New insights on diabetes and bone metabolism

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disease worldwide whose prevalence has increased during the last decades. Besides its more commonly recognized complications, such as macrovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, diabetes related bone disease has gained growing attention. Diabetic patients are more prone to fracture than the general population as well as to low turnover bone disease in the chronic kidney disease setting. In this review, we discuss the relationship between diabetes and bone as well as the pathogenesis of bone fragility in T2D.

Prevalencia de insuficiencia renal crónica en niños con displasia renal multiquística, Fundación Cardioinfantil de Bogotá

Introducción: La displasia renal multiquistica es una variante de displasia renal, anomalía congénita frecuente del tracto urinario, con una prevalencia del 2.9 - 50 % de insuficiencia renal crónica; frecuentemente asociada a otras malformaciones urinarias, sin datos en bogotá sobre prevalencia y comportamiento clínico. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de insuficiencia renal crónica en niños con displasia renal multiquistica valorados en consulta de nefrología en Fundación Cardioinfantil, instituto de cardiología de Bogotá. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal, en niños con displasia renal multiquistica, confirmado por ecografía, valorados en consulta de Nefrología Pediátrica en los últimos diez años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables, cálculos de prevalencia de Insuficiencia renal crónica. Resultados: Se revisó información de 70 pacientes, encontrando una prevalencia de IRC de 22.85% (IC 95 % 13.0 %-35.1 %); mayor frecuencia mujeres 12.85 %; 14.28% con otras malformaciones renales; 5.71 % en involución parcial, 4.28% en pacientes con involución completa del tamaño del riñón displásico. Se encontró 31.4% proteinuria; 22.8 % hiperfiltración; 4.28% hipertrofia compensadora del riñón sano; 24.2% involución parcial, 31.4 % involución completa del tamaño renal; frecuencia de HTA de 7,1% (IC95% 1%-9%). El 87.14% tuvo diagnóstico prenatal (IC 95% 81.0%-96.0%). Discusión: La prevalencia se encuentra dentro de los rangos de la literatura mundial, mayor a la colombiana y suramericana, predominando en pacientes con otras malformaciones renales asociadas, con mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, que requiere estudios multicéntricos para determinar causalidad o presencia de otros factores.

Seguretat clínica: La percepció del risc assistencial pels malalts amb insuficiència renal crònica progressiva

La seguretat del pacient es considera una prioritat en l’assistència sanitària, activitat cada cop més complexa que comporta riscos potencials i en la que no existeix un sistema capaç de garantir l’absència d’efectes adversos, ja que es tracta d’una activitat en la que es combinen factors inherents al sistema com actuacions humanes (8). Els objectius específics s’han dividit en tres apartats segons les variables relacionades amb: la consulta de diàlisi; la satisfacció dels malalts amb el tracte, comunicació i informació rebuda per part dels professionals de la salut que atenen als malalts a la consulta; i amb els errors comesos per part dels professionals metges i infermers : Les dones se senten més satisfetes amb el tracte rebut per la infermera que els homes. Les expectatives dels participants respecte al que esperaven de la consulta superen l’esperada. Els professionals que treballen a la consulta pre diàlisi són persones sensibles respecte a la intimitat. La consulta de nefrologia aporta confiança, seguretat i satisfacció al pacient. Els malalts que no han patit l’experiència d’efectes indesitjables per l’assistència i per la mediació mostren més satisfacció en el tracte infermer que els que l’han patit. Aquesta relació no s’observa en la satisfacció amb el tracte mèdic.: Les dones se senten més satisfetes amb el tracte rebut per la infermera que els homes. Les expectatives dels participants respecte al que esperaven de la consulta superen l’esperada. Els professionals que treballen a la consulta pre diàlisi són persones sensibles respecte a la intimitat. La consulta de nefrologia aporta confiança, seguretat i satisfacció al pacient. Els malalts que no han patit l’experiència d’efectes indesitjables per l’assistència i per la mediació mostren més satisfacció en el tracte infermer que els que l’han patit. Aquesta relació no s’observa en la satisfacció amb el tracte mèdic

Acurácia dos indicadores clínicos do diagnóstico de enfermagem volume de líquidos excessivo em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

