Selective oxidation of a pyrimidine thioether using supported tantalum catalysts

Ta2O5-SiO2 catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and tantalum (V) ethoxide as the sources of silicon and tantalum, and two families of quaternary ammonium salts, [CnH(2n+1)(CH3)(3)N]Br (n = 14, 16, 18) and [(CnH(2n+1))(4)N]Br (n = 10, 12, 16, 18) as surfactants. The catalysts were compared for the selective suffoxidation of 4,6-dimethyl-2-thiomethylpyrimidine using peroxide as an oxidising agent in a range of ionic liquids and organic solvents. The sol-gel catalysts were also compared with tantalum on MCM-41 prepared by grafting. The catalysts were characterized from adsorption-desorption isotherms of N-2, XRD patterns, small-angle X-ray scattering, IR spectra from adsorbed pyridine and CDCl3, XPS spectra, and Si-29 magic angle spinning (MAS) NNIR experiments. The effect of recycling on the catalyst leaching and selectivity/activity was also studied. High activities and selectivities were found in [NTf2](-) based ionic liquids and organic solvents with good recyclability of the catalyst. Tantalum was found in the solution after reaction; however, this was determined to be due to entrapment of catalyst particulates, as opposed to leaching of the active metal. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmacological Activity of Ibuprofen Release from Measoporous Silica

Novel drug delivery systems (DDS) to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of hydrophobic drugs following oral administration are an area of keen interest in drug research. An ideal DDS should not adversely affect drug activity, be capable of delivering a therapeutic dose of drug, and allow homogenous drug loading and drug release. Mesoporous silica has been proposed for this application, with ibuprofen employed as the model drug. It was hypothesised that mesoporous silica MCM-41 is capable of delivering a pharmacologically therapeutic dose of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen-loaded MCM-41 can be prepared reproducibly at a drug to carrier ratio of 30% (wt/wt). The release profile was seen to be 90% within 2 h. Initial assessment of COX-1 inhibitory activity suggests the absence of adverse effects attributable to drug-carrier interaction. The results of this study provide further evidence in support of the proposed use of mesoporous silica in drug delivery.

Simultaneous Gas Storage and Catalytic Gas Production Using Zeolites-A New Concept for Extending Lifetime Gas Delivery

Copper containing MCM-41 materials can be used to both store gaseous nitric oxide and to catalytically produce nitric oxide from nitrite. The active species for the reaction is copper (I). Addition of cysteine to the solution in contact with the material has different effects depending on how much Cu(I) is present. This is a new method of extending the lifetime of gas delivery from a gas storage material.

Heterogeneous oxidation of pyrimidine and alkyl thioethers in ionic liquids over mesoporous Ti or Ti/Ge catalysts

Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of a series of thioethers (2-thiomethylpyrimidine, 2-thiomethyl-4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidine, 2-thiobenzylpyrimidine, 2-thiobenzyl-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, thioanisole, and n-heptyl methyl sulfide) was performed in ionic liquids by using MCM-41 and UVM-type mesoporous catalysts containing Ti, or Ti and Ge. A range of triflate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, lactate and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids were used. The oxidations were carried out by using anhydrous hydrogen peroxide or the urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct and showed that ionic liquids are very effective solvents, achieving greater reactivity and selectivity than reactions performed in dioxane. The effects of halide and acid impurities on the reactions were also investigated. Recycling experiments on catalysts were carried out in order to evaluate Ti leaching and its effect on activity and selectivity.

