The Experimental and Numerical Studies on Gas Production from Hydrate Reservoir by Depressurization

A set of experimental system to study hydrate dissociation in porous media is built and some experiments on hydrate dissociation by depressurization are carried out. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the hydrate dissociation by depressurization in hydrate-bearing porous media. The model can be used to analyze the effects of the flow of multiphase fluids, the kinetic process and endothermic process of hydrate dissociation, ice-water phase equilibrium, the variation of permeability, convection and conduction on the hydrate dissociation, and gas and water productions. The numerical results agree well with the experimental results, which validate our mathematical model. For a 3-D hydrate reservoir of Class 3, the evolutions of pressure, temperature, and saturations are elucidated and the effects of some main parameters on gas and water rates are analyzed. Numerical results show that gas can be produced effectively from hydrate reservoir in the first stage of depressurization. Then, methods such as thermal stimulation or inhibitor injection should be considered due to the energy deficiency of formation energy. The numerical results for 3-D hydrate reservoir of Class 1 show that the overlying gas hydrate zone can apparently enhance gas rate and prolong life span of gas reservoir.

Estimation de la production zooplanctonique sur le plateau continental ivoirien

An attempt was made to calculate zooplankton production from weights and settled volumes and from the life cycle of some copepods. Biomass data were recorded during several years from 24 monthly cruises and from a coastal station sampled biweekly. Dry weight data were directly measured or were calculated from the settled volumes using a linear regression. They range, on an average, from 0.965 to 5.56 g m-2 day-1 from the shore line to the edge of the continental shelf. The mean life-span of the cohorts of 12 species of copepods is about 20 days. It is assumed that only 1 spawn occurs per generation-time and that the standing stock is turned-over during the life span of a cohort. The production ranges from 48.2 to 278 mg dry weight m-2 day-1 or 17.9 to 103 mg C m-2 day-1, according to the depth of the studied areas. One third of carnivorous production occurs among the copepods. So, it is assumed that the herbivorous and omnivorous production is about 2/3 of the total zooplanktonic production. This would be a more accurate estimate of secondary production. The standing stock of zooplankton and fishes are in the same order of magnitude; the ratio zooplanktonic production/total fishery is 0.8%.

Simulation of Tail Weight Distributions in Biological Year 1986–2006 Landings of Brown Shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, from the Northern Gulf of Mexico Fishery

Size distribution within re- ported landings is an important aspect of northern Gulf of Mexico penaeid shrimp stock assessments. It reflects shrimp population characteristics such as numerical abundance of various sizes, age structure, and vital rates (e.g. recruitment, growth, and mortality), as well as effects of fishing, fishing power, fishing practices, sampling, size-grading, etc. The usual measure of shrimp size in archived landings data is count (C) the number of shrimp tails (abdomen or edible portion) per pound (0.4536 kg). Shrimp are marketed and landings reported in pounds within tail count categories. Statistically, these count categories are count class intervals or bins with upper and lower limits expressed in C. Count categories vary in width, overlap, and frequency of occurrence within the landings. The upper and lower limits of most count class intervals can be transformed to lower and upper limits (respectively) of class intervals expressed in pounds per shrimp tail, w, the reciprocal of C (i.e. w = 1/C). Age based stock assessments have relied on various algorithms to estimate numbers of shrimp from pounds landed within count categories. These algorithms required un- derlying explicit or implicit assumptions about the distribution of C or w. However, no attempts were made to assess the actual distribution of C or w. Therefore, validity of the algorithms and assumptions could not be determined. When different algorithms were applied to landings within the same size categories, they produced different estimates of numbers of shrimp. This paper demonstrates a method of simulating the distribution of w in reported biological year landings of shrimp. We used, as examples, landings of brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, from the northern Gulf of Mexico fishery in biological years 1986–2006. Brown shrimp biological year, Ti, is defined as beginning on 1 May of the same calendar year as Ti and ending on 30 April of the next calendar year, where subscript i is the place marker for biological year. Biological year landings encompass most if not all of the brown shrimp life cycle and life span. Simulated distributions of w reflect all factors influencing sizes of brown shrimp in the landings within a given biological year. Our method does not require a priori assumptions about the parent distributions of w or C, and it takes into account the variability in width, overlap, and frequency of occurrence of count categories within the landings. Simulated biological year distributions of w can be transformed to equivalent distributions of C. Our method may be useful in future testing of previously applied algorithms and development of new estimators based on statistical estimation theory and the underlying distribution of w or C. We also examine some applications of biological year distributions of w, and additional variables derived from them.