Trasnversal study, with the objective of evaluating the accuracy of clinical indicators of nursing diagnosis excessive fluid volume in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study occurred in two stages, the first consisted of the evaluation of the diagnostic indicators in study; and the second, the diagnostic inference conducted by nurse diagnosticians. The first stage occurred from december 2012 to april 2013, in a University Hospital and a Hemodialysis Clinic in Northeastern of Brazil, with a sample of 100 chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis. The data were selected through an interview form and a physical examination, organized into spreadsheets and analyzed as to the presence or absence of the indicators of diagnosis excessive fluid volume. In the second step, the spreadsheets were sent to three nurses diagnosticians, who judged the presence or absence of diagnosis in the clientele searched. This step was conducted from july to september 2013. For analysis of the data, we used descriptive and inferential statistics. In the descriptive analysis, we used measures of central tendency and dispersion. In inferential analysis, we used the tests Chi- square, Fisher and prevalence ratios. The accuracy of the clinical indicators pertaining to the diagnosis were measured as to the specificity, sensitivity, predictive values, likelihood ratios and Diagnostic Odds Ratio. Also developed a logistic regression. The results were organized in tables and discussed with literature. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, with Presentation Certificate for Ethics Appreciation nº 08696212.7.0000.5537. The results revealed that the diagnosis studied was present in 82% of patients. The characteristics with prevalence above 50 % that stood out were: azotemia, decreased hematocrit, electrolyte imbalance, intake exceeds output, anxiety, edema, decreased hemoglobin, oliguria and blood pressure changes. Eight defining characteristics were presented statistically significant association with the nursing diagnosis investigated: pulmonary congestion, intake exceeds output, electrolytes imbalance, jugular vein distension, edema, weight gain over short period of time, agitation and adventitious breath sounds. Among these, the 10 characteristics which showed higher prevalence ratios were: edema and weight gain over short period of time. The features with the highest sensitivity were edema, electrolytes imbalance and intake exceeds output and the standing out with greater specificity were: anasarca, weight gain over short period of time, change in respiratory pattern, adventitious breath sounds, pulmonary congestion, agitation and jugular vein distension. The indicators jugular vein distension, electrolytes imbalance, intake exceeds output, increased central venous pressure and edema, together, were identified in the logistic regression model as the most significant predictors. It is concluded that the identification of accurate clinical indicators allow a good prediction of the nursing diagnosis of excessive fluid volume in patients undergoing hemodialysis in order to assist the nurse in the inference process, which will contribute to the success of patient care. In addition, nurses will consider for diagnostic inference not only his clinical experience, but also scientific evidence of the occurrence of excessive fluid volume, contributing to the control of volemia in these patients

Tratamento da doença arterial coronariana em renais crônicos em diálise do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP

FUNDAMENTO: O tratamento intervencionista da insuficiência coronariana é subempregado nos pacientes em diálise, pois há poucos estudos comprovando sua eficácia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento intervencionista da doença arterial coronariana em pacientes tratados por diálise no HC da FMB. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 34 pacientes em diálise submetidos à angiografia coronariana entre set/95 e out/04, divididos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de lesão coronariana, tipo de tratamento e presença ou ausência de diabetes. Os grupos foram comparados de acordo com suas características clínicas e sobrevida. A sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento intervencionista foi comparada à sobrevida geral dos 146 pacientes em diálise na instituição no mesmo período. O tratamento intervencionista foi indicado nas mesmas situações clínicas que na população geral. RESULTADOS: Os 13 pacientes que realizaram coronariografia e não exibiam lesões coronarianas apresentaram sobrevida de 100% em 48 meses, contra 35% dos 21 coronarianos no mesmo período. Os diabéticos coronarianos apresentaram sobrevida inferior aos não-diabéticos. A angioplastia exibiu pior prognóstico quando comparada à cirurgia; entretanto 80% dos submetidos a angioplastia eram diabéticos. Os 17 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de revascularização coronariana apresentaram sobrevida semelhante aos 146 pacientes gerais do serviço. CONCLUSÃO: Esta pequena casuística mostra que a revascularização miocárdica, quando indicada, pode ser realizada em pacientes em diálise. Esta conclusão é corroborada pelo índice de mortalidade semelhante nos dois extratos de pacientes: coronarianos revascularizados e pacientes em diálise de maneira geral.

