Procedimentos de abertura e fechamento de tópicos na interação em sala de aula

This study is part of interactional perspective, focusing on Conversation Analysis theories, from the Textual Interactive Perspective and Text Linguistics . This research, from its guiding questions, aims at understanding the interaction between teacher and students in the process of the knowledge construction as well as at describing, analyzing and understanding aspects of topical organization speech in the classroom in elementary school, observing the opening and closing procedures of the speech topics in that particular space. Considering that the procedures for opening and closing of discursive topics occur through language marks, we tried to identify which speech marks are used in the opening and closing of the topics studied in the classroom, in interaction during the collaborative process of the discourse established between teacher and students. Therefore, this study is based on authors who analyze specific questions of the text in real context of language use: Koch (1993, 1999), Jubran et al (1991), Jubran (2006), Pine (2005), Penhavel (2010), Galembeck (2012), Barros (1991), Marcuschi (1986 , 1990, 1991 , 1998 , 1999, 2003 , 2004a), Kerbrat - Orecchioni (2006), Favero (1999, 2002) and Galvão (2004, 2010). As a methodology of investigation, the study is focused on the postulates of ethnographic research in order to carry out data collection, through audio and video recordings which were transcribed, according to the NURC project proposal, with some adaptations. Data analysis showed that the procedures for opening and closing of the speech topics occurred by the use of discourse markers, in particular the marker "then", allowing us to understand that these elements are important in the topical organization speech, contributing to ensure textual cohesion and coherence. We conclude that the organization of the discursive topic in the classroom occurs through events that support the explicitness of the content of teaching and learning, considering the diverse necessity of an institutional academic plan, whose main objective is the construction of knowledge

A produção do gênero monografia em discursos de professores e alunos do curso de letras

A current worry in the teaching process at the university these days is text production process and genres produced there, especially those kind of writing that is concerned to course conclusion such as monograph, dissertation and thesis. From this perspective and considering our aims at understanding discursive process involved in the production of monograph genre at the university we want to analyze teachers and students discourses about the productive process of monograph in Letras Course, considering the guide, writing and specific aspects of that genre. To get the aims, we took as background theory the studies by Bakhtin linked to Utterance Linguistics with foundation concepts in Discourse Text Analysis by Adam (2010), and finally the studies developed about text production at college. This way, this work is based on a qualitative research and in data ethnographic procedures, they are: the observation in locus, as well as the application of questionnaires with opened questions to ten students and six teachers from Letras Course. The discourse analysis from the subjects reveal us that: i) the monograph production and the guidance are form of act by language, that need take into account in its development: students free chose as a principle in writing monograph, as well as a wide involvement between the teacher and the student in a sense to turn the writing better, among other aspects; (ii) there is a need to articulate monograph project and the text produced, considering that the guide process comes from a project written before; (iii) there are a number of role to discourses by teachers and students to the function of student and guide teacher, in a way that both can see the same assumptions in teachers and students discourses; (iv) teacher s and students discourses show that they assume the utterance responsibilities by the content of utterances proposed, they also show the voice from methodology guidebooks to monograph texts. So, we conclude that this research has some contributions to teach writing production at the university, especially to monograph in the ending of the courses. It can also be helpful in developing research in this area, mainly at the question about guide final works at college

Análise textual dos discursos: responsabilidade enunciativa no texto jurídico

This investigation aims at describing, analyzing and interpreting the Commitment in Initial Petitions, which is a genre circumscribed in the judicial domain. For this purpose, we have chosen sections, facts as found and relevant law , sections of the petition, with the understanding that, in this way, respectively, the narration of events, which gives margin to the propositioning to the judicial action, and the exposition of the law that upholds the author s intention. We base our discussion on the field of Linguistics, more precisely, Textual Discourse Analysis (TDA), whose theoretical basis is derived from Textual Linguistics (TL) and Enunciative Linguistics. We foreground, particularly, the way in which the author of texts, objects of analysis, use discursive strategies that evidence ER. The relevance of this study, then, is in the formation of a critique of the judicial text, as it conceives of a dialogical approach to the point of view, raising not only questions about the way in which a linguistic instance conceives an object of discourse, but also considering questions of language inherent to technical writing and, in this aspect, contributing to the work of those operating in Law about the many ways ER is formed in the body of a petition. We selected two categories to analyze that, according to Adam (2011), characterize the degree of ER in the textual material of the propositional enunciations: the different types of representation of speech and the indications of profile of mediators. In this sense, with this task as an objective, we base our study regarding point of view on Rabatel (2003, 2009a, 2010) with relation to the enunciative approach, including the study of PDV in polyphonic and dialogical theoretical framework to study the ER from different types of speech representations that conceive forms of transmission of discourse and the role of the enunciating subject, mainly the responsibility and the prerogative by the propositional contents. In the same way, intending to study the indications of the mediator profiles, we observed the postulations of Guentchéva (1994, 1996), which develop the notion of mediative grammatical categories, of which permit the linguistic marking of distance and engagement of the enunciator with regard to the information expressed. The methodology we adopted was based on qualitative research, of an interpretive and introspective nature, in light of the fact that his study focuses on processes and strategies underlying language use. The corpus of the research is comprised of Initial Petitions, which gave rise to actions originating in the Civil Court of Currais Novos County RN. The data analysis shows that an object of discourse is always perspective oriented and presents the point of view of one or more enunciators. Consequently, the producer of a text, using the PDV of other enunciators, influences and establishes the argumentative orientation of the text. In the same way, it evidences the relevance of the use of mediated constructions in the judicial text, as they function as strategies attenuated to the responsibility of the producer of the text with what is said, and at the same time points to a discourse of authority through the entrance of the sources of law. Moreover, it reveals the documental and international importance of this practice, at the same time that it exposes the compositional and normative difficulties with regard to legal and linguistic aspects

