Dependence of sea ice yield-curve shape on ice thickness

In this note, the authors discuss the contribution that frictional sliding of ice floes (or floe aggregates) past each other and pressure ridging make to the plastic yield curve of sea ice. Using results from a previous study that explicitly modeled the amount of sliding and ridging that occurs for a given global strain rate, it is noted that the relative contribution of sliding and ridging to ice stress depends upon ice thickness. The implication is that the shape and size of the plastic yield curve is dependent upon ice thickness. The yield-curve shape dependence is in addition to plastic hardening/weakening that relates the size of the yield curve to ice thickness. In most sea ice dynamics models the yield-curve shape is taken to be independent of ice thickness. The authors show that the change of the yield curve due to a change in the ice thickness can be taken into account by a weighted sum of two thickness-independent rheologies describing ridging and sliding effects separately. It would be straightforward to implement the thickness-dependent yield-curve shape described here into sea ice models used for global or regional ice prediction.

Shops, stalls, stores: pre-consumption deposits and centrally organised distribution in Antonine Britain

Michael Fulford writes: Recent research is shedding more light on how certain goods, particularly durable materials like pottery, were distributed in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire and on the steps which connected producer with consumer.15 This paper develops the theme further by exploring the contribution to the debate of three British sites with Antonine assemblages of unused pottery and other goods. While interest has previously focused on the samian because of the contribution that it can make to dating, this paper considers the implications of the assemblages as a whole.

Temperature regulation of extracellular proteases in ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma spp.) grown in axenic culture

Strains of Hebeloma representative of different climatic zones were grown in axenic culture at either 2 °C and 22° or 6° and 22°. Culture filtrates were assayed for proteolytic activity using FITC labelled BSA as a substrate. Assays were run between 0–37°. Growth at low temperature induced greater proteolytic activity (g−1 D.W. mycelium). Many of the strains produced protease(s) which retained significant activity at temperatures as low as 0°, and a thermal optimum between 0–6° with a second optimum at higher temperature. The results are discussed in relation the nutrient acquisition potential of ectomycorrhizal fungi at low temperature and the contribution such cold active proteases might make to the soil enzyme pool.

Monuments, mobility and Medieval perceptions of designed landscapes: The Pleasance, Kenilworth

The Pleasance was a ’virandarium’ or pleasure garden, constructed by Henry V in the grounds of his castle at Kenilworth. Despite its high academic profile and the survival of well-preserved earthwork remains, the Pleasance has never previously been subjected to a programme of detailed archaeological survey and investigation. This article discusses the results of a new analytical earthwork survey undertaken by staff from English Heritage in 2012. It considers the contribution that these new findings make to the wider debate on medieval designed landscapes, with a particular focus on mobility and its role in unlocking the meaning and symbolism embedded in elite landscapes.

Uso estratégico da tecnologia de informação no agribusiness: modelo conceitual para a gestão de estoques e custos de café por qualidade