Síntese e estudos estruturais de novos materiais luminescentes

A presente dissertação teve como objectivo a síntese, caracterização e estudo das propriedades luminescentes de complexos livres e/ou imobilizados no material mesoporoso MCM-41. Na primeira parte estudaram-se complexos do tipo, Eu(NTA)3L2, onde NTA corresponte ao β-dicetonato 1-(2-naftoil)-3,3,3-trifluoro-acetonato, e L2 aos ligandos bidentados de azoto derivados do pirazolilpiridina e L aos ligandos monodentados (etil-4-piridilacetato, água, piridina e metilfenilsulfóxido). Alguns destes ligandos foram imobilizados e/ou impregnados no MCM-41, tendo-se posteriormente complexado o fragmento Eu(NTA)3. Na segunda parte estudou-se o efeito do contra-ião no complexo C[Eu(NTA)4], usando os catiões (C): tetrabutilamónio [NBu4]+, 1-butil-3-metilimidazolilo [C4mim]+ e 1-butil-3-metilpiridínio [C4mpy]+. O anião [Eu(NTA)4]- foi imobilizado no MCM-41 derivatizado com grupos 1-propil-3-metilimidazolilo. Todos os complexos preparados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de análise elementar, termogravimetria, espectroscopias vibracionais (Infravermelho e Raman) e de ressonância magnética nuclear, e os materiais preparados foram adicionalmente analisados por difracção de raios-X de pós e ressonância magnética nuclear de estado sólido. Foram também estudadas as propriedades fotoluminescentes dos compostos, e para facilitar a análise dos resultados, nalguns casos foram preparados e caracterizados os compostos análogos de gadolínio.

New HDPE/MCM41 nanocomposites with improved mechanical performance: synthesis and characterizatio

Ordered mesoporous silicas with a channel structure of well-defined geometries and dimensions at nanometer scale are excellent candidates to host intercalation reactions. In recent years, our research group has shown that mesoporous silicas of the M41S class combined with metallocene complexes give rise to excellent supported catalysts for ethylene polymerisation. Due to the support characteristics, the reaction is allowed to occur in the channels and in this way hybrid organic-inorganic materials can be prepared within a large range of nanofiller concentration. These HDPE/MCM-41 nanocomposites exhibit an improved mechanical performance and an easier degradability due to the additional role of MCM-41 as a promoter for PE degradation.

Design de compostos oxometálicos e estudo das suas propriedades catalíticas em reações de oxidação

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal contribuir para um maior conhecimento e compreensão das propriedades catalíticas de sistemas baseados em metais de transição com estado de oxidação elevado. O trabalho desenvolvido englobou a síntese e a caracterização de novos compostos de molibdénio, tendo como ponto de partida a síntese de cis-dioxocomplexos do tipo MoO2Cl2Ln (n = 1 ou 2, conforme ligandos bidentados ou monodentados, respetivamente) a partir dos precursores MoO2Cl2, MoO3 e Na2MoO4 com ligandos como dimetilformamida (DMF), tris(benzimidazolil)metano (HC(bim)3). Os compostos MoO2Cl2(DMF)2 (Capítulo2) e [MoO2Cl(HC(bim)3]Y (Y = Cl, BF4 e PF6) (Capítulo 3) foram testados como precursores catalíticos na epoxidação de olefinas, em fase heterogénea. O primeiro foi imobilizado no suporte MCM-41 enquanto os últimos foram heterogeneizados com recurso a líquidos iónicos - [BMIM]Y e [BMPy]Y (BIM = 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio, BMPy = 1-n-butil-3-metilpiridina; Y = BF4 ou PF6), como estratégia alternativa à heterogeneização dos catalisadores homogéneos. Por outro lado, aprofundou-se também a epoxidação de olefinas em fase homogénea e, para isso, sintetizaram-se os compostos Mo(CO)3(HC(pz)3) (HC(pz)3 = tris(1-pirazoli)metano), Mo(CO)3(HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 (HC(3,5-Me2pz)3 = tris(3,5-dimetil-1-pirazolil)metano) (Capítulo 4) e Mo(CO)4(BPM) (BPM = bis(pirazolil)metano) (Capítulo 5) a partir do material de partida Mo(CO)6. A descarbonilação oxidativa destes compostos, com TBHP, originaram estruturas cristalinas do tipo dioxo--oxo, [{MoO2(HC(pz)3)}2(2-O)][Mo6O19] e [{MoO2(HC(3,5-Me2pz)3)}2(2-O)][Mo6O19], e oxodiperoxo, MoO(O2)2(BPM), respetivamente. Obtiveram-se os mesmos produtos in situ durante as respetivas reações catalíticas. Todos os compostos foram utilizados como catalisadores ou pré-catalisadores na epoxidação de olefinas, com bons resultados. Por fim e, tendo em conta o crescente interesse em materiais híbridos orgânicos-inorgânicos baseados em óxidos de molibdénio, sintetizou-se o composto MoO2Cl2(pypzEA) (pypzEA = etil[(3-piridin-2-il)-1H-pirazol-1-il]acetato) o qual, ao reagir com água, originou o material híbrido [Mo2O6(HpypzA)] (HpypzA = [3-(piridin-2-il)-1H-pirazol-1-il]acetato) (Capítulo 6). A estrutura deste último composto foi resolvida por difração de monocristal e de raio-X de pós, em conjunto com a informação proveniente de técnicas como FT-IR, RMN 13C CP/MAS e análise elementar. Este material híbrido apresenta um bom desempenho catalítico quando o TBHP é usado como oxidante e continua estável e a comportar-se como um catalisador heterogéneo mesmo após sofrer testes de reciclagem e de filtração. Ainda durante este estudo constatou-se que a reação oxidativa do material de partida, MoO2Cl2(pypzEA), com TBHP, originou o oxo(diperoxo)complexo MoO(O2)2(pypzEA) e o complexo octamérico [Mo8O24(pypzEA)4] obtido previamente pela descarbonilação oxidativa do Mo(CO)4(pypzEA). Todos os catalisadores ou precursores de espécies ativas foram analisados por técnicas de caracterização comuns (AE, FT-IR, Raman, ATR, 1H RMN) bem como por técnicas de caracterização do estado sólido (EXAFS, DRX de pós e de cristal único, 13C e 29Si RMN CP MAS). Os compostos com propriedades catalíticas e pré-catalíticas promissoras foram estudados nas reações catalíticas de epoxidação de diversas olefinas, nomeadamente, cis-cicloocteno, 1-octeno, trans-2-octeno, -pineno, (R)-(+)-limoneno, estireno, norborneno, entre outras.

