Um novo sistema de refrigeração com controle de temperatura, compressor aberto, máquina de indução trifásica com velocidade variável e correção ativa do fator de potência do estágio de entrada

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação energética e econômica da substituição de tubetes de plástico por tubetes biodegradáveis na produção de mudas de aroeira - Schinus terebinthifokius Raddi

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Pré-regulador retificador entrelaçado (Interleaved) ZCS-FM boost, com controle digital através de dispositivo FPGA e linguagem VHDL

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo de tempos e temperaturas de sinterização na obtenção da liga NiTi por metalurgia do pó

The nickel-titanium alloys are very attractive and so it is widely used in industry, engineering applications in general and also in biomedical and dental applications. Besides showing the shape of memory effect, biocompatibility and superelastic, the alloy commercially known as Nitinol, has excellent mechanical properties. Most devices used in Brazil have been produced nationally, but using imported material is also necessary, which shows the need of produce the alloy nationally. In this study we have investigated the influence of sintering temperatures and times to obtain nickel-titanium alloys by powder metallurgy alloys and the characterization of the precipitated intermetallic phases by using the post-mix of elemental nickel and titanium in proportion of 49.5% Ti - 50.5% Ni. The samples were sintered at 930ºC for periods of 30, 40 and 50 hours and were characterized by optical microscopy using metallography and x-ray diffraction. The results of the study show that the 50 hours sintering time was the most suitable time for obtaining the alloy, observing a low volume of precipitated intermetallic phases and absence of Ni and Ti residuals

O PRONAF nos municípios de Caiuá e Teodoro Sampaio - SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Compostagem de resíduo sólido de abatedouro avícola

The great demand for animal protein was responsible for the increase on the broilers production and hence, the generation of waste from the poultry slaughter was increased as well, which in turn, propelled the development of techniques that allow the reuse and recycling of these wastes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of composting on the treatment and recycling of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse. The solid waste was from a commercial poultry slaughterhouse and was composed of viscera, muscle, fat, bone, blood and feathers that was mixed with a source of carbon, rice husk. Initially, a windrow with a volume of 1.5m(3) was built, and then some parameters were monitored: temperature, total solids (TS), volatile (VS), N, P, K, organic carbon (C), composting organic matter (COC), organic matter resistant to composting (MORC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), mass and volume of the windrow, most probable number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms, as well as their reductions during the process. The maximum temperature reached in the center of the windrow was 53.3 degrees C (weekly average) since reductions of weight of TS and VS and volume during the pre-composting were 36.1, 44.3 and 23.3%, respectively and during the composting process was 21.8, 23.8 and 4.4%. The low volume reduction can be associated with high concentrations of MORC (40.1%) which can be mainly related to the quality of the carbon source. The process produced satisfactory total reductions of TS, VS and volume that were respectively, 50.1, 57.5 and 26.7%. However reductions were observed in 43% of amount of nitrogen in the final compound. Despite reductions in nitrogen content, composting proved to be an effective method in the treatment of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse.

Porous silica matrix obtained from pyrex class by hydrothermal treatment: Characterization and nature of the porosity

A novel porous silica matrix has been prepared from Pyrex glass, using hydrothermal treatment under saturated-steam condition. This process makes it possible to obtain, in one step, a silica support formed of a homogeneously distributed and interconnected macropore microstructure. The new matrix contains silanol groups that can be used in reactions of surface modification to provide a hybrid material and a selective macrofiltration membrane, and also it can improve chemical inertness. The porous matrix is noncrystalline as obtained and, after thermal treatment at temperatures higher than 950degreesC, exhibits an X-ray pattern characteristic of alpha-cristobalite and low volume contraction. The present samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, atomic absorption, and high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The results present a new way of producing a macroporous silica matrix.

