Magnetic tunneling junctions with the Heusler compound Co 2 Cr 0.6 Fe 0.4 Al

Materialen mit sehr hoher Spinpolarisation werden für Anwendungen im Bereich der Spin-Elektronik benötigt. Deshalb werden große Forschungsanstrengungen zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften von Verbindungen mit potentiell halbmetallischem Charakter, d. h.mit 100% Spinpolarisation, unternommen. In halbmetallischen Verbindungen, erwartet man eine Lücke in der Zustandsdichte an der Fermi Energie für Ladungsträger einer Spinrichtung, wahrend die Ladungsträger mit der anderen Spinrichtung sich metallisch verhalten. Eine Konsequenz davon ist, dass ein Strom, der durch solche Verbindung fließt, voll spinpolarisiert ist. Die hohe Curie-Temperatur Tc (800 K) und der theoretisch vorhergesagte halbmetallische Charakter machen Co2Cr0.6Fe0.4Al (CCFA) zu einem guten Kandidaten für Spintronik-Anwendungen wie magnetische Tunnelkontakte (MTJs = Magnetic Tunneling Junctions). In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der elektronischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften von dünnen CCFA Schichten dargestellt. Diese Schichten wurden in MTJs integriert und der Tunnel-Magnetowiderstands-Effekt untersucht. Hauptziele waren die Messung der Spinpolarisation und Untersuchungen der elektronischen Struktur von CCFA. Der Einfluss verschiedener Depositionsparameter auf die Eigenschaften der Schichten, speziell auf der Oberflächenordnung und damit letztlich auf den Tunnel-Magnetowiderstand (TMR), wurde bestimmt. Epitaktische d¨unne CCFA Schichten mit zwei verschiedenen Wachstumsrichtungen wurden auf verschiedene Substrate und Pufferschichten deponiert. Ein Temperverfahren wurde eingesetzt um die strukturelle Eigenschaften der dünnen Schichten zu verbessern. Für die MTJs wurde Al2O3 als Barrierenmaterial verwendet und Co als Gegenelektrode gewählt. Die Mehrschicht-Systeme wurden in Mesa-Geometrie mit lithographischen Methoden strukturiert. Eine maximal Jullière Spinpolarisation von 54% wurde an Tunnelkontakte mit epitaktischen CCFA Schichten gemessen. Ein starker Einfluss der Tempernbedingungen auf dem TMR wurde festgestellt. Eine Erhörung des TMR wurde mit einer Verbesserung der Oberflächenordung der CCFA Schichten korreliert. Spektroskopische Messungen wurden an den MTJs durchgeführt. Diesen Messungen liefern Hinweise auf inelastische Elektron-Magnon und Elektron-Phonon Stossprozesse an den Grenzflächen. Einige der beobachteten Strukturen konnten mit der berechneten elektronischen Struktur von CCFA korreliert worden.

Ultrastructural changes in diaphragm neuromuscular junctions in a severe mouse model for Spinal Muscular Atrophy and their prevention by bifunctional U7 snRNA correcting SMN2 splicing

In Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), the SMN1 gene is deleted or inactivated. Because of a splicing problem, the second copy gene, SMN2, generates insufficient amounts of functional SMN protein, leading to the death of spinal cord motoneurons. For a "severe" mouse SMA model (Smn -/-, hSMN2 +/+; with affected pups dying at 5-7 days), which most closely mimicks the genetic set-up in human SMA patients, we characterise SMA-related ultrastructural changes in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of two striated muscles with discrete functions. In the diaphragm, but not the soleus muscle of 4-days old SMA mice, mitochondria on both sides of the NMJs degenerate, and perisynaptic Schwann cells as well as endoneurial fibroblasts show striking changes in morphology. Importantly, NMJs of SMA mice in which a modified U7 snRNA corrects SMN2 splicing and delays or prevents SMA symptoms are normal. This ultrastructural study reveals novel features of NMJ alterations - in particular the involvement of perisynaptic Schwann cells - that may be relevant for human SMA pathogenesis.

Claudin-1 induced sealing of blood-brain barrier tight junctions ameliorates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS), loss of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-3 correlates with immune cell infiltration into the CNS and BBB leakiness. Here we show that sealing BBB TJs by ectopic tetracycline-regulated expression of the TJ protein claudin-1 in Tie-2 tTA//TRE-claudin-1 double transgenic C57BL/6 mice had no influence on immune cell trafficking across the BBB during EAE and furthermore did not influence the onset and severity of the first clinical disease episode. However, expression of claudin-1 did significantly reduce BBB leakiness for both blood borne tracers and endogenous plasma proteins specifically around vessels expressing claudin-1. In addition, mice expressing claudin-1 exhibited a reduced disease burden during the chronic phase of EAE as compared to control littermates. Our study identifies BBB TJs as the critical structure regulating BBB permeability but not immune cell trafficking into CNS during EAE, and indicates BBB dysfunction is a potential key event contributing to disease burden in the chronic phase of EAE. Our observations suggest that stabilizing BBB barrier function by therapeutic targeting of TJs may be beneficial in treating MS, especially when anti-inflammatory treatments have failed.

Caveolin-1 opens endothelial cell junctions by targeting catenins

A fundamental phenomenon in inflammation is the loss of endothelial barrier function, in which the opening of endothelial cell junctions plays a central role. However, the molecular mechanisms that ultimately open the cell junctions are largely unknown.

Tight junctions in brain barriers during central nervous system inflammation

Homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS) is a prerequisite to elicit proper neuronal function. The CNS is tightly sealed from the changeable milieu of the blood stream by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB). Whereas the BBB is established by specialized endothelial cells of CNS microvessels, the BCSFB is formed by the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. Both constitute physical barriers by a complex network of tight junctions (TJs) between adjacent cells. During many CNS inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or Alzheimer's disease, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, and reactive oxygen species are responsible for alterations of CNS barriers. Barrier dysfunction can contribute to neurological disorders in a passive way by vascular leakage of blood-borne molecules into the CNS and in an active way by guiding the migration of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Both ways may directly be linked to alterations in molecular composition, function, and dynamics of the TJ proteins. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular aspects of the functional and dysfunctional TJ complexes at the BBB and the BCSFB, with a particular emphasis on CNS inflammation and the role of reactive oxygen species.

Single-Molecule Junctions Based on Nitrile-Terminated Biphenyls: A Promising New Anchoring Group

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the electronic transport through single-molecule junctions based on nitrile-terminated biphenyl derivatives. Using a scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction technique, we show that the nitrile-terminated compounds give rise to well-defined peaks in the conductance histograms resulting from the high selectivity of the N-Au binding. Ab initio calculations have revealed that the transport takes place through the tail of the LUMO. Furthermore, we have found both theoretically and experimentally that the conductance of the molecular junctions is roughly proportional to the square of the cosine of the torsion angle between the two benzene rings of the biphenyl core, which demonstrates the robustness of this structure-conductance relationship.

Sendai virus RNA polymerase scanning for mRNA start sites at gene junctions

Mini-genomes expressing two reporter genes and a variable gene junction were used to study Sendai virus RNA polymerase (RdRp) scanning for the mRNA start signal of the downstream gene (gs2). We found that RdRp could scan the template efficiently as long as the initiating uridylate of gs2 (3' UCCCnnUUUC) was preceded by the conserved intergenic region (3' GAA) and the last 3 uridylates of the upstream gene end signal (ge1; 3' AUUCUUUUU). The end of the leader sequence (3' CUAAAA, which precedes gs1) could also be used for gene2 expression, but this sequence was considerably less efficient. Increasing the distance between ge1 and gs2 (up to 200 nt) led to the progressive loss of gene2 expression, in which half of gene2 expression was lost for each 70 nucleotides of intervening sequence. Beyond 200 nt, gene2 expression was lost more slowly. Our results suggest that there may be two populations of RdRp that scan at gene junctions, which can be distinguished by the efficiency with which they can scan the genome template for gs.