Conservação de energia em redes de sensores sem fio.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo propor algoritmos para conservação de energia de uma rede de sensores sem fio (RSSF) aplicada ao monitoramento de um processo suave f(x , y, t), que depende das coordenadas x e y dos nós sensores, e do tempo t, de forma a aumentar a autonomia da rede. Os algoritmos rodam na camada de aplicação de cada nó, e visam a economia de energia dos nós através do gerenciamento da necessidade de transmissões. Após a primeira amostra transmitida, apenas amostras com uma variação percentual maior do que um dado limiar são transmitidas. Além disso, cada nó pode permanecer inativo (economizando energia) entre essas transmissões. Em RSSfs de salto único, são propostos dois algoritmos: um baseado na fonte, onde cada nó é responsável por todo o processamento e tomada de decisões, e outro baseado no sorvedouro, onde todo o processamento e a tomada de decisões são realizadas pelo sorvedouro. Além disso, uma extensão de algoritmo baseado na fonte é proposta, para RSSFs de múltiplos saltos. Através dos resultados obtidos, observa-se que os algoritmos conseguiram uma redução significativa da quantidade de transmissões, o que leva a um aumento do tempo de vida e o erro na reconstrução do processo é apresentada. Desta forma, pode-se conjugar a relação entre tempo de vida máximo e erro de reconstrução mínimo.

Dinâmica populacional e caracterização conquiliomorfológica de Diplodon ellipticus Spix in Wagner, 1827 (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Hyriidae) da lagoa dos Caiçaras (Piraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)

No presente estudo monitoramos uma população de Diplodon ellipticus Spix in Wagner, 1827 da lagoa dos Caiçaras, Piraí, Rio de Janeiro, e avaliamos alguns aspectos conquiliomorfológicos da larva e do adulto, a relação peso-comprimento, os padrões populacionais tais como crescimento, mortalidade e expectativa de vida, e o ciclo larval. Amostragens mensais foram realizadas de novembro/2012 a novembro/2013 em três pontos da lagoa. Em cada ponto, definimos uma area de 15 m2, que foi subdividida em 15 quadrados de 1m2 cada. Os bivalves foram procurados por três coletores, usando mãos e pés, totalizando 45 minutos de coleta/área. Posteriormente, foram medidos com um paquímetro em relação ao comprimento total, marcados e devolvidos a lagoa. Quinze bivalves foram coletados e analisados em laboratório durante dois anos. Os fatores abióticos (condutividade, temperatura da água, temperatura do ambiente, umidade, pH e oxigênio dissolvido) foram mensurados e amostragens do sedimento e da água foram realizados em cada ponto. Os indivíduos foram agrupados em classes de comprimento com intervalo de 2,0 mm para análise da estrutura de comprimento da população. Os parâmetros de curva de crescimento foram estimados pela rotina ELEFAN (distribuição de frequência) e pelo método de Gulland-Holt (marcação e recaptura), ambos no programa FISAT. A mortalidade foi calculada pelo método da curva de captura convertida em comprimento e a expectativa de vida foi calculada pela equação invertida de von Bertalanffy. Ao todo, 3474 bivalves foram marcados e 1849 recapturados, alguns deles mais de uma vez. O menor bivalve recapturado mediu 23,58 mm e foi recapturado 127 dias depois com 25,50 mm e o maior bivalve recapturado mediu 62,14 mm e foi recapturado 31 dias depois com 62,20 mm. Pelo método indireto analizamos 6922 bivalves com comprimentos variando de 11,37 a 62,49 mm. A maior frequência de comprimento foi encontrada em tamanhos intermediários de 44-46 mm, como foi observado em outras populações de Diplodon. A análise do crescimento, mortalidade e expectativa de vida foram similares em ambos os métodos, por isso, utilizamos em conjunto para ajustar a curva de crescimento da população. A relação peso-comprimento foi alta (r = 0,7-0,8). A avaliação do ciclo reprodutivo indica uma continuidade no desenvolvimento larval ao longo dos meses, à exceção de janeiro/2014. Contabilizamos um total de 54.617 gloquídios, havendo mais indivíduos grávidos com gloquídios (n=5) nos meses de julho e setembro de 2014. Padrão similar foi encontrado em outras espécies de bivalves de água doce, inclusive em Diplodon ellipticus no estado do Paraná. Os gloquídios maduros foram encontrados em amplitudes de temperaturas de 20,1-25,27C e acreditamos que a temperatura pode influenciar na liberação dos mesmos. Os bivalves com o maior e o menor número de gloquídios foram encontrados em novembro/2013 (n= 4759) e setembro/2014 (n= 212), respectivamente. A correlação entre o comprimento do marsúpio e o tamanho da ninhada foi testada pela primeira vez nesse gênero e foi significativa (r= 0,303 , p<0,05). As informações deste estudo são relevantes ao conhecimento da espécie e às futuras ações de gestão que tenham como objetivo preservar as espécies de Diplodon

