altas (≥50%) (C3), secos y casi secos (C4), con parasitas (C5) y con otro tipo de afectaciones (C6), se encontró que de los tr es lotes evaluados, El Guanacaste, fue el más sano presentando 42% en categoría (C1) y 22% en (C2). El carbono almacenado por lote fue de 108. 0 t C en el LGR, 54.5 t C para el LCP y 26.7 t C para el LGT, esta diferencias en carbono almacenado por lote se debieron a que estos presentan diferencia en área y así mismo en número de individuos y evaluando el carbono registrado por lote se encontró que e stos valores corresponden a 58.4 t C ha. - 1, almacenado en el componente arbór eo del sistema café bajo sombra

Studies on arsenical creosote as a wood preservative for marine structures. Part 2. Observation on leaching, corrosion and resistance to borer attack

A detailed study on arsenical creosote with reference to leaching, corrosion and anti-borer properties was carried out. Results showed that aging had very little effect on the preservative which suggested better fixation of the preservative into the wood. Corrosion of mild steel, galvanised iron, aluminium-magnesium alloy (M57S) and copper panels in the preservative was found to be negligible. Normal creosote and low temperature creosote of Regional Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, both fortified with arsenic trioxide resisted borer damage on wooden panels for a period of over five months in the port of Cochin. The performance of low temperature creosote fortified with arsenic was found to be equally satisfactory when compared to normal creosote fortified in the same manner. A loading of 208.6 Kgs/ml³ for Haldu (Adina cordifolia) and 138 Kgs/m³ for Mango (Mangifera indica) in the case of normal creosote and 177 Kgs/m³ for Mango the case of RRL creosote were found to be sufficient for treating the wood.

Influencia de sete porta-enxertos mono e poliembrionicos sobre quatro cultivares de mangueira no cerrado de Brasilia-DF.

2001

Controle do crescimento e identificação de microrganismos contaminantes visando à micropropagação de gemas laterais de mangueira.

2008

Amostragem para diagnose do estado nutricional de mangueiras

Dentre todas as etapas que permeiam um laudo foliar, ainda a amostragem continua sendo a mais sujeita a erros. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o tamanho de amostras foliares e a variação do erro amostral para coleta de folhas de pomares de mangueiras. O experimento contou com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições e quatro tratamentos, que constaram da coleta de uma folha, em cada uma das quatro posições cardeais, em 5; 10; 20 e 40 plantas. Com base nos resultados dos teores de nutrientes, foram calculados as médias, variâncias, erros-padrão das médias, o intervalo de confiança para a média e a porcentagem de erro em relação à média, através da semi-amplitude do intervalo de confiança expresso em porcentagem da média. Concluiu-se que, para as determinações químicas dos macronutrientes, 10 plantas de mangueira seriam suficientes, coletando-se uma folha nos quatro pontos cardeais da planta. Já para os micronutrientes, seriam necessárias, no mínimo, 20 plantas e, se considerarmos o Fe, seria necessário amostrar, pelo menos, 30 plantas.

Técnicas de análise multivariada na avaliação de injúrias pelo frio em mangas cv. Tommy Atkins

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antifúngica de extratos de plantas e óleo de eucalipto sobre Trichophyton mentagrophytes

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ação antifúngica de extratos de plantas medicinais e óleo de eucalipto frente ao dermatófito Trichophyton mentagropytes, visando a utilização da fitoterapia no controle. As plantas utilizadas na obtenção dos extratos foram arruda (Ruta graveolens), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), cravo de defunto (Tagetes minuta), eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp), graviola (Annona muricata), fruta do conde (Annona spp), manga (Mangifera indica), romã (Punica granatum), flores e folhas de primavera (Bougainvillea spectabilis). Verificou-se que uso de 0,5% óleo de eucalipto no combate ao T. mentagropytes foi eficaz, já os extratos de citronela (4%) eucalipto (5%) e romã (8%) atuaram como fungistáticos e os restantes não devem ser usados contra este dermatófito porque não causaram nenhum efeito.

Utilização de marcador molecular SCAR na identificação de Fusarium subglutinans, agente causal da malformação da mangueira

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

PHOSPHORUS EFFECTS IN THE NUTRITION and GROWTH of DEVELOPING MANGO PLANTS

The objective was to study the effects of phosphorous (P) fertilization on nutritional and developmental aspects of growing mango plants. The mango plants were evaluated by soil chemical analyses, leaf chemical analyses, biological examination of plant growth, and the starting point of fruit production. Having this in view, an experiment was set up on 2 January 2003, at Flora, a farm in Uberlandia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The soil was a clayish Oxisol. The doses at planting were: D0 = zero, D1 = 40, D2 = 100, D3 = 200, and D4 = 300 g of P2O5 plant-1. These doses at the beginning of the second year were multiplied by 1.5 and at the beginning of the third year by 2.0 and applied to the plants. The fertilizer used in this experiment was triple superphosphate (44% of P2O5.). During August of 2004, 2005, and 2006, soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm in between the plant rows. Leaf samples were taken during August of 2004 and 2005 to determine macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. Plant stem diameter was measured during January of 2004 and 2005. Plant height and crown radius were measured during January of 2005 and fruit production in 2005 and 2006. Fertilizer applications increased the level of P in the soil but significantly influenced plant performance only after the second year. The effects of phosphorus on mango plants take place slowly leading to increments in plant stem diameter only at the third year. Fruit set was not influenced by phosphorous fertilization.

Injúria pelo frio na qualidade pós-colheita de mangas cv. Palmer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pós-colheita de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' recobertas com quitosana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de cobertura de quitosana na pós-colheita de mangas 'Tommy Atkins', colhidas de vez e armazenadas a 23 ºC (65% UR). As mangas foram adquiridas na CEAGESP de Ribeirão Preto-SP, e transportadas ao Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Agrícolas da UNESP de Jaboticabal. Após a seleção, os frutos foram higienizados em solução de dicloro s. triazinatriona sódica di-hidratada (Sumaveg®) a 200 mg 100g-1 de cloro livre por 10 minutos, secadas, imersas nas soluções a 0%; 1,0%; 1,5% e 2,0% de quitosana por 1 minuto, secadas sob ventilação, acondicionadas em bandejas e armazenadas a 23±2 °C e 65±5% UR, por 9 dias. Foram utilizados três repetições com dois frutos cada. Avaliaram-se, a cada três dias, a perda de massa fresca, a cor, a firmeza, os teores de ácido ascórbico, de sólidos solúveis, de acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis / acidez titulável. O recobrimento com quitosana retarda o amadurecimento de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' de vez, durante nove dias de armazenamento a 23 ºC, sendo que a concentração de 1,5% propicia melhor manutenção da cor da polpa, dos teores de sólidos solúveis, de acidez titulável, de ácido ascórbico, dos valores de SS/AT e de firmeza.

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C