Poluentes orgânicos persistentes em ar interior: desenvolvimento de método de extração em adsorvente para amostragem ativa

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances extraordinarily toxic and persistent in the environment. Due to these properties, POPs are targets of the Stockholm Convention which aims to provide means to eliminate production and use by encouraging the reduction and, where possible, eliminating the release of these contaminants to the environment. One of the articles of this _Convention aims to assess the basal levels of such substances in the environment to monitor both the reduction of release to the environment, and to assess human exposure, using analyzes of milk and air for example. Although efforts to control POPs production and release to the environment have been made, data about their levels in Brazil are still scarce, mainly in the atmosphere or indoor environment. Considering the permanence of people inside its house, this study presents a method for POP extraction from XAD-2 sorbent employed in indoor air sampling, with identification and quantification by GC-ECD. GC-ECD linear range of the studied analytes, congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180), DDTs and their metabolites (DDDs, DDEs) and endosullan (isomers c - and 13 - and metabolite endosulfan sulfate) ranged between 0.5 and 16.0 ng mL-I with r2 > 0.967. The method developing consist of selecting the extraction solvent system by agitation (90 rpm, 1 hour) with n-hexan,e (2 mL) or n-hexane:acetone (1:1, v/v) (2 mL), concentration the extract with a gentle N2 stream, and evaluation of breakthrough with passage or air through the fortified XAD-2 cartridge before extraction, employing a low volume air suction pump (Pump Model 224 universal-PCXR8; 5-5000 mL min-1, SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA, USA), Calibrator Dry-Cal DC-Lite (BIOS, Butler, NJ, USA)). Two fortification levels were employed, 15 and 30 ng. After selecting n-hexane as extraction solvent, with accuracy and precision ranging...

Integração de dados geofísicos e geológicos na caracterização morfológica de ocorrência de cobre na borda norte da Bacia do Camaquã (RS)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling

In recent years, layered manufacturing (LM) processes have begun to progress from rapid prototyping techniques towards rapid manufacturing methods, where the objective is now to produce finished components for potential end use in a product (Caulfield et al., 2007). LM is especially promising for the fabrication of specific need, low volume products such as replacement parts for larger systems. This trend accentuates the need for a thorough understanding of the associated mechanical properties and the resulting behavior of parts produced by layered methods. Not only must the base material be durable, but the mechanical properties of the layered components must be sufficient to meet in-service loading and operational requirements, and be reasonably comparable to parts produced by more traditional manufacturing techniques. This chapter presents the details of a study completed to quantitatively analyze the potential of fused deposition modelling to fully evolve into a rapid manufacturing tool. The project objective is to develop an understanding of the dependence of the mechanical properties of FDM parts on raster orientation and to assess whether these parts are capable of maintaining their integrity while under service loading. The study examines the effect of fiber orientation, i.e. the direction of the polymer beads relative to the loading direction of the part, on a variety of important mechanical properties of ABS components fabricated by fused deposition modeling. Tensile, compressive, flexural, impact, and fatigue strength properties of FDM specimens are examined, evaluated, and placed in context in comparison with the properties of injection molded ABS parts.

Continuous, Passive Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Emulsion Separation Within Microfluidic and Millifluidic Devices

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a method used to separate compounds based on their relative activity in two immiscible phases. By significantly reducing the scale of liquid-liquid extraction to the micro- and milli-fluidic levels, this separation process can bemade suitable for low volume, high value materials.

Efficient Liquid Liquid Extraction By Emulsion Formation and Separation in Robust Milli-Fluidic Devices

Conventional liquid liquid extraction (LLE) methods require large volumes of fluids to achieve the desired mass transfer of a solute, which is unsuitable for systems dealing with a low volume or high value product. An alternative to these methods is to scale down the process. Millifluidic devices share many of the benefits of microfluidic systems, including low fluid volumes, increased interfacial area-to-volume ratio, and predictability. A robust millifluidic device was created from acrylic, glass, and aluminum. The channel is lined with a hydrogel cured in the bottom half of the device channel. This hydrogel stabilizes co-current laminar flow of immiscible organic and aqueous phases. Mass transfer of the solute occurs across the interface of these contacting phases. Using a y-junction, an aqueous emulsion is created in an organic phase. The emulsion travels through a length of tubing and then enters the co-current laminar flow device, where the emulsion is broken and each phase can be collected separately. The inclusion of this emulsion formation and separation increases the contact area between the organic and aqueous phases, therefore increasing the area over which mass transfer can occur. Using this design, 95% extraction efficiency was obtained, where 100% is represented by equilibrium. By continuing to explore this LLE process, the process can be optimized and with better understanding may be more accurately modeled. This system has the potential to scale up to the industrial level and provide the efficient extraction required with low fluid volumes and a well-behaved system.

Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine administration during isoflurane anaesthesia in Shetland ponies

BACKGROUND: The arterial pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine enantiomers after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine i.v. administration were evaluated in seven gelding ponies in a crossover study (2-month interval). METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen via a face-mask and then maintained at each pony's individual MAC. Racemic ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1)) or S-ketamine (1.1 mg kg(-1)) was injected in the right jugular vein. Blood samples were collected from the right carotid artery before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 min after ketamine administration. Ketamine and norketamine enantiomer plasma concentrations were determined by capillary electrophoresis. Individual R-ketamine and S-ketamine concentration vs time curves were analysed by non-linear least square regression two-compartment model analysis using PCNonlin. Plasma disposition curves for R-norketamine and S-norketamine were described by estimating AUC, C(max), and T(max). Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (R(f)), tidal volume (V(T)), minute volume ventilation (V(E)), end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PE'(CO(2))), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters of S- and R-ketamine administered in the racemic mixture or S-ketamine administered separately did not differ significantly. Statistically significant higher AUC and C(max) were found for S-norketamine compared with R-norketamine in the racemic group. Overall, R(f), V(E), PE'(CO(2)), and MAP were significantly higher in the racemic group, whereas PR was higher in the S-ketamine group. CONCLUSIONS: Norketamine enantiomers showed different pharmacokinetic profiles after single i.v. administration of racemic ketamine in ponies anaesthetised with isoflurane in oxygen (1 MAC). Cardiopulmonary variables require further investigation.

Air pollution during pregnancy and lung function in newborns: a birth cohort study

Post-natal exposure to air pollution is associated with diminished lung growth during school age. The current authors aimed to determine whether pre-natal exposure to air pollution is associated with lung function changes in the newborn. In a prospective birth cohort of 241 healthy term-born neonates, tidal breathing, lung volume, ventilation inhomogeneity and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) were measured during unsedated sleep at age 5 weeks. Maternal exposure to particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm (PM(10)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ozone (O(3)), and distance to major roads were estimated during pregnancy. The association between these exposures and lung function was assessed using linear regression. Minute ventilation was higher in infants with higher pre-natal PM(10) exposure (24.9 mL x min(-1) per microg x m(-3) PM(10)). The eNO was increased in infants with higher pre-natal NO(2) exposure (0.98 ppb per microg x m(-3) NO(2)). Post-natal exposure to air pollution did not modify these findings. No association was found for pre-natal exposure to O(3) and lung function parameters. The present results suggest that pre-natal exposure to air pollution might be associated with higher respiratory need and airway inflammation in newborns. Such alterations during early lung development may be important regarding long-term respiratory morbidity.

The role of lymphadenectomy in high risk prostate cancer

Historically, patients with high risk prostate cancer were considered poor candidates for radical prostatectomy (RP) due to the likelihood of positive pelvic lymph nodes and decreased long term survival. Although there is still no consensus on the optimal therapy for this group of patients, there is increasing evidence that surgery could play a role. Cancer specific survival (CSS) rates after RP for locally advanced disease at 10 year follow up range from 29 to 72%, depending on tumor differentiation. The role of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in prostate cancer remains a controversial topic. Nonetheless, in conjunction with RRP extended PLND (ePLND) should be performed as extended lymph node dissection in lieu of standard PLND may increase staging accuracy, influence decision making with respect to adjuvant therapy and possibly impact outcome. High risk patients with organ confined prostate cancer and low volume (micro)metastatic disease may be the ones to profit most from this approach.