Handgrip strength predicts pressure ulcers in patients with hip fractures

Objective: Pressure ulcer (PU) is a frequent complication of hip fracture. Studies were carried out to identify the risk factors of PU development after hip fractures. The objective of the study was to determine the role of anthropometric measurements and handgrip strength as predictors of PUs in patients with hip fractures during their hospital stay and 30 d after discharge, which has not yet been established.Methods: Ninety-two consecutive patients with hip fractures who were older than 65 y old and admitted to an orthopedic unit were prospectively evaluated. Within the first 72 h of admission, each patient's characteristics were recorded, anthropometric measurements were taken (circumferences of the arm, waist, thigh, calf, triceps, and biceps and subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds), handgrip strength was measured, and blood samples were collected. PU evaluations were performed during the hospital stay and 30 d after hospital discharge.Results: Three patients were excluded because of PUs before hospitalization. Eighty-nine patients (average age 80.6 +/- 7.5 y) were studied; 70.8% were women, and 49.4% developed PUs during their hospital stay. In a univariate analysis, length of hospital stay (P = 0.001) and handgrip strength (P = 0.02), but not body circumferences and skinfolds, were associated with PUs during a hospital stay. Only handgrip strength (P = 0.007) was associated with PUs 30 d after hospital discharge. In a multivariate analysis, only handgrip strength was found to predict PU development at these points.Conclusion: Handgrip strength was found to predict PU development in patients with hip fractures during their hospital stay and 30 d after discharge. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Myocardial contractile dysfunction contributes to the development of heart failure in rats with aortic stenosis

Objectives: To analyze the potential contribution of contractility state and ventricular geometry to the development of heart failure in rats with aortic stenosis.Methods: Rats were divided into three groups: compensated aortic stenosis (AS, n = 11), heart failure AS (n = 12) and control rats (C, n = 13).Results: After 21 weeks, failing AS rats presented higher systolic (C = 36.6 +/- 3.1, AS-78.6 +/- 4.8*, failing AS = 104.6 +/- 7.8*) and diastolic meridian stress (C = 6.9 +/- 0.4, AS = 20.1 +/- 1.1*, failing AS = 43.2 +/- 3.2*(dagger)), hydroxyproline (C = 3.6 +/- 0.7 mg/g, AS = 6.6 +/- 0.6* mg/g, failing AS = 9.2 +/- 1.4*(dagger) mg/g) and cross-sectional area (C = 338 +/- 25 mu m(2), AS = 451 +/- 32* mu m(2), failing AS = 508 +/- 36*(dagger) mu m(2)), in comparison with control and compensated AS animals (*p < 0.05 vs. control, (dagger)p < 0.05 vs. AS). In the isometric contraction study, considering the time from peak tension to 50% relaxation (RT50), the relative variation responses, following post-rest contraction and increase in Ca2+ concentration, were higher in failing AS than compensated AS animals. In contrast, following post-rest contraction, compensated AS group presented higher values of the peak developed tension (DT) than failing AS group. Following beta-adrenergic stimulation, control animals presented higher values of +dT/dt and -dT/dt than AS animals. In addition, failing AS animals presented higher TPT values than compensated AS animals.Conclusion: Myocardial contractile dysfunction contributes to the development of heart failure in rats with aortic stenosis. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Tobacco smoke-induced left ventricular remodelling is not associated with metalloproteinase-2 or -9 activation

Aim: To investigate the role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cardiac remodelling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats.Methods: Rats were allocated into two groups: C (n = 9): control animals; ETS (n = 9): exposed to tobacco smoke. After 4months, the animals underwent echocardiography, morphometric study and determination of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity.Results: ETS rats had larger diastolic (C= 15.6 +/- 1.2 mm/kg, ETS = 18.0 +/- 0.9 mm/kg; p < 0.001) and systolic (C= 7.3 +/- 1.2 mm/kg, ETS = 9.2 0.9 mm/kg; p = 0.001) ventricular diameters adjusted for body weight. Fractional shortening (C= 53 +/- 4.8%, ETS = 48 +/- 3.3%; p = 0.031) and ejection fraction (C= 0. 89 +/- 0.03 5 ETS = 0. 86 +/- 0.02; p = 0.03 0) were smaller in the ETS group. Myocyte cross-sectional area (C= 245 8 mu m(2), ETS=253 8 mu m(2); p = 0.028) was higher in ETS rats. There were no differences in MNtP-2 (C=50 +/- 14%; ETS 43 +/- 11%, p 0.22 +/- 8) or MMP-9 (C=0.36 +/- 0.3%; ETS=0.62 +/- 0.3%, p=0.630) activity between the groups.Conclusion: MMP-2 and MMP-9 did not participate in the remodelling process induced by tobacco smoke exposure. (c) 2007 European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

beta-carotene attenuates the paradoxical effect of tobacco smoke on the mortality of rats after experimental myocardial infarction

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS) in rats that were or were not supplemented with dietary beta-carotene (BC), on ventricular remodeling and survival after myocardial infarction (MI). Rats (n = 189) were allocated to 4 groups: the control group, n = 45; group BC administered 500 mg/kg diet, n = 49, BC supplemented rats; group ETS, n = 55, rats exposed to tobacco smoke; and group BC+ETS, n = 40. Wistar rats weighing 100 g were administered one of the treatments until they weighed 200 to 250 g (similar to 5 wk). The ETS rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 min 4 times/d, in a chamber connected to a smoking device. After reaching a weight of 200-250 g, rats were subjected to experimental MI (coronary artery occlusion) and mortality rates were determined over the next 105 d. In addition, echocardiographic, isolated heart, morphometrical, and biochemical studies were performed. Mortality data were tested using Kaplan-Meyer curves and other data by 2-way ANOVA. Survival rates were greater in the ETS group (58.2%) than in the control (33.3%) (P = 0.001) and BC+ETS rats (30.0%) (P = 0.007). The groups did not differ in the other comparisons. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter normalized to body weight was greater and maximal systolic pressures were lower in the ETS groups than in non-ETS groups. Previous exposure to tobacco smoke induced a process of cardiac remodeling after MI. There is a paradoxical protector effect with tobacco smoke exposure, characterized by lower mortality, which is offset by BC supplementation.

Beta-carotene supplementation attenuates cardiac remodeling induced by one-month tobacco-smoke exposure in rats

Objective: the objectives were to analyze the cardiac effects of exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS), for a period of 30 days, alone and in combination with beta-carotene supplementation (BC). Research methods and procedures: Rats were allocated into: Air (control, n = 13); Air + BC (n = 11); ETS (n = 11); and BC + ETS (n = 9). In Air + BC and BC + ETS, 500 mg of BC were added to the diet. After three months of randomization, cardiac structure and function were assessed by echocardiogram. After that, animals were euthanized and morphological data were analyzed post-morten. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used to assess the effects of ETS, BC and the interaction between ETS and BC on the variables. Results: ETS presented smaller cardiac output (0.087 +/- 0.001 vs. 0.105 +/- 0.004 l/min; p = 0.007), higher left ventricular diastolic diameter (19.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 18.0 +/- 0.5 mm/kg; p = 0.024), higher left ventricular (2.02 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.70 +/- 0.03 g/kg; p < 0.001) and atrium (0.24 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.19 +/- 0.01 g/kg; p = 0.003) weight, adjusted to body weight of animals, and higher values of hepatic lipid hydroperoxide (5.32 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.84 +/- 0.1 nmol/g tissue; p = 0.031) than Air. However, considering those variables, there were no differences between Air and BC + ETS (0.099 +/- 0.004 l/min; 19.0 +/- 0.5 mm/kg; 1.83 +/- 0.04 g/kg; 0.19 +/- 0.01 g/kg; 4.88 +/- 0.1 nmol/g tissue, respectively; p > 0.05). Ultrastructural alterations were found in ETS: disorganization or loss of myofilaments, plasmatic membrane infolding, sarcoplasm reticulum dilatation, polymorphic mitochondria with swelling and decreased cristae. In BC + ETS, most fibers showed normal morphological aspects. Conclusion: One-month tobacco-smoke exposure induces functional and morphological cardiac alterations and BC supplementation attenuates this ventricular remodeling process.

Dysautonomia and ventricular dysfunction in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease

Background: the associations between autonomic function and biventricular function in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease remains to be elucidated.Methods: In 42 asymptornatic patients and 19 healthy volunteers, the autonomic function was assessed by time domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV), analyzed for 24 h; the right ventricular function was assessed by fraction area change, right ventricle shortening, and systolic excursion of the tricuspid valve; and the left ventricular function was assessed by ejection fraction and transmittal flow velocities. Data were expressed as mean SD or medians (including the lower quartile and upper quartile). Groups were compared by Student's t or Mann-Whitney U test. Autonomic and ventricular function were correlated by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient. The level of significance was 5%.Results: Right and left ventricular systolic function indexes were comparable between groups. Transmittal flow velocities were decreased in the Chagas disease group (p < 0.05). The patients presented impaired HRV as indicated by the values of SDNN-day (80 (64-99) ms vs. 98 (78-127) ms; p = 0.045), SDNNI-24 It (54 (43-71) vs. 65 (54-105) ms; p = 0.027), SDNNI-day (49 (42-64) vs. 67 (48-76) ms; p = 0.045), pNN50-day (2.2 (0.7-5)% vs. 10 (3-11)%; p = 0.033); and pNN50-24 It (3 (1-7)% vs. 12 (8-19)%; p = 0.013). There were no correlations between the left ventricular diastolic indices and autonomic dysfunctional indices (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease have both dysautonomia, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. However, the right ventricular function is preserved. Importantly, ventricular diastolic dysfunction and dysautonomia. are independent phenomena. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Early rather than delayed administration of lisinopril protects the heart after myocardial infarction in rats

Background: ACE inhibitors have shown beneficial results in several studies after myocardial infarction (MI). However, these studies have shown conflicting results about the ideal starting time of the ACE inhibitors administration after MI and the importance of infarct size.Objectives: This study was designed to assess the long-term effects of lisinopril on mortality, cardiac function, and ventricular fibrosis after MI, in rats.Methods: Lisinopril (20 mg/kg/day) was given on day 1 or 21 days after coronary occlusion in small or large infarctions.Results: the mortality rate was reduced by 39% in early treatment and 30% in delayed treatment in comparison to the untreated rats. Early treatment reduced cardiac dysfunction in small MIs; however, delayed treatment did not. No statistical difference was observed among the groups for large MIs. No statistical difference was observed among the groups with large or small MIs on myocardial hydroxyproline concentration.Conclusions: Both early and delayed treatments with lisinopril increased survival. Treatment exerts no marked effects on fibrosis; early treatment has exerted beneficial influences on cardiac function whereas delayed treatment had no consistent effects. The protective effect of lisinopril is detectable only in small (< 40% of LV) MIs.

Redução da mortalidade após implementação de condutas consensuais em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio

OBJETIVO: Comparar a mortalidade em 30 dias com a utilização de determinados grupos de medicamentos por pacientes, entre 1992-1997, quando não se dispunham de condutas consensuais para tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio, e de 2000-2002, após a padronização dessas condutas em nosso serviço. MÉTODOS: Avaliados, retrospectivamente, no 1º e 2º períodos, 172 e 143 pacientes respectivamente, admitidos com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio: foram realizados os testes estatísticos: c² para comparar proporções, teste t de Student e o de Mann-Whitney para comparação de médias ou medianas. RESULTADOS: A análise não mostrou diferença em relação aos homens, brancos e a idade média de 61 anos, nos dois períodos. Com relação aos fatores de risco clássicos, foi observada diferença apenas na incidência de dislipidemia (17 e 29%) e, quanto à estratégia terapêutica, aumento significativo do uso de: trombolíticos (39 e 61,5%), ácido acetilsalicílico (70,9 e 96,5%), betabloqueadores (34,8 e 67,8%), inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (45,9 e 74,8%), nitratos (61 e 85,3%) e a redução significativa de bloqueadores de cálcio (16,8 e 5,3%), antiarrítmicos (29,1 e 9,7%) e diuréticos (50,6 e 26,6%). O uso de inotrópicos não diferiu entre os períodos (29,6 e 32,1%). A mortalidade em 30 dias apresentou redução estatisticamente significante de 22,7 para 10,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A implementação das condutas consensuais para o tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio foi acompanhada por significante redução da taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias.

Remodelação miocárdica após infarto agudo do miocárdio experimental em ratos: efeito do bloqueio do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Piomiosite tropical: apresentações atípicas

A piomiosite tropical é uma infecção primária dos músculos, que ocorre principalmente em países tropicais. Inicialmente, suas manifestações são leves e inespecíficas, o que dificulta o diagnóstico. A história natural dessa doença costuma ser benigna, com raras complicações. Essa apresentação descreve quatro casos de piomiosite, com manifestações e complicações peculiares.