Primary succession in man-made wetlands: biodiversity, structure and dynamics of macrofaunal assemblages

Man-made wetlands are often created to compensate for the loss or degradation of natural wetlands, but little is known about the processes taking place in these artificial environments, especially at the community level. Throughout this thesis, we have assessed the phenomena of primary succession over different time (short-, mid- and long-term) and spatial scales (local, regional, interregional levels), applying different approaches (taxonomic and functional) and subject groups (invertebrates and amphibians). Our main findings regarding time scales show a 3-phase successional pattern in Mediterranean man-made wetlands’ communities, where at the short term (1 year) colonization processes dominate; at mid term perspectives (2 to 7 years) succession signs begin to be conspicuous, and later on (≥ 10 years) parameters such as species richness reach an asymptote. At that moment, some biological strategies dominate, and biodiversity surrogates indicate that communities are indistinct between man-made and natural wetlands. Regarding spatial effects, we corroborated that both local and regional factors affect the establishing communities. Particularly, the low hydrological stability of the Mediterranean region has enhanced biological traits favoring resilience and resistance to disturbances when comparing Mediterranean and cold temperate aquatic communities. Even within the Mediterranean region, low levels of hydrological stability have significant effects on the successional dynamics. In these cases, local communities are highly nested within regional natural ones, and so are not able to make net contributions to regional richness. We also showed the influence of the regional pool of recruiters over local communities, both in the case of invertebrates and amphibians. Especially for the latter group, man-made Mediterranean temporary ponds (MTPs) can play an important role in their conservation.

Integrated educational opportunities in the Universal Museum: five ways forward

Whatever the other characteristics of the universal museum, education must be one of its core functions. That is, education both of regular visitors and those who are not but who are members of the local, regional or national communities served by the museum. In this sense, universal refers to making the museum accessible to all: accessible physically and intellectually. This relates to what I mean by education. It is far broader than what takes place between teachers and pupils in a formal setting. Education is also about providing environments where people will be inspired or provoked to know, to question. To reflect about themselves and the wider human and natural world. A universal museum should be a great facilitator of these learning processes. In this paper I shall focus on five ways in which there can be integration of educational opportunities in the universal museum. For examples to illustrate these themes I shall draw on practices in a small sample of museums in Europe and the USA.

Educação patrimonial e aprendizagens curriculares – a História

O mundo contemporâneo, pós-industrial aparece-nos marcado por dois fenómenos que aparentemente são antagónicos: por um lado, a globalização/mundialização cultural que transporta consigo o medo da uniformização; por outro lado, um interesse cada vez maior e um público cada vez mais vasto para o património local, regional, nacional e, naturalmente estrangeiro.A própria noção de património é cada vez mais alargada (veja-se a este propósito o art.2° de Lei de Bases do Património, Lei n°107 de 8 de Setembro de 2001). Aí se refere como integrando o Património Cultural Português bens de interesse histórico, arqueológico e artístico, domínios que tradicionalmente integravam a noção de Património, mas igualmente, bens de interesse linguístico, documental, industrial, técnico, social, paleontológico, etnológico, etc.Se inicialmente "Património" eram os monumentos, os primores da arte, as antigualhas, os tesouros monárquicos ou eclesiais, de há décadas a esta parte o conceito ganhou nova extensão. Estamos pois, num mundo em que tudo é património. Todos continuamente afirmamos o pan-patriomonialismo.

La nación ecuatoriana desde los jóvenes: percepciones de los jóvenes y las jóvenes de Quito sobre la nación y la identidad nacional

En esta tesis se analizan los sentidos de los jóvenes y las jóvenes que viven en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito sobre lo que significa la nación y la identidad nacional. La investigación recoge sus pronunciamientos a través de la aplicación de una encuesta y de grupos focales. En este trabajo se exploran las percepciones de la juventud sobre la nación, en tanto reproducen, resignifican la visión oficial y las formas en que recrean su propia visión sobre aspectos como los orígenes y la constitución de la nación ecuatoriana, la forma en que perciben a los sujetos, al territorio, la relación entre lo local, regional y nacional, en un contexto caracterizado por procesos de globalización que estaría modificando la concepción tradicional de la nación, así como de sus elementos constitutivos. Análisis que se realiza desde una posición de diferenciación pero dialógica entre su identidad juvenil y la identidad nacional.