The trapping and decomposition of toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide using modified mesoporous silicates

Selected silicas were modified with the covalently bound ligand 2,6-bis(benzoxazoyl)pyridine (BBOP), equilibrated with copper(II) nitrate, then challenged with toxic vapour containing HCN (8000 mg m(-3) at 80% relative humidity). The modified SBA-15 material (Cu-BBOP-SBA-15) had an improved breakthrough time for HCN (36 min at a flow rate of 30 cm(3) min(-1)) when compared to the other siliceous materials prepared in this study, equating to a hydrogen cyanide capacity of 58 mg g(-1), which is close to a reference activated carbon adsorbent (24 min at 50 cm(3) min(-1)) that can trap 64 mg g(-1). The enhanced performance observed with Cu-BBOP-SBA-15 has been related to the greater accessibility of the functional groups, arising from the ordered nature of the interconnected porous network and large mesopores of 5.5 nm within the material modified with the Cu(II)-BBOP complex. Modified MCM-41 and MCM-48 materials (Cu-BBOP-MCM-41 and Cu-BBOP-MCM-48) were found to have lower hydrogen cyanide capacities (38 and 32 mg g(-1) respectively) than the Cu-BBOP-SBA-15 material owing to the restricted size of the pores (2.2 and <2 nm respectively). The materials with poor nano-structured ordering were found to have low hydrogen cyanide capacities, between 11 and 19 mg g(-1), most likely owing to limited accessibility of the functional groups. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and characterization of packed mesoporous tungsteno-silicates: application to the catalytic dehydrogenation of 2-propanol

The synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous tungsteno-silicas in which a high percentage of tungsten is introduced into a silica framework is reported hereafter. Powder XRD and TEM have been used to characterize the materials synthesized at room temperature. The materials are shown to be homogeneous as there is no evidence for any crystalline species other than the silica framework. The pore diameter and the surface area of the materials, evaluated from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms and unit cell parameter indicate a pore diameter of about 2 nm and a surface area of 1400 m(2) g(-1) for a content of 10% tungsten. Catalyzed dehydration of 2-propanol has been investigated and the activity of the materials synthesized is significant, even for low tungsten content W-MCM-41 materials. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure retention in cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel templated from a hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystal by controlling the surface tension