Estudo de aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e imunológicos da hanseníase em município hiperendêmico

A epidemiologia da hanseníase tem demonstrado a utilização de ferramentas clínicas, moleculares e imunológicas, para o mapeamento dos principais focos de ocorrência da doenças e de áreas de alto risco de adoecimento. Programas de controle da hanseníase, doença de longo período de incubação, em que os contatos são os principais grupos de risco, devem estabelecer todos os procedimentos disponíveis para o controle desse agravo. Objetiva-se estudar aspectos epidemiológicos clínicos e imunológicos da hanseníase em município hiperendêmico do Maranhão. Estudo de epidemiológico descritivo, realizado com 599 contatos, entre outubro de 2009 a outubro de 2011, no Serviço de Dermatologia no ambulatório do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão unidade Presidente Dutra São Luís - MA. Foi observado que a maioria dos contatos foi do gênero feminino com 57,17%, a faixa etária predominante acima de 15 anos, ou seja, (64,59%) com maior frequência na faixa de 20 a 59 anos, idade adulta e produtiva e o tipo de convívio predominante é o intradomiciliar com 74,95%, a forma clínica foi HT (30,00%), a classificação operacional mais frequente foi a MB com 61,90% do gênero feminino; a maioria apresentou somente uma cicatriz vacinal pela BCG, destacou-se o gênero masculino com 63,00%. O teste Elisa apresentou percentual de 63,50% e o ML-Flow 64,00%. Considerando o resultado dos testes Elisa e ML-FLOW sugere-se a utilização das técnicas imunológicas como ferramentas necessárias para o diagnóstico precoce, controle e vigilância dos contatos como forma de interromper a cadeia de transmissão da hanseníase na cidade pesquisada.

The larval stages of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora hirundoides (Nordquist)

Most Copepoda pass through, first, a series of nauplius stages, and then through a series of copepodid stages (or cyclops stages), in which the general form of the adult is assumed. ... In the first place, the differentiation between the larvae of the various copepod species to be found in the plankton, both marine and fresh water, greatly augments the value and accuracy of quantitative and qualitative plankton analyses, because many species spend a large portion of their life span in an immature condition. In the second place, the taxonomy of the Copepoda is admittedly not completely satisfactory ...

Effects of density-dependence and sea surface temperature on interannual variation in length-at-age of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Kuroshio-Oyashio area during 1970–1997

Annual mean fork length (FL) of the Pacific stock of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) was examined for the period of 1970–97. Fork length at age 0 (6 months old) was negatively correlated with year-class strength which fluctuated between 0.2 and 14 billion in number for age-0 fish. Total stock biomass was correlated with FL at age but was not a significant factor. Sea surface temperature (SST) between 38–40°N and 141–143°E during April–June was also negatively correlated with FL at age 0. A modified von Bertalanffy growth model that incorporated the effects of population density and SST on growth was well fitted to the observed FL at ages. The relative FL at age 0 for any given year class was maintained throughout the life span. The variability in size at age in the Pacific stock of chub mackerel is largely attributable to growth during the first six months after hatching.

Does the California market squid (Loligo opalescens) spawn naturally during the day or at night? A note on the successful use of ROVs to obtain basic fisheries biology data

The California market squid (Loligo opalescens Berry), also known as the opalescent inshore squid (FAO), plays a central role in the nearshore ecological communities of the west coast of the United States (Morejohn et al., 1978; Hixon, 1983) and it is also a prime focus of California fisheries, ranking first in dollar value and tons landed in recent years (Vojkovich, 1998). The life span of this species is only 7−10 months after hatching, as ascertained by aging statoliths (Butler et al., 1999; Jackson, 1994; Jackson and Domier, 2003) and mariculture trials (Yang, et al., 1986). Thus, annual recruitment is required to sustain the population. The spawning season ranges from April to November and spawning peaks from May to June. In some years there can be a smaller second peak in November. In Monterey Bay, the squids are fished directly on the egg beds, and the consequences of this practice for conservation and fisheries management are unknown but of some concern (Hanlon, 1998). Beginning in April 2000, we began a study of the in situ spawning behavior of L. opalescens in the southern Monterey Bay fishing area.