Ecuador

Ecuador’s total population numbers some 15,682,792 inhabitants, and includes 14 nationalities accounting for around 1,100,000 people, all joined together in a series of local, regional and national organisations. 60.3% of the Andean Kichwa live in six provinces in the Central-North Mountains; 24.1% live in the Amazon region and belong to ten nationalities; 7.3% live in the Southern Mountains; and the remaining 8.3% live in the Coastal region and the Galapagos Islands. 78.5% still live in rural areas and 21.5% in urban areas. The current Constitution of the Republic recognises the country as a “…constitutional state of law and social justice, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, multinational and secular”. Over the last five years, the country has undergone a series of political and institutional reforms. At the same time, however, enforcing and guaranteeing the collective rights recognised in the Constitution has become a challenge to the process, and a permanent point of disagreement between the government, headed by the economist Rafael Correa, and the indigenous social organisations. The government’s economic action has been largely marked by an opening up of the extractive industries - oil, copper and gold - to foreign investment, either of Chinese or Belarussian origin, or from other Latin American countries such as Brazil, Chile or Argentina. This has resulted in risk to and impacts on the territorial and cultural integrity of various indigenous peoples, and an uncertainty created around the true validity of the broad collective rights enshrined in the Constitution.

El proceso de ruptura de la pintura ecuatoriana entre 1999 y 2007

El interés particular es investigar la pintura ecuatoriana de finales de los años noventa e inicios del siglo XXI y los factores que incidieron en el proceso de ruptura, como oposición al período de modernidad tardía que se constituyó en las vanguardias artísticas y modelo de búsqueda perpetua de lo propio y lo universal a lo largo del siglo XX. Dicho interés se centra en el análisis que ocupa las prácticas y saberes de la pintura, como un género tradicional que experimenta una serie de mutaciones dentro de la noción de “campo expandido”, una fórmula que combina diversos recursos estético-conceptuales y escénicos, en la que se adicionan las nuevas tecnologías. Así también, la preocupación por vocabularios temáticos en correlación con el campo interdisciplinario, a partir de posiciones posibles del artista, como sujeto social que busca estrategias y mecanismos de reflexión. Bajo este contexto se promueve el diálogo y la participación de la comunidad, instituciones, academia y artistas visuales en el entorno de la cultura contemporánea. Simultáneamente, se propone un análisis alrededor de los espacios de negociación basados en el reconocimiento de pintores/as, artistas visuales, respaldados por las instituciones y medios autorizados; como antípoda, a los artistas emergentes, colectivos y productores culturales que operan de forma independiente. Así se abordan diversas problemáticas como bases de análisis en un carácter de sedimentación o fragmentación del lenguaje pictórico de identificación local, regional y global.

Cambio climático, agua y conflicto: disputas sociales, crisis hídrica y oportunidades de adaptación en la Sierra Centro- Norte de Ecuador. Estudio de caso: conflicto por el uso del agua entre la ciudad de Quito y la cuenca agropecuaria de Güitig

La conflictividad por el uso del agua, tanto a nivel local como global, tiene sus raíces en la relación del ser humano con la naturaleza. Dicha relación ha entrado en conflicto desde la constitución del modelo capitalista que mira a la Naturaleza como una caja de recursos, en donde se inserta el agua. El presente estudio pretende ilustrar la evolución del concepto de conflicto: ambiental, socioambiental e hídrico; con el fin de conocer de manera general la conflictividad por el uso del agua dentro del contexto de la crisis hídrica (local, regional y global) y agudizada por el cambio climático, mediante la presentación de un caso de conflicto por el uso del agua entre el campo y la ciudad, en la Sierra centro-norte del Ecuador. La metodología empleada en esta investigación parte del análisis y evolución del conflicto socioambiental hídrico, para luego (desde lo general a lo particular) revisar la dinámica de la crisis hídrica y los conflictos emblemáticos internacionales, regionales y locales. El trabajo incluyó la lectura y el diálogo académico con autores expertos en conflictos socioambientales, la integración del componente científico del cambio climático mediante la revisión de los informes técnicos más actualizados en todo nivel y la investigación in situ del caso de la conflictividad local en la zona de estudio (cuenca social de Güitig versus la ciudad de Quito). El resultado principal de la investigación afirma la hipótesis de la investigación: el cambio climático se presenta como un factor no tradicional integral que agudiza, acelera, complejiza y potencia los impactos de los demás factores estructurales, que tradicionalmente determinan la conflictividad hídrica: socioeconómicos, socioambientales, socioculturales, políticos e institucionales. Dependiendo de la gestión que se aplique, el mismo puede convertirse en una oportunidad para solucionar la conflictividad estructural.

Preparing for a post-Assad Syria: What role for the European Union? CEPS Commentary, 2 August 2012

In this CEPS Commentary, Steven Blockmans notes that a prolonged period of instability lies ahead for Syria, with an on-going risk of spill-over effects affecting the entire region. The author argues that the EU’s plans for a post-Assad Syria should extend beyond the half-hearted responses to the monumental changes that have ripped through other parts of the Arab world. In recognition of the geostrategic shifts in the Middle East and the Gulf, and pursuant to the obligation imposed upon it by the Lisbon Treaty, the EU should plan for the creation of a regional space of shared security. Such a plan would fit well into the current efforts to revamp the European Security Strategy.

Small business collaboration through electronic marketplace

It is widely recognized that small businesses with less than 50 employees make significant contributions to the prosperity of local, regional, and national economies. They are a major source of job creation and a driving force of economic growth for developed countries like the USA (Headd, 2005; SBA, 2005), the UK (Dixon, Thompson, & McAllister, 2002; SBS, 2005), Europe (European Commission, 2003), and developing countries such as China (Bo, 2005). The economic potential is further strengthened when firms collaborate with each other; for example, formation of a supply chain, strategic alliances, or sharing of information and resources (Horvath, 2001; O’Donnell, Cilmore, Cummins, & Carson, 2001; MacGregor, 2004; Todeva & Knoke, 2005). Owing to heterogeneous aspects of small businesses, such as firm size and business sector, a single e-business solution is unlikely to be suitable for all firms (Dixon et al., 2002; Taylor & Murphy, 2004a); however, collaboration requires individual firms to adopt standardized, simplified solutions based on open architectures and data design (Horvath, 2001). The purpose of this article is to propose a conceptual e-business framework and a generic e-catalogue, which enables small businesses to collaborate through the creation of an e-marketplace. To assist with the task, analysis of data from 6,000 small businesses situated within a locality of Greater Manchester, England within the context of an e-business portal is incorporated within this study.

Inheritance, access to resources and poverty in Serer families in Senegal

This research explores the relationship between inheritance, access to resources and the intergenerational transmission of poverty among the Serer ethnic group in rural and urban environments in Senegal. In many Sub-Saharan African countries, customary law excludes women from owning and inheriting assets, such as land and property. Yet, assets controlled by women often result in increased investments in the next generation's health, nutrition and schooling and reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Qualitative research with 60 participants in Senegal reveals the important role that land, housing and financial assets may play in building resilience to household shocks and interrupting the intergenerational transmission of poverty. However, the protection afforded by these assets was often dependent on other factors, including human, social and environmental capital. The death of a spouse or parent had major emotional and material impacts on many Serer families. The inheritance and control of assets and resources was strongly differentiated among family members along lines of gender, age and generation. Younger widows and their children were particularly vulnerable to chronic poverty. Although inheritance disputes were rare, the research suggests they are more likely between co-wives in polygamous unions and their children, particularly in urban areas. In addition to experiencing economic and health-related shocks, many interviewees were exposed to a range of climate-related risks and environmental pressures which increased their vulnerability. Family members coped with these shocks and risks by diversifying livelihoods, migrating to urban areas and other regions for work, participating in women's co-operatives and associations and developing supportive social networks with extended family and community members. Policies and practices that may help to alleviate poverty, safeguard women's and young people's inheritance and build resilience to financial, health-related and environmental shocks and risks include: - Social protection measures targeted towards poor widows and orphaned children, such as social and cash transfers to pay for basic needs including food, healthcare and children's schooling. - Micro-finance initiatives and credit and savings schemes, alongside training and capacity-building targeted to women and young people to develop income-generation activities and skills. - Free legal advice, support and advocacy for women and young people to pursue inheritance claims through the legal system. - Raising awareness about women's and children's legal rights and working with government and community and religious leaders to tackle discriminatory inheritance practices and contradictions caused by legal pluralism. - Increasing women's control of land and access to inputs, enhancing their business, organisational, and leadership skills and promoting civic participation in local, regional and national decision-making processes. - Improving access to basic services in rural areas, particularly healthcare, building the quality of education and promoting girls' access to education - Enhancing agricultural production and providing more employment opportunities, apprenticeships and vocational training for young people, particularly in rural areas.

Seafood safety and quality: an analysis of the supply chain in the Sultanate of Oman

The globalization of trade in fish has created many challenges for the developing world specifically with regard to food safety and quality. International organisations have established a good basis for standards in international trade. Whilst these requirements are frequently embraced by the major importers (such as Japan, the EU and the USA), they often impose additional safety requirements and regularly identify batches which fail to meet their strict standards. Creating an effective national seafood control system which meets both the internal national needs as well the requirements for the export market can be challenging. Many countries adopt a dual system where seafood products for the major export markets are subject to tight control whilst the majority of the products (whether for the local market or for more regional trade) are less tightly controlled. With regional liberalization also occurring, deciding on appropriate controls is complex. In the Sultanate of Oman, fisheries production is one of the countries' chief sources of economic revenue after oil production and is a major source of the national food supply. In this paper the structure of the fish supply chain has been analysed and highlighted the different routes operating for the different markets. Although much of the fish are consumed within Oman, there is a major export trade to the local regional markets. Much smaller quantities meet the more stringent standards imposed by the major importing countries and exports to these are limited. The paper has considered the development of the Omani fish control system including the key legislative documents and the administrative structures that have been developed. Establishing modern controls which satisfy the demands of the major importers is possible but places additional costs on businesses. Enhanced controls such as HACCP and other management standards are required but can be difficult to justify when alternative markets do not specify these. These enhanced controls do however provide additional consumer protection and can bring benefits to local consumers. The Omani government is attempting to upgrade the system of controls and has made tremendous progress toward the implementation of HACCP and introducing enhanced management systems into its industrial sector. The existence of strengthened legislative and government support, including subsidies, has encouraged some businesses to implement HACCP. The current control systems have been reviewed and a SWOT analysis approach used to identify key factors for their future development. The study shows that seafood products in the supply chain are often exposed to lengthy handling and distribution process before reaching the consumers, a typical issue faced by many developing countries. As seafood products are often perishable, they safety is compromised if not adequately controlled. The enforcement of current food safety laws in the Sultanate of Oman is shared across various government agencies. Consequently, there is a need to harmonize all regulatory requirements, enhancing the domestic food protection and to continue to work towards a fully risk-based approach in order to compete successfully in the global market.

Redes sociais e empresas II

Este relatório apresenta uma análise da bibliografia brasileira e da bibliografia internacional (anglo-saxã) sobre redes e empresas com o objetivo de contribuir para o debate teórico e orientar futuras pesquisas empíricas sobre o tema no Brasil, especialmente no campo da teoria das organizações e sociologia econômica. Para tanto, analisamos a bibliografia publicada nos últimos 10 anos (1990 a 2003) que trabalham com a abordagem de redes em três campos específicos: 1) a formação de redes entre empresas e o local onde estão inseridas; 2) o papel das redes na promoção de mudanças organizacionais e inovação; 3) o desenvolvimento de relações de confiança entre empresas e seu impacto na definição de estratégias empresariais.

Modelos de gestão da inovação: um estudo de casos em empresas brasileiras do setor petroquímico

A inovação consiste em desafio premente para inúmeras organizações, de diferentes portes e missões. Dada sua relevância para as organizações públicas e privadas, de portes variados, assim como para as economias locais, regionais, nacionais e internacionais, a gestão da inovação constitui o cerne deste estudo de casos múltiplos. A gestão da inovação e seu alinhamento com a estratégia organizacional pode representar um diferencial competitivo significativo. Através de uma visão sistêmica sobre a gestão da inovação, é possível que as organizações gerem benefícios e externalidades que poderão atender a diversos atores envolvidos e públicos interessados no processo, tais como colaboradores, parceiros de negócios, fornecedores, usuários, clientes e agências do governo. A partir desta perspectiva, a estratégia de inovação é considerada uma abordagem central no que diz respeito à estratégia empresarial. Nossa intenção na realização desta pesquisa é compreender a complexidade e o valor de processos de inovação em organizações e seus efeitos enquanto consequências de estratégias deliberadas e emergentes. Esta pesquisa propõe um modelo referencial a ser utilizado pelos gestores para o mapeamento de processos de variados graus de complexidade, com vistas a prestar suporte na gestão da inovação de produtos, processos e administrativa, de forma estruturada, com especial ênfase ao modelo do funil de inovação e sua interface com tecnologias de informação, assim como em processos organizacionais e interorganizacionais, que podem contemplar parcerias externas em inovação aberta. Foram desenvolvidos três estudos de caso, os quais formam a base deste modelo referencial. Todos os casos abrangem empresas do setor petroquímico brasileiro, sendo um caso de empresa de grande porte, a Braskem S.A., e dois casos de empresas de pequeno porte, respectivamente a Hausthene Poliuretanos Ltda. e a Prorevest Revestimentos de Poliuretanos e Peças Especiais Ltda. O modelo referencial proposto busca identificar as condições necessárias – os determinantes da inovação – que possibilitam a gestão da inovação em produtos, processos e em gestão, e seus possíveis resultados.