Os produtores e as Cooperativas de Produtores de Café atuam em um ambiente incerto e competitivo, e estão enfrentando dificuldades de adaptação ao novo cenário econômico e tecnológico mundial. Para ter sucesso no empreendimento é necessário não apenas saber produzir, mas principalmente saber comercializar o café. O tradicional problema de decisão sobre como determinar o melhor momento de vender o café foi agravado pela globalização econômica (aumento da concorrência e crescente exigência em qualidade) e pelo advento da Tecnologia da Informação - TI - (grande quantidade de informações sobre o mercado de café, obtidas de modo desestruturado e às vezes de idoneidade duvidosa). Para avaliar oportunidades e realidades do uso estratégico da TI para a gestão das cooperativas de cafeicultores, considerou-se neste trabalho um problema específico: a questão do controle de estoques de café e a apuração de seus custos por qualidade. Os modelos gerenciais tradicionalmente utilizados envolvem sistemas convencionais de controle de estoque e análise de custos, mas controlam apenas as quantidades estocadas por tipo de café, não controlando seus custos. Normalmente consideram como custo a média dos preços de compra de café, em um determinado período. Assim impossibilitam o conhecimento do verdadeiro custo do produto vendido de acordo com sua qualidade, comprometendo a apuração de sua real margem de lucro em cada operação de venda. Logo, o resultado real das compras e vendas de café só é conhecido quando analisado um longo período, porque sofre influência das flutuações dos vários tipos de café que são comercializados. Partiu-se da hipótese de que o conhecimento da dinâmica da informação no complexo agroindustrial do café e o uso da Tecnologia de Informação como estratégia para instrumentalizar as decisões e melhorar o desempenho na comercialização de café pelas cooperativas de produtores possibilitam uma melhor organização e avaliação das informações necessárias para o planejamento da comercialização por essas cooperativas, aumentando a rentabilidade e contribuindo para a profissionalização do setor. Utilizando a TI para a integração do sistema de controle de estoques, comercialização e custos, foi desenvolvido um modelo conceitual para o gerenciamento dos estoques e custos de café por qualidade, visando a contribuir para a melhoria dos resultados obtidos pelas cooperativas. O estudo partiu da determinação das variáveis envolvidas no processo de comercialização do café. Desenvolveu-se um modelo conceitual para auxiliar o controle e o conhecimento do real custo do café por qualidade, possibilitando a correta apuração do resultado econômico, contribuindo para melhorar o controle estratégico dos estoques de café e o planejamento operacional do preparo dos blends. Em anexo, apresentam-se planilhas simulando a operação do modelo. O uso deste modelo permite que os administradores se antecipem aos problemas, reduzindo riscos e descobrindo oportunidades através de um melhor uso do recurso informação, gerando ganhos em competitividade. O modelo conceitual apresentado integra a gestão de estoques com o gerenciamento de custos de café por qualidade. Parte de uma visão ampliada da administração da cooperativa, considerando o trabalho dentro e fora da empresa, relacionando os controles de estoques da cooperativa e do cooperado, fisico e "virtual" (estoque do cooperado que EAESP/FGV - COA - Luciel Henrique de Oliveira - 1998 6 foi utilizado) e o mercado consumidor, possibilitando um controle mais eficiente para a redução do risco da cooperativa. O conhecimento das caracteristicas dos tipos de café por qualidade, que compõem o controle de estoque fisico e que fazem flutuar a conta opção, traz maior autonomia e segurança. O modelo atende ao desafio da melhoria contínua da qualidade da gestão, através da visão integrada da empresa, possibilitando o conhecimento real dos custos envolvidos e da margem de lucro, por qualidade, em cada operação. Busca-se um melhor controle das operações, dos custos dos produtos vendidos, de acordo com sua qualidade e sua margem de lucro em cada operação de venda, possibilitando um melhor planejamento da comercialização pelas cooperativas. Ao propor um novo modelo, integrando a análise custos e qualidade, o trabalho provocou o exame de vários procedimentos atualmente em uso, preparando o ambiente da empresa para uma nova mentalidade gerencial. Fez com que procedimentos relacionados à qualidade do café fossem devidamente estruturados no modelo de operação da empresa, servindo de referência para os trabalhos rumo à integração gerencial e à certificação ISO 9002, exigência do mercado externo e tendência no mercado interno. Deste modo, a cooperativa iniciou um processo de melhoria contínua, com a constante identificação de oportunidades, inspecionando e atualizando índices, levantando problemas e propondo soluções. O trabalho traz uma colaboração aos estudos de gestão integrada no agribusiness do café. A inovação ocorre através do desenvolvimento de um modelo conceitual de gestão de estoques e custos por qualidade, aliado ao modelo de gestão econômica, contribuindo para a melhoria da administração e do desempenho do setor. Aponta uma oportunidade de se dar um avanço para a gerência de custos e riscos, tornando o setor mais competitivo e de acordo com a nova cultura empresarial e com os padrões de competição de mercado.

The art of law & macroeconomics

In the world’s current condition of macroeconomic turmoil, a justifiable question arises: what is the contribution that legal scholars, as opposed to economists, can make to macroeconomic regulation? Since mainstream Law & Economics scholarship adapts much more easily to micro (rather than macro) economics, an alternative paradigm is needed. I propose that legal scholars explore the Art of Law & Macroeconomics, a concept that links legal knowledge and the art of economics. Legal scholars are therefore expected to offer policy advice based on their understanding of the internal rationality and structure of the legal system.

Growth, lipogenesis and body composition of piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) fingerlings fed different dietary protein and lipid concentrations

Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) is a Brazilian migratory fast-growing omnivore, very appreciated as a sport fish, which is threatened to extinction in Southern Brazil due to stock over exploitation and dam building. Therefore, efforts have been made to raise this fish in captivity for reintroduction and aquaculture purposes. In the present study, the effects of different dietary protein and lipid concentrations on piracanjuba fingerlings growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and activity of the lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthetase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME) were investigated using a 2 x 3 factorial experiment. Six casein-gelatin based diets were prepared combining two protein (30% and 32%) and three lipid concentrations (5.5%, 8.8% and 12.1%). Eleven fish, average weight 11.30 +/- 0.1 g, were held in each of 18 100-1 aquaria, supplied with recirculating freshwater. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish and fed to apparent satiation, twice a day for 100 d. Piracanjuba fingerlings' daily weight gain (0.36-0.40 g), specific growth rate (1.43-1.51%), feed utilization and HSI were not influenced by dietary protein or lipid concentration. However, body composition was directly affected by dietary treatment. An increase in body fat and dry matter was observed as dietary lipid increased, for both dietary protein concentrations tested. The activity of FAS was depressed by increasing dietary fat levels but the G6PD activity did not differ among dietary treatments, although ME activity showed some regulation by dietary protein. These results indicate that an increase from 5.5% to 12.1% in the dietary lipid, at a dietary protein concentration of 30% or 32%, promotes body fat accumulation in piracanjuba fingerlings with no improvement in growth, suggesting that the lipid requirement for this species should be 5% or less, when raised for commercial purposes. However, the additional energy reserve from body fat accumulation could be desirable for piracanjuba fingerlings produced for stock enhancement. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS and Ifremer/IRD/Inra/Cemagref. All rights reserved.

Autoconhecimento e práticas corporais: para uma educação transpessoal integradora do saber ao ser no processo de formação inicial dos alunos de educação física

This thesis deals with the self-knowledge importance and corporal practices and the contribution of the Transpersonal Education for the initial formation process of students of Physical Education. In this context, students are stimulated to come in contact with the bases of learning to know, to make, to live together and to be for the promotion of integral education. We give priority to holistic conception of educating based in Emergent Paradigm. In this conception, student in initial formation is led to get back the view of integral being, life and love as education basis. We had as starting point, the essential dimensions to the learning geared toward the embodiment integration, autopoiesis and trans-disciplinarity. This work presents tracks for the teacher formation of Physical Education. It deals with the unfolding of teaching experiences in 2006, in Graduation Course in Physical Education of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in subject of Corporal Conscience, offered to undergraduate students which can be characterized as an action-research. This process was chosen as knowledge and intervention method because it allowed knowing and acting at the same time, studying the conditions and results of accomplished experience. In shared meetings with reflected experiences, we appeal to the experiences of situations that had mobilized the corporal, emotional, mental and spiritual dimensions of participants. The data collected through observations, accounts, questionnaires and interviews of learning processes had been starting points for the beginning of dialogue along with students of Graduation Course in Physical Education. The findings had been interpreted through of hermeneutics and discourse analysis. In this research, participants are considered as protagonist and boosters of educative process. The theoretical basis was supported by Transpersonal Education which contributed for a peace culture and respectful relationship. In its initial formation process, this research protagonists had evidenced of the importance of transpersonal education, geared toward action and changing, new ways of being and living together, facing the daily conflicts from a human and rational perspective. The research emphasized the importance of a new look on the teacher formation of Physical Education to face the limits of fragmented formation. Thus, we recognize that through the teacher education process, the transpersonal education provided wide significant changes reported during research, extending and re-meaning different learning levels such as: cognitive, emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral geared toward the personal and transpersonal development, reiterating the relevance of self-knowledge for development and establishment of pedagogical practice which prioritizes the life direction. The necessity of integrating knowledge to being in the initial process of teaching formation was emphasized in all the transpersonal meetings

Proposta de avanço para o método Tambor-Pulmão-Corda Simplificado aplicado em ambientes de produção sob encomenda

Recentes aplicações da Teoria das Restrições em Gestão de Operações têm adotado o chamado método Tambor-Pulmão-Corda Simplificado (S-DBR - Simplified Drum-Buffer-Rope) como padrão para planejamento e controle da produção. Contudo, poucas são as referências bibliográficas, especialmente em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, que relatam seus principais conceitos e premissas. Este artigo se propõe a apresentar o método S-DBR para planejamento da produção e sua correspondente abordagem de controle da produção denominado Gerenciamento do Pulmão, aqui abordados em ambientes de produção sob encomenda (MTO - make to order), suas principais características, pressupostos e diferenças em relação ao método DBR clássico. É também apresentada uma proposta complementar ao método S-DBR para estabelecer promessas de entregas urgentes mantendo elevada probabilidade de entrega no prazo.

Dietary energy requirement of piracanjuba fingerlings, Brycon orbignyanus, and relative utilization of dietary carbohydrate and lipid

Ten isonitrogenous casein-gelatin-based diets were formulated to contain five estimated metabolizable energy concentrations (10.92, 12.29, 13.63, 14.82 and 16.16 kJ g -1) at two carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios (CHO : L, 5.3 and 12.8, g : g) in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of 11 piracanjuba fingerlings (5.25 ± 0.14 g) and fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 90 days. Higher daily weight gain was obtained by fish fed the 13.63 kJ g -1 diets for both CHO : L ratios. There was a significant reduction of feed consumption when dietary energy concentration increased above 13.63 kJ g -1. Feed conversion ratio and apparent net energy retention improved as dietary energy increased. Apparent net protein retention tended to be lower in the highest and lowest dietary energy concentrations. The results suggest that dietary lipid energy was more efficiently utilized by piracanjuba fingerlings than carbohydrate energy. Body composition and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were not influenced by dietary CHO : L ratio. However, an increase in dietary energy concentration beyond 13.63 kJ g -1 resulted in a significant increment in lipid deposition, while body moisture and HSI decreased. Our findings indicate that at 300 g kg -1 dietary crude protein, a CHO : L ratio of 5.3 is recommended for piracanjuba, and the required energy is either 13.63 kJ g -1 if raised for aquaculture or 14.82 kJ g -1 if destined to stock enhancement. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2009-2010: The distributive impact of public policies

Includes bibliography

Nominal anchors and macroeconomic coordination options in MERCOSUR

Includes bibliography

Equity in education in El Salvador

Includes bibliography

Gestão democrática nas escolas e progestão: que relação é está ?

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

The opportunities and risks associated with privatizing railways in Latin America

Most railways in Latin America were built by private firms, often foreign owned. Over time, owing to a combination of nationalizations and competition from road transport, virtually all railways passed into government hands; the railroad industry became more and more of a white elephant for the Government because of the ever-increasing subsidies it swallowed up, its dwindling role in national economies, and a conviction that Governments should not be involved in productive activities. Consequently, the late 1980s saw the start of a trend towards denationalization of railways, with the latter being turned over to private, often foreign, interests. In this way, the railway industry in Latin America has come full circle in the space of 150 years. So far, there has not been any assessment of the recent privatization of railways in Latin America. However, the conclusion would probably be that: (i) privatization has on the whole been successful, and (ii) the results achieved would have been more positive still, had some things been done slightly differently. One problem is that the bidding process has failed to take into account the positive externalities associated with railways, such as the contribution they make to reducing road maintenance costs and environmental damage caused by road transport. Another unresolved issue is whether to put the entire railway system up for tender, or to invite separate bids for infrastructure and services. Economies of scale operate in the railway industry, favouring the existence of a number of rail companies. In the past, the railway companies of neighbouring countries such as Argentina and Paraguay, and Bolivia and Chile, enjoyed ties at director level, but these came to an end with the nationalization of railways. Now that the era of State involvement is itself drawing to a close, we can expect to see the formation of integrated railway systems, one of which might extend from Quijarro, on the border between Bolivia and Brazil, to Puerto Montt in the south of Chile.