Características clínicas e laboratoriais associadas à nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva confirmada por biópsia renal

Introdução: A nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva é importante causa de doença renal crônica com necessidade de diálise. As características que distinguem um portador de hipertensão arterial que evolui com nefroangioesclerose de outro que mantém função renal estável não são bem estabelecidas, devido à dificuldade em assegurar que os portadores daquela doença não sejam, na verdade, portadores de glomerulopatias ou outras doenças renais confundíveis. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar características clínicas ou laboratoriais que distingam os pacientes que desenvolveram doença renal crônica a partir da hipertensão, confirmada por biópsia renal, daqueles que, mesmo apresentando hipertensão arterial, não desenvolveram nefroangioesclerose. Métodos: Realizou-se comparação retrospectiva de dados clínicos e laboratoriais de 15 portadores de nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva confirmada por biópsia renal e 15 hipertensos oriundos do ambulatório do Centro de Hipertensão Arterial, cuja ausência de nefroangioesclerose foi definida pela ausência de proteinúria. Os grupos foram pareados quanto à idade e gênero. Resultados: Dentre as variáveis avaliadas, tempo de hipertensão arterial, pressão de pulso, glicemia, ácido úrico, creatinina e frequência de uso de diuréticos e simpatolíticos diferiram estatisticamente entre os dois grupos. Todas essas variáveis apresentaram valores maiores no grupo com nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva. Conclusão: O presente estudo associa a nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva, confirmada por biópsia, com alterações metabólicas, duração e intensidade da hipertensão e corrobora a ideia de que a prevenção primária da hipertensão arterial, postergando o seu início, o controle pressórico mais estrito, quando a hipertensão já está estabelecida, bem como o controle metabólico têm a potencialidade de prevenir o desenvolvimento de nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva.

Efeitos da correção da acidose metabólica com bicarbonato de sódio sobre o catabolismo protéico na insuficiência renal crônica

A desnutrição protéico-energética constitui problema comum aos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica, influenciando diretamente na sua morbi-mortalidade. A acidose metabólica tem papel no catabolismo protéico, ativando a via proteolítica proteasoma-ubiquitina, dependente de adenosina trifosfato, e conjuntamente com glicocorticóides induz uma maior atividade na desidrogenase que degrada os aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever o mecanismo pelo qual a acidose metabólica nos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica promove o catabolismo protéico, favorecendo assim a desnutrição, bem como avaliar os efeitos do uso de bicarbonato de sódio na correção da acidose e conseqüentemente redução do catabolismo protéico. Pesquisas mostram melhora da acidose pelo uso de bicarbonato de sódio e conseqüente redução do catabolismo protéico na insuficiência renal crônica, podendo ser esta uma conduta promissora na atenuação da desnutrição nestes pacientes.

O uso das pregas cutâneas e da circunferência muscular do braço no diagnóstico de desnutrição energético-protéica em pacientes adultos: estudo crítico.

The use of anthropometric measurements of triceps (TSF) and subscapular skinfolds (SSF) and mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MAMC) was examined as far as the diagnosis of energy-protein malnutrition (EPM) is concerned. The study was undertaken in five groups of patients (n = 231): arterial hypertension (AH, n = 63), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, n = 17), hemodialyzed chronic renal failure (CRF, n = 19), critically ill patients with an acute event (CA, n = 42) and critically ill patients with chronic diseases (CCD, n = 90). The results were compared to those obtained in a group of healthy individuals (control group, n = 102). The control group and the group of patients were allocated in subgroups according to sex and age (less than 50 and more than 50 years). It was expected that significant differences would be found for the anthropometric values between the control subgroups and the COPD, the CRF and the CCD subgroups of patients. For the skinfold thicknesses (TSF and SSF), significant differences were found between CRF, CCD subgroups and the control subgroups under fifty years of age; however, the differences were not significant when the subgroups over fifty were analyzed. Concerning the MAMC, significant differences were found: 1 degree) between the CRF subgroups (males and females) and the control subgroups under fifty years of age; 2 degrees) between the CCD male subgroups (younger and older subgroups) and the respective control subgroups and 3 degrees) between the COPD and the control subgroups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The role of myofibroblasts and interstitial fibrosis in the progression of membranous nephropathy

Renal interstitial fibrosis has been observed in a large number of nephropathies and contributes to the progressive deterioration of renal function. Myofibroblasts have been implicated in the reparative process of tissue injury, including renal scarring secondary to glomerular diseases. We performed a retrospective study on 28 patients with biopsy-proven primary membranous nephropathy, to determine whether interstitial myofibroblasts and tubulointerstitial lesions correlated with renal function at follow-up. Tubulointerstitial pathology was evaluated by morphometric and semiquantitative methods. Interstitial myofibroblasts were counted; 24-hour urinary protein and serum creatinine at the time of diagnosis and at the end of follow-up were available for all the patients. There were 20 males and 8 females, age 2-67 years (mean 42.3±153), most of them with nephrotic syndrome (78.6%). The final renal function had deteriorated in 16 patients (57.1%) and in 5 patients (17.8%) reached end-stage. The renal outcome was correlated with histological changes. We found a positive correlation between the severity of tubulointerstitial damage and the deterioration of the final serum creatinine (r 2=0.185; p=0.016). Myofibroblasts did not predict impaired renal function at the final follow-up. The current data do not support previous suggestions that myofibroblasts are a useful a predictor of end-stage renal disease.