A perda de grupos funcionais em comunidades virtuais: efeito das interações entre espécies e grupos funcionais

High levels of local, regional, and global extinctions has progressively simplified communities in terms of both species and ecosystem functioning. Theoretical models demonstrated that the degree of functional redundancy determines the rates of functional group loss in response to species extinctions. Here, we improve the theoretical predictions by incorporating in the model interactions between species and between functional groups. In this study, we tested the effect of different scenarios of interspecific interactions and effects between functional groups on the resistance to loss of community functional groups. Virtual communities have been built with different distribution patterns of species in functional groups, both with high and low evenness. A matrix A was created to represent the net effect of interspecific interactions among all species, representing nesting patterns, modularity, sensitive species, and dominant species. Moreover, a second matrix B was created to represent the interactions between functional groups, also exhibiting different patterns. The extinction probability of each species was calculated based on community species richness and by the intensity of the interspecific interactions that act upon it and group to which it belongs. In the model, successive extinctions decrease the community species richness, the degree of functional redundancy and, consequently, the number of functional groups that remain in the system. For each scenario of functional redundancy, A, and B, we ran 1000 simulations to generate an average functional extinction curve. Different model assumptions were able to generate remarkable variation on functional extinction curves. More extreme variations occurred when the matrix A and B caused a higher heterogeneity in the species extinction probability. Scenarios with sensitive species, positive or negative, showed a greater variation than the scenarios with dominant species. Nested interactions showed greater variation than scenarios where the interactions were in modules. Communities with maximal functional evenness can only be destabilized by the interactions between species and functional groups. In contrast, communities with low functional evenness can have its resistance either increased or decreased by the interactions. The concentration of positive interactions in low redundancy groups or negative interactions in high redundancy groups was able to decrease the functional extinction rates. In contrast, the concentration of negative interactions in low redundancy groups or positive interactions in high redundancy groups was able to increase the functional extinction rates. This model shows results that are relevant for species priorization in ecosystem conservation and restoration

Saberes e práticas etnomatemáticas na carcinicultura: o caso da Vila de Rego Moleiro-RN

This study addresses issues related to the mathematical knowledge and practices of the workers of carcinoculture (shrimp farming), associating such knowledge and practices to the conceptual aspects and the academic mathematical language. Our central aim was to investigate and discuss such knowledge and practices in order to contribute towards having the members of this group reflect upon their own working practices. The investigation took as reference the ethnographic research approach during observations and interviews, as well as the analysis and interpretation of the existing cultural aspects on the use of Mathematics in the shrimp farmers daily activities, thus composing the four chapters of this dissertation. Initially, the local-regional context was set in the area where the workers of the shrimp farm reside, also describing our methodological options. After that, the kind of work that was carried out is explained through a brief history of the shrimp-farming activity, including a short discussion on the environmental impacts that result as a consequence of shrimp-farming. We then discuss some theoretical and practical aspects of the Ethnomathematics while field of study and research. At that moment, we make a reflection upon the different kinds of Mathematics, especially stressing the kind of Mathematics being taught in Schools and that being put to practice by identifiable cultural groups. With that in mind, we show the investigated knowledge and practices e some possible systematizations accomplished during the study. In the end, we point out some conclusive propositions based on the implications of our study towards the development of an educational process within the local communities, considering a possible use of the results and conclusions of this study in the classroom activities