Age and growth of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic Ocean

Age and growth estimates for the blue shark (Prionace glauca) were derived from 411 vertebral centra and 43 tag-recaptured blue sharks collected in the North Atlantic, ranging in length from 49 to 312 cm fork length (FL). The vertebrae of two oxytetracycline-injected recaptured blue sharks support an annual spring deposition of growth bands in the vertebrae in sharks up to 192 cm FL. Males and females were aged to 16 and 15 years, respectively, and full maturity is attained by 5 years of age in both sexes. Both sexes grew similarly to age seven, when growth rates decreased in males and remained constant in females. Growth rates from tag-recaptured individuals agreed with those derived from vertebral annuli for smaller sharks but appeared overestimated for larger sharks. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L∞ = 282 cm FL, K = 0.18, and t0 = –1.35 for males, and L∞ = 310 cm FL, K = 0.13, and t0 = −1.77 for females. The species grows faster and has a shorter life span than previously reported for these waters.

Length frequency and growth studies on Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker) off Bombay coast

Specimens randomly collected from Sassoon Docks, Bombay, India, at monthly intervals during 1979 to 1981 were considered for age/growth studies. Cynoglossus macrolepidotus, the fish, attained a length of 202 mm at 1 year, 250 mm at 1 1/2 year and 272 mm at 21 months respectively; the maximum length of the fish could be 353 mm and the life span could be 7 years. The scale ring studies showed presence of only 0 to 3+ rings. Majority of the fishes were of 1 and 1+ year class.

Culture of Moina micrura on various organic waste products

Moina micrura, a cladoceran species, is considered to be one of the best live food organisms for rearing the young larval stages of fish and prawn. Considering the importance of this species in hatchery operations the present study was undertaken to record its fecundity and life span and to culture it using different locally available organic waste products. In indoor culture, a maximum production of 2600 ind/1 and a minimum of 1050 ind/1 were obtained when treated with gram + maize oilcake and "till" oilcake respectively. In outdoor culture, a highest production of 6000 ind/1 was achieved with "Alsi" and "till" oilcakes and a lowest density of 1050 ind/1 with coconut oilcake and raw cattle dung was obtained with an inoculation rate of 5 ind/1.

Reproductive biology of Parapenaeopsis stylifera

Controversy exists regarding the incidence and reproductive habits of Parapenaeopsis stylifera along the coast of Kerala, India. Results are reported of a detailed study on the different aspects of the reproductive biology based on the trawl catches landed at Neendakara Coast for a period of one year. This species breeds throughout the year with peak breeding activity in May and November. The monsoon catches consist of juveniles. Life span of the species is 2.5 years and total length at first maturity is 75 mm. Measures for the effective management of the species in the area are discussed.

Breeding, age and growth of the freshwater shark Wallago attu (Bloch and Schneider) from the Dhir Beel of the Brahmaputra Basin, Assam, India

The Dhir Beel, one of the major live beels of the Brahmaputra Basin, Assam, has an area of 689 ha and situated in Dhubri district of Assam. The dominance of freshwater shark, Wallago attu (8.10%) in the beel is a striking feature. Restricted breeding of W. attu once a year from June to September was observed. The mean observed length was 37.5, 65.0, 84.5 and 99.0 cm in the 6th, 12th, 18th and 24th months of age respectively. The length growth coefficient (K), the asymptotic length (L infinity ), and the arbitrary origin of the growth curve (t omicron ), for W. attu were estimated to be 0.054484 per month, 136.16 cm and 0.0355 month respectively. The calculated life span (T infinity ) of the fish is 123.86 months (about 10 years). The weight growth parameters were estimated where the monthly growth coefficient (K), the asymptotic weight (W infinity) and the arbitrary origin of the growth curve (t omicron) were found to be 0.0743 per month, 7636.92 gram and 0.431908 month respectively. The length-weight relationship follows the cube law.

Population dynamics of a cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia magna, in two poultry-cum-fish (duck-fish and chicken-fish) integrated ponds

The population dynamics of Daphnia magna was studied in two integrated fish-cum-poultry ponds (duck-fish and chicken-fish). The seasonal changes in the population of D. magna were recorded. Peak population of the zooplankter was recorded in the month of January in both ponds. The birth rate (b), growth rate (r) and death rate {d) of D. magna were studied in field as well as in the laboratory. Three temperatures and three different food concentrations were selected for laboratory study. The maximum values of (b) and (r) were recorded during December-January in field. Under laboratory conditions, highest birth and death rate occurred at lowest temperature (15 °C). Both food and temperature were found to affect the population dynamics of the species; longest life span and maximum population were recorded at lowest temperature and maximum food concentration.