Is 44-hour better than 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hemodialysis?

The aim of this study is to evaluate if hemodialysis (HD) patients with similar blood pressure (BP) in the whole inter-HD period could have different target organ lesions and survival if the behavior of BP differs from the first to the second day of the inter-HD period. The present study compares 44-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) patterns in 45 HD patients. Three BP patterns emerged: group A (n = 15) had similar BPs throughout (138 ± 11/88 ± 12 in the first 22 h vs. 140 ± 11/87 ± 12 mm Hg in the second 22-hour period); group B (n = 15) had a significant systolic BP rise from the first to the second period (132 ± 15/80 ± 12 vs. 147 ± 12/86 ± 13 mm Hg, p < 0.05); group C (n = 15) had significantly higher BPs (p < 0.05) than the other 2 groups throughout the whole inter-HD period, with no significant change between the 2 halves (172 ± 14/108 ± 12 vs. 173 ± 18/109 ± 14 mm Hg). Ventricular mass and survival during the 30-month follow-up period were statistically significantly better in group A, intermediate in group B and worse in group C. The data suggest that a 44-hour ABPM is more accurate than a 24-hour one in evaluating organ lesion and prognosis in HD patients. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG.

Could albumin level explain the higher mortality in hemodialysis patients with pulmonary hypertension?

Background: The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in hemodialysis is still unclear. The aim of thisstudy was to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of PH in chronic hemodialysis patients and toverify whether these factors might explain the highest mortality among them.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of hemodialysis patients who started treatment from August 2001to October 2007 and were followed up until April 2011 in a Brazilian referral medical school. According to theresults of echocardiography examination, patients were allocated in two groups: those with PH and those withoutPH. Clinical parameters, site and type of vascular access, bioimpedance, and laboratorial findings were comparedbetween the groups and a logistic regression model was elaborated. Actuarial survival curves were constructed andhazard risk to death was evaluated by Cox regression analysis.Results: PH > 35 mmHg was found in 23 (30.6%) of the 75 patients studied. The groups differed in extracellularwater, ventricular thickness, left atrium diameter, and ventricular filling. In a univariate analysis, extracellular waterwas associated with PH (relative risk = 1.194; 95% CI of 1.006 1.416; p = 0.042); nevertheless, in a multiple model,only left atrium enlargement was independently associated with PH (relative risk =1.172; 95% CI of 1.010 1.359;p = 0.036). PH (hazard risk = 3.008; 95% CI of 1.285 7.043; p = 0.011) and age (hazard risk of 1.034 per year of age;95% CI of 1.000 7.068; p = 0.047) were significantly associated with mortality in a multiple Cox regression analysis.However, when albumin was taken in account the only statistically significant association was between albuminlevel and mortality (hazard risk = 0.342 per g/dL; 95% CI of 0.119 0.984; p = 0.047) while the presence of PH lost itsstatistical significance (p = 0.184). Mortality was higher in patients with PH (47.8% vs 25%) who also had astatistically worse survival after the sixth year of follow up.Conclusions: PH in hemodialysis patients is associated with parameters of volume overload that sheds light on itspathophysiology. Mortality is higher in hemodialysis patients with PH and the low albumin level can explain thisassociation.© 2012 Greenfield et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Avaliação da intervenção psicoterapêutica de modelo analitico em crianças e adolescentes com doenças onco-hematológicas

Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB

Aspectos Nutricionais na Doença Renal Crônica em Cães

It is understood by Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or Stage IV Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) the morbid state in which there is a substantial and irreversible loss of functional capacity, metabolic and endocrine function in both kidneys, leading to a framework of dehydration, azotemia, electrolyte imbalance, anemia, uremic syndrome, secondary hyperparathyroidism, among other conditions that make the patient's life without treatment unfeasible. An adequate nutritional support to patients with CKD at any stage aims to maintain a good clinical condition and an attempt to delay the progression of the disease. The basis of a diet for patients with CKD is the restriction in this protein being of high biological value, low-phosphorus, high energy density, fiber and antioxidants combined with a good dietary practices that allow the patient a good quality of life