Durcissement des lois sociales et santé des migrants forcés: trois ans après (a Loi sur l'asile (LAsi) [Social policy hardening and forced immigrant's health: 3 years after the Asylum Law (LAsi)'s introduction].

In the canton de Vaud, General Practioners (GPs) caring for asylum seekers under the "aide d'urgence" regime can ask for an adaptation of their housing conditions, by filling out a specific form and addressing it to the medical commission responsible for advising the EVAM (the housing institution for asylum seekers) on these issues. The forms addressed to the commission are indicative of a worrisome state of health in this population, especially for mental health. More than 70% report at least one psychiatric diagnosis. Most frequent are anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as many posttraumatic stress disorders, associated with traumatic events both in the country of origin and in Switzerland. Adapting the housing conditions, based on vulnerabilities that the GP has specifically documented, may contribute to improve the health of the most vulnerable asylum seekers.

La prévention du suicide en milieu scolaire est-elle possible [Is it possible to run suicide prevention interventions within the school setting?]

Suicide represent the second cause of death in Switzerland and, between 15 and 20 years of age, 8% of girls and 4% of boys have attempted suicide at least once in their life. "Universal" primary prevention in schools is usually run through courses dealing with the issue of suicide and which are systematically provided to all pupils. There is no evidence that they have any positive effect and even they may be in some instances harmful. The training of professionals working in the school setting to better identify and refer adolescents facing risky situation is probably effective. Another promising approach is the one which aims at improving the school climate in increasing social connectedness and the pupils' life skills. Finally, the school which faces a suicide should set up debriefing activities, thus deterring vulnerable pupils to engage in violent acting as a result of a contamination process.

Sexualidad femenina y redes sociales : comunicación virtual como mecanismo de socialización

Este trabajo tiene el propósito de estudiar la socialización de la sexualidad femenina a través del análisis de las representaciones sociales de un grupo de mujeres que pertenecen a una comunidad virtual. Estas representaciones y disposiciones son rescatadas de los relatos y comentarios escritos provenientes de la comunicación virtual y del posicionamiento relacional entre mujeres. Dado que la base es comunicacional y por tanto relacional, la conceptualización operativa y la orientación metodológica se llevan a cabo por medio del análisis de redes sociales.

Efficacité du counseling d'orientation: impacts de l'alliance de travail et du contexte psychosocial

La problématique centrale de cette thèse de doctorat est l'efficacité de l'accompagnement à l'orientation. Elle renvoie en particulier à la multiplicité des types d'interventions ainsi qu'aux tensions entre les finalités de l'orientation qui rendent improbable une mesure univoque et objective de l'efficacité des pratiques. Le «mythe » de l'efficacité trouve notamment sa source dans le persistent monopole du modèle de l'appariement qui a largement influencé le développement de la discipline. Le manuscrit est basé sur deux études empiriques. Premièrement, « voies professionnelles » est une étude longitudinale visant l'évaluation de l'efficacité d'un service de counseling d'orientation au travers de mesures intraindividuelles. Les résultats immédiats (pre-post) indiquent une forte diminution de l'indécision vocationnelle des consultants ainsi qu'une augmentation de leur bien-être. Les résultats longitudinaux sur un an indiquent une évolution positive des difficultés plus ancrées ainsi qu'un fort taux d'implémentation des projets professionnels. La qualité de l'alliance de travail démontre un impact positif sur l'efficacité de la démarche. Deuxièmement, l'étude « orientation et genre » a permis de mettre en évidence un effet d'interaction entre le sexe et le niveau scolaire d'élèves en fin de scolarité sur leurs profils d'intérêts professionnels. Ce résultat affecte en particulier les jeunes filles dans une filière à exigences élémentaires car ces deux identités psychosociales semblent restreindre doublement les options professionnelles envisageables. Les deux études ont permis de soulever cinq implications centrales : (1) La distinction entre les aspects cognitifs et émotionnels de l'indécision vocationnelle est importante. En particulier, la préparation au choix est un construit qui nécessite clarification ; (2) Les processus de transitions professionnelles ainsi que leur accompagnement doivent être considérés dans leur dimension temporelle ; (3) L'interconnexion des différentes sphères de vie est centrale dans les processus d'orientation et leur accompagnement ; (4) L'efficacité du conseil en orientation est affectée par la qualité des aspects relationnels ; (5) La complexité des pratiques et de leurs finalités confronte l'orientation à son rôle envers des identités psychosociales fragilisées. - The central issue of this doctoral thesis is the effectiveness of career counseling and guidance. In particular, this refers to the many types of career interventions as well as the tensions between their objectives. Those aspects make it unlikely to get an unambiguous and objective measure of the effectiveness of career practices. The "myth of efficiency" is particularly rooted in the persistent monopoly of person-environment fit models, which greatly influenced the development of the discipline. This manuscript is based on two empirical studies. First, "career paths" is a longitudinal study looking at the effectiveness of a career counseling service through intraindividual measures. Pre-post impacts showed a significant decrease in clients' vocational indecision as well as a moderate increase in their well-being. The one year-longitudinal results highlighted significant decreases in more constant decision-making difficulties with a high proportion of clients having implemented their professional projects. The quality of the working alliance had a positive impact on the effectiveness of the intervention. The second study, "vocational development and gender" highlighted an interaction effect between late schoolchildren's gender and school level on their professional interests profile. This result particularly affected girls at a low school level, because these psychosocial identities were a double restraint in restricting career options. The two studies raised five central implications: (1) The distinction between cognitive and emotional aspects of vocational indecision is important. In particular, readiness to make a choice is a construct that requires clarification; (2) career transitions processes as well as supporting these transitions, should be considered in their temporal dimension (3) the interconnection of different spheres of life is central to vocational development and career guidance and counseling; (4) the effectiveness of career counseling is affected by the quality of the relational aspects in the intervention; (5) and the complexity of career interventions and their objectives forces practitioners to consider their role and responsibilities towards clients with marginalized psychosocial identities.

The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: a systematic review.

Issues. Numerous studies have reported that brief interventions delivered in primary care are effective in reducing excessive drinking. However, much of this work has been criticised for being clinically unrepresentative. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of brief interventions in primary care and determine if outcomes differ between efficacy and effectiveness trials. Approