clc is co-expressed with clf or cntfr in developing mouse muscles

Affiliation: Jean-François Gauchat : Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal

Régulation des chaperons de la présentation antigénique par ubiquitination

La chaîne invariante forme un complexe nonamérique avec les molécules classiques du CMH de classe II. HLA-DM et HLA-DO, des molécules non-classiques de classe II, sont aussi impliquées dans la présentation des peptides antigéniques aux lymphocytes T. Ces molécules chaperones de la présentation antigénique modulent la capacité d’une cellule à présenter des antigènes par les moloécules classiques du CMH de classe II. La régulation transcriptionnelle des molécules chaperones, tout comme celle des autres molécules du CMH de classe II, est assurée par le transactivateur CIITA. La molécule HLA-DR peut être régulée négativement de manière post-traductionnelle par ubiquitination grâce à l’enzyme E3 ubiquitine ligase MARCH1. Celle-ci est induite par l’interleukine-10 dans les monocytes. L’objectif de ce projet était de déterminer si l’ubiquitination par MARCH1 peut aussi réguler l’expression des molécules chaperones de la présentation antigénique. Les expériences furent réalisées dans le contexte de co-transfections en cellules HEK293T. L’expression des molécules fut évaluée par immunomarquages et cytométrie de flux. Il a été montré que l’isoforme p33 de la chaîne invariante est régulé négativement en présence de MARCH1 à partir de la surface cellulaire, causant ainsi sa dégradation. Tel que démontré par l’utilisation d’un mutant dépourvu de queue cytoplasmique, cette dernière région n’est pas indispensable à ce phénomène. Une hypothèse est qu’une molécule non-identifiée, associée à Ii, serait ubiquitinée par MARCH1, l’entraînant dans sa régulation négative. Il fut déterminer que cette molécule n’était pas CXCR2, un récepteur pouvant être impliqué, avec la chaîne invariante et CD44, en tant que récepteur de MIF (Macrophage Inhibitory Factor). Il fut aussi montré que HLA-DO peut être ciblé par MARCH1 mais ceci ne semble pas être un phénomène dominant; l’expression des complexes DO/DM n’étant pas affectée bien qu’ils entrent en interaction avec MARCH1. L’expression de HLA-DM n’est pas affectée par MARCH1. Il n’a toutefois pas été déterminé hors de tout doute si MARCH1 peut modifier DM; des résultats obtenus avec une queue cytoplasmique de DM possédant une lysine laissant suggérer qu’il est possible que MARCH1 interagisse avec DM. Dans l’ensemble, les travaux démontrent que l’ubiquitination par MARCH1 joue un rôle dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle de la chaîne invariante p33 mais pas HLA-DO et HLA-DM.

Caractérisation du motif acidique de la sous-unité p28 de l’IL-27 et étude des propriétés partagées entre cette protéine, le CNTF, CLC/CLF et l’interleukine-6

L’interleukine 6 (IL-6) est une cytokine qui joue un rôle essentiel dans l’inflammation. Son récepteur (IL-6R) est composé de la chaîne non signalétique IL-6Rα et de la chaîne transductrice du signal gp130, commune aux cytokines de la famille IL-6. La liaison de l’IL-6 à son récepteur permet l’activation de plusieurs voies de signalisation, notamment des voies Jak/STAT1 et préférentiellement Jak/STAT3. De façon complémentaire, nous avons démontré que l’IL-6 est capable d’activer la voie Jak/STAT5 dans les lymphocytes T CD4. L’activation de cette voie de signalisation pourrait être impliquée dans le rétrocontrôle des effets pro-inflammatoires de l’IL-6 sur les cellules T CD4. Le facteur neurotrophique ciliaire (CNTF) et la « cardiotrophin-like cytokine/cytokine-like factor 1 » (CLC/CLF) sont deux cytokines de la famille de l’IL-6 qui signalent à travers un récepteur commun, le récepteur au CNTF (CNTFR), composé du CNTFRα, « leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor β » (LIFRβ) et gp130. Toutes deux exercent des actions au niveau du système immunitaire, or la chaîne CNTFRα de leur récepteur n’y est pas exprimée. Il a été montré que le CNTFR humain peut également activer un récepteur formé des sous-unités IL-6Rα, LIFRβ et gp130. Nous avons comparé les effets du CNTF et du CLC/CLF de souris sur des transfectants exprimant LIFRβ et gp130 et les chaines α connues de la famille IL-6 (IL-6Rα, IL-11Rβ et CNTFRα). Nos résultats indiquent que le CNTF de souris, comme le CNTF humain est capable d’activer un récepteur formé de l’IL-6Rα, LIFRβ et gp130. Toutefois cette propriété n’est pas partagée par CLC/CLF et le récepteur impliqué dans les effets de cette cytokine sur le système immunitaire reste donc à identifier. L’IL-27 appartient à la famille de l’IL-6 composée d’une sous-unité cytokinique, p28, associée à un récepteur soluble « l’Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3» (EBI3). La sous-unité p28 peut s’associer avec le récepteur soluble CLF pour former une cytokine capable d’activer les lymphocytes T. Dans le but de caractériser cette cytokine, nous avons montré que p28/CLF agit aussi sur les lymphocytes B et permet leur différenciation en plasmocytes. Le partage de l’IL-6R par l’IL-6 et p28/CLF semble être à l’origine de la similarité des effets de ces deux cytokines. De plus, nous avons observé des effets semblables à ceux de l’IL-6 suite à l’association de la sous-unité p28 seule avec la chaîne IL-6Rα. En effet, afin de mieux caractériser la cytokine p28/CLF, nous avons étudié les effets dus au recrutement de la chaîne IL-6Rα par la sous-unité p28. Les cytokines de la famille de l’IL-6 sont composées de quatre hélices α disposées de façon anti-parallèle deux à deux. La sous-unité p28 possède, au niveau d’une boucle reliant deux hélices α, un motif de plusieurs acides glutamiques consécutifs (motif polyE) qui n’est retrouvé dans aucune autre cytokine de cette famille. Nous avons démontré que ce motif est impliqué dans la liaison de cette sous-unité avec l’hydroxyapatite et l’os. Cette caractéristique de p28 pourrait permettre un ciblage de l’IL-27 (p28/EBI3) et de p28/CLF préférentiellement vers la niche endostéale des cellules souches et des cellules immunitaires.

Efeitos da tricostatina A sobre a acetilação de histonas, proliferação celular e diferenciação de células tronco embrionárias murinas

Background: Embryonic stem cells are cells derived from early-stage embryos that are characterized by pluripotency and self-renewal capacity. The in vitro cultured murine embryonic stem cells can indefinitely propagate in an undifferentiated state in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). However, when stimulated, these cells can differentiate into cell lines derived from all three embryonic germ layers. The trichostatin A (TSA) is an epigenetic modifier agent and several studies have used the TSA to stimulate cellular differentiation. However, most of these studies only assessed one TSA concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different TSA concentrations on histone hyperacetylation during in vitro cell differentiation of murine pluripotent embryonic stem cells, cultured with or without LIF, in the quest of to standardize their application on early cultures of embryonic stem cells.Materials, Methods & Results: Undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells were plated in the presence of different TSA concentrations (0 nM, 15 nm, 50 nM and 100 nM) in the presence or absence of LIF. Thus, the treatments were evaluated in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF (Control group: 0 nM LIF(+); Group 15 nM LIF+; Group 50 nM LIF+ and Group 100 nM LIF+), and in embryonic stem cells cultured in the absence of LIF (Control group: 0 nM LIF; Group 15 nM LIF(-); Group 50 nM LIF(-) and Group 100 nM LIF-). Treatment with TSA was performed for 24 h. After that the medium was replaced with fresh medium without TSA. Samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after the beginning of the experiment. Three replicates were performed in each experimental group. The relative amount of Histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation was analyzed in all groups, as well as the cell proliferation in the embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF. In the control group (0 nM), the absence of LIF resulted in higher levels (P < 0.05) of H3lys9ac compared to the cultures supplemented with LIF. In the embryonic stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF, the 50 nM and 100 nM treatments resulted in higher levels (P < 0.05) of H3lys9ac when compared with 0 nM and 15 nM treatments. Evaluating the Hoechst area in the 0 nM group, it was observed that the number of cells increased (P < 0.05) according to the time of culture. Treatment with 15 nM also reflected a similar distribution, but the Hoechst area in 15 nM group was lower (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48h when compared to the observed in the control group. In the 100 nM treatment, was observed that the area of Hoechst was lower (P < 0.05) to that obtained in the control group at 12, 24 and 48h. In addition, it was observed that treatment with TSA induces greater cellular differentiation when compared to control groups in stem cells cultured in the presence of LIF as well as in the absence of LIF.Discussion: In the present study it was observed that TSA treatment increased the levels of histone acetylation in murine embryonic stem cells at a 50 nM concentration, making it possible to reduce the concentration recommended in the literature (100 nM). In addtion, it was concluded that the lower TSA concentrations utilized (15 nm and 50 nM) was less harmful to cellular proliferation than the 100 nM TSA concentration.

Actions of angiotensin II and dopamine in the medial preoptic area on prolactin secretion

Dopamine (DA) is known as a primary regulator of prolactin secretion (PRL) and angiotensin II (Ang II) has been recognized as one brain inhibitory factor of this secretion. In this work, estrogen-primed or unprimed ovariectornized rats were submitted to the microinjection of saline or Ang II after previous microinjection of saline or of da antagonist (haloperidol, sulpiride or SCH) both in the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Our study of these interactions has shown that 1) estrogen-induced PRL secretion is mediated by Ang II and da actions in the MPOA, i.e. very high plasma PRL would be prevented by inhibitory action of Ang II, while very low levels would be prevented in part by stimulatory action of da through D-2 receptors, 2) the inhibitory action of Ang II depends on estrogen and is mediated in part by inhibitory action of da through D, receptors and in other part by inhibition of stimulatory action of da through D2 receptors.

Stimulation of IL-6 Cytokines in Fibroblasts by Toll-like Receptors 2

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

CELL-MEDIATED AND HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSES IN IMMUNIZED AND OR DERMATOBIA-HOMINIS INFESTED RABBITS

The cell-mediated and humoral immune response of rabbits to antigens from larvae of Dermatobia hominis were analyzed by leucocyte migration inhibition factor assay (MIF), immunodiffusion (ID) and passive hemagglutination (PH) test in rabbits immunized with D. hominis extract, in rabbits immunized and infested with the parasite and rabbits infested with D. hominis. Twenty rabbits were divided into five groups: Group 1, rabbits immunized with a crude antigen extract, evaluated for 40 weeks at 4 week intervals; Group 2, rabbits immunized and infested with newly hatched larvae at 14 weeks post immunization (PI) and evaluated as Group 1; Group 3, rabbits immunized, evaluated for 28 weeks at 2 week intervals; Group 4, rabbits immunized and infested at 4 weeks PI and evaluated as Group 3; Group 5, rabbits infested and evaluated for 24 weeks at 2 week intervals. Different patterns of reactivity were observed in the infested and immunized animals: immunized rabbits developed antibodies and cellular immune responses earlier and at higher levels during immunization than the infested rabbits; the infestation at 14 weeks PI, when the cell-mediated and humoral immune response began to decrease, or at 4 weeks PI when these parameters were at higher levels, elicited an anamnestic response. After the spontaneous elimination of larvae by the host, from the 4th week PI onwards, high titers of antibodies and migration inhibition indices were maintained for a long period. These results suggest that the onset of cellular and humoral immune responses after immunization may be important as a biological control of myiasis and contribute to better understanding of the immune defense mechanism of the host against D. hominis.

Multifactorial control of water and saline intake: Role of α2-adrenoceptors

Water and saline intake is controlled by several mechanisms activated during dehydration. Some mechanisms, such as the production of angiotensin II and unloading of cardiovascular receptors, activate both behaviors, while others, such as the increase in blood osmolality or sodium concentration, activate water, but inhibit saline intake. Aldosterone probably activates only saline intake. Clonidine, anα2-adrenergic agonist, inhibits water and saline intake induced by these mechanisms. One model to describe the interactions between these multiple mechanisms is a wire-block diagram, where the brain circuit that controls each intake is represented by a summing point of its respective inhibiting and activating factors. The α2-adrenoceptors constitute an inhibitory factor common to both summing points.

Cytokine and antibody production during murine leptospirosis

The aim of the present study was to investigate the kinetics of humoral and cellular responses during leptospirosis. We observed that the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was associated with antibody production and bacterial recovery, and the compromising of both TNF-α and IL-6 in the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis during an experimental infection of BALB/c mice inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola was verified. Results showed higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the initial phase of infection, in which the greatest bacterial clearance was observed. However, when the bacterial recovery was compared with the kinetics of the production of antibodies, the results revealed a kinetics proportionally inverted to antibody production. This fact may be related to some inhibitory factor which could be responsible for the selective suppression of the cellular immune response. We concluded that during leptospirosis there was a greater mobilization of the cellular immune response activity, mainly in the initial phase of the infectious process, for posterior involvement of the humoral response, and that both TNF-α and IL-6 could be associated with the immunopathogenesis of the disease.

The role of cytokines in inflammatory bone loss

Chronic inflammatory processes close to bone often lead to loss of bone in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, loosened joint prosthesis and tooth implants. This is mainly due to local formation of bone resorbing osteoclasts which degrade bone without any subsequent coupling to new bone formation. Crucial for osteoclastogenesis is stimulation of mononuclear osteoclast progenitors by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) which induces their differentiation along the osteoclastic lineage and the fusion to mature, multinucleated osteoclasts. M-CSF and RANKL are produced by osteoblasts/ osteocytes and by synovial and periodontal fibroblasts and the expression is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines also regulate osteoclastic differentiation by direct effects on the progenitor cells. In the present overview, we introduce the basic concepts of osteoclast progenitor cell differentiation and summarize the current knowledge on cytokines stimulating and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis by direct and indirect mechanisms. © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

Expressão gênica, caracterização eletroforética e análise ultraestrutural de embriões e tecido materno de cadelas gestantes e não gestantes

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Exploring the Role of Soluble Factors Associated with Immune Regulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized as multipotent stromal cells with the capacity for both self-renewal and differentiation into mesodermal cell lineages. MSCs also have a fibroblast-like phenotype and can be isolated from several tissues. In recent years, researchers have found that MSCs secrete several soluble factors that exert immunosuppressive effects by modulating both innate (macrophages, dendritic and NK cells) and adaptive (B cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) immune responses. This review summarizes the principal trophic factors that are related to immune regulation and secreted by MSCs under both autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The understanding of mechanisms that regulate immunity in MSCs field is important for their future use as a novel cellular-based immunotherapy with clinical applications in several diseases.

Phenotypic alterations of neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing neurons innervating the rat temporomandibular joint during carrageenan-induced arthritis

The aim of this study was to identify immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neurons in the autonomic and sensory ganglia, specifically neurons that innervate the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A possible variation between the percentages of these neurons in acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced arthritis was examined. Retrograde neuronal tracing was combined with indirect immunofluorescence to identify NPY-immuno-reactive (NPY-IR) and CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) neurons that send nerve fibers to the normal and arthritic temporomandibular joint. In normal joints, NPY-IR neurons constitute 78 +/- 3%, 77 +/- 6% and 10 +/- 4% of double-labeled nucleated neuronal profile originated from the superior cervical, stellate and otic ganglia, respectively. These percentages in the sympathetic ganglia were significantly decreased in acute (58 +/- 2% for superior cervical ganglion and 58 +/- 8% for stellate ganglion) and chronic (60 +/- 2% for superior cervical ganglion and 59 +/- 15% for stellate ganglion) phases of arthritis, while in the otic ganglion these percentages were significantly increased to 19 +/- 5% and 13 +/- 3%, respectively. In the trigeminal ganglion, CGRP-IR neurons innervating the joint significantly increased from 31 +/- 3% in normal animals to 54 +/- 2% and 49 +/- 3% in the acute and chronic phases of arthritis, respectively. It can be concluded that NPY neurons that send nerve fibers to the rat temporomandibular joint are located mainly in the superior cervical, stellate and otic ganglia. Acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced arthritis lead to an increase in the percentage of NPY-IR parasympathetic and CGRP-IR sensory neurons and to a decrease in the percentage of NPY-IR sympathetic neurons related to TMJ innervation.

Prion potency in stem cells biology

Prion protein (PrP) can be considered a pivotal molecule because it interacts with several partners to perform a diverse range of critical biological functions that might differ in embryonic and adult cells. In recent years, there have been major advances in elucidating the putative role of PrP in the basic biology of stem cells in many different systems. Here, we review the evidence indicating that PrP is a key molecule involved in driving different aspects of the potency of embryonic and tissue-specific stem cells in self-perpetuation and differentiation in many cell types. It has been shown that PrP is involved in stem cell self-renewal, controlling pluripotency gene expression, proliferation and neural and cardiomyocyte differentiation. PrP also has essential roles in distinct processes that regulate tissue-specific stem cell biology in nervous and hematopoietic systems and during muscle regeneration. Results from our own investigations have shown that PrP is able to modulate self-renewal and proliferation in neural stem cells, processes that are enhanced by PrP interactions with stress inducible protein 1 (STI1). Thus, the available data reveal the influence of PrP in acting upon the maintenance of pluripotent status or the differentiation of stem cells from the early embryogenesis through adulthood.