Retaining hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) structures in polymers after surfactant removal and drying is particularly challenging, as the surface tension existing during the drying processes tends to change the morphology. In this study, cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels were prepared in LLC hexagonal phases formed from a dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/water system. The retention of the hexagonal LLC structures was examined by controlling the surface tension. Polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering results indicate that the hexagonal LLC structure was successfully formed before polymerization and well retained after polymerization and after surfactant removal when the surface tension forces remained neutral. Controlling the surface tension during the drying process can retain the nanostructures templated from lyotropic liquid crystals which will result in the formation of materials with desired nanostructures.

Catalisadores de vanádio (V) contendo ligante tris(pirazolil)borato : rotas de imobilização e avaliação em polimerização de etileno

As sínteses, caracterizações e estudos referentes a polimerização do etileno de uma série de complexos {TpMs*}V(NtBu)Cl2 (1), {TpMs*}V(O)Cl2 (2), {TpMePh]V(NtBu)Cl2 (3) e {Tp*}V(O)Cl2 (4) são descritas. A reação destes complexos com MAO geram espécies catalíticas ativas para a polimerização do etileno. Para as reações de polimerização realizadas em tolueno a 30°C, as atividades variaram entre 71 e 1.126 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm. A atividade mais alta foi obtida usando o precursor catalítico 1. As curvas de DSC mostraram a formação de polietileno de alta densidade com temperaturas de fusão entre 134 e 141ºC. Visando a obtenção de catalisadores suportados, o complexo 1 foi imobilizado através do método direto sobre os seguintes suportes inorgânicos: SiO2, SiO2 modificada com MAO, SiO2-Al2O3, MCM-41, MgO e MgCl2. O teor de metal imobilizado, determinado por XRF, permaneceu entre 0,22 e 0,50 % g V/g suporte (p/p %).Os maiores teores de metal foram encontrados para os suportes com maiores áreas superficiais (SiO2–Al2O3 e MCM-41). Todos os sistemas mostraram-se ativos na polimerização do etileno na presença de MAO ou TiBA/MAO (1:1) (Al/V = 1000). A atividade catalítica mostrou-se dependente da natureza do suporte, ficando esta entre 8 e 89 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para sílica. Suportes ácidos ou básicos forneceram sistemas catalíticos menos ativos. Os polietilenos apresentaram pesos moleculares médios (Mw) superiores a 2.000.000 g/mol, sugerindo a produção de polímeros com ultra-alto peso molecular. Baseado nos resultados referentes a imobilização de 1, o complexo 2 foi imobilizado sobre SiO2 e SiO2 modificada com MAO. As reações de polimerização deste catalisador suportado foram realizadas em tolueno a 30ºC, utilizando MAO ou TiBA/MAO (1:1) (Al/V = 1000). Os resultados de atividade variaram entre 7 e 236 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm, sendo a maior atividade encontrada para o sistema suportado 2/SiO2/MAO(4,0 % Al/SiO2) na presença da mistura de cocatalisadores TiBA/MAO (1:1). Os complexos 1 e 2 foram imobilizados “in situ” utilizando SiO2 e SiO2/MAO (4,0 % em peso de Al/SiO2) como suportes, empregando 0,02 % em peso de V/g suporte. Todos os sistemas estudados foram ativos nas reações de polimerização do etileno. Para o complexo 1, a maior atividade (1.903 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm) foi obtida utilizando o sistema 1/SiO2/MAO (4,0 % em peso de Al/SiO2) na presença do MAO. Cabe ressaltar que, para este sistema catalítico, o uso de TMA ao invés de MAO proporciona a formação de um sistema catalítico altamente ativo (1.342 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm). A maior atividade (1.882 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm) para o complexo 2 foi encontrada quando o mesmo foi suportado “in situ” sobre SiO2, utilizando MAO como cocatalisador. O catalisador de vanádio preparado “in situ” sobre o suporte na presença do MAO apresentou uma atividade catalítica de 22 kg de PE/mol[V]·h·atm) sendo a mesma inferior àquela obtida utilizando o sistema via imobilização do catalisador “in situ”. Várias rotas sintéticas (hidrolíticas e não-hidrolíticas) objetivando a preparação “in situ” do catalisador sobre sílicas-híbridas foram empregadas, entretanto todas as tentativas falharam devido à alta reatividade do grupo NCO com alguns reagentes empregados no processo de preparação das mesmas. Uma série de catalisadores híbridos foram preparados pela combinação e imobilização seqüencial de {TpMs*}V(NtBu)Cl2 (1) e [LFeCl2] (8) (L = 2,6-bis(imino)piridila) sobre SiO2/MAO (4,0% em peso de Al/SiO2) em diferentes proporções (1:1) e (1:3). Todos os sistemas foram ativos na polimerização do etileno na presença de MAO como cocatalisador. A atividade mostrou-se dependente da natureza do complexo e da ordem de imobilização. A maior atividade foi obtida para o sistema V/Fe/SMAO-4 (1:1) (117 kg de PE/mol[M]·h·atm). Baseado nas curvas de DSC, diferentes tipos de PE podem ser obtidos dependendo da natureza do complexo imobilizado e da ordem da adição dos catalisadores no suporte. Para os sistemas híbridos, a presença do Fe determina a formação de PE com dois picos de fusão.

Mesoestruturas porosas a partir de materiais naturais

The MCM-41 mesoporous synthesis was done using rice hulls ash and chrysotile as natural alternative silica sources. For the using of these sources, chemical and thermic treatments were done in both materials. After chemical and thermic treatments, these materials were employed on the MCM-41 mesoctructures synthesis. The natural materials treated and employed in the synthesis were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption and desorption, scanning electronic microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. MCM-41 standart samples synthetized with aerosil 200 commercial sílica were used to evaluation. The formed material from rice hulls ash showed values from BET specific area about 468 m².g-1, N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms and loss mass similar to reference materials. The silica from chrysotile calcined and leached was employed to mesoporous materials synthesis. The BET specific area showed values about 700 m².g-1, N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms type IV and loss mass similar to mesoporous materials. The formed material from calcined and leached chrysotile, without calcination, applied to phenol remotion carried high performance liquid chromatography and evaluated with organophilic clays with different treatments. By the characterization techniques were proved that mesoporous materials with lesser order that reference samples. The material formed from rice hulls ash without the calcination step achieved better adsorption results than organophilic clays

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Pirólise térmica e catalítica de resíduos de vácuo gerados no refino de petróleo

In this study, was used a very promising technique called of pyrolysis, which can be used for obtaining products with higher added value. From oils and residues, since the contribution of heavier oils and residues has intensified to the world refining industry, due to the growing demand for fuel, for example, liquid hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline and diesel. The catalytic pyrolysis of vacuum residues was performed with the use of a mesoporous material belonging the M41S family, which was discovered in the early 90s by researchers Mobil Oil Corporation, allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with pore diameters between 2 and 10 nm and a high specific surface area, making it very promising for use as a catalyst in petroleum refining for catalytic cracking, and their mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more positive for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous material of the type Al-MCM41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) was synthesized by hydrothermal method starting from the silica gel, NaOH and distilled water added to the gel pseudobohemita synthesis. Driver was used as structural CTMABr. Removal of organic driver (CTMABr) was observed by TG / DTG and FTIR, but this material was characterized by XRD, which was observed the formation of the main peaks characteristic of mesoporous materials. The analysis of adsorption / desorption of nitrogen this material textural parameters were determined. The vacuum residues (VR's) that are products of the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower used in this study are different from oil fields (regions of Ceará and Rio de Janeiro). Previously characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, viscosity, density, SARA, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry, which was performed by thermal and catalytic degradation of vacuum residues. The effect of AlMCM-41 was satisfactory, since promoted a decrease in certain ranges of temperature required in the process of conversion of hydrocarbons, but also promoted a decrease in energy required in the process. Thus enabling lower costs related to energy expenditure from degradation during processing of the waste

Pirólise rápida catalítica do capim elefante utilizando materiais mesoporosos e óxidos metálicos para deoxigenação em bio-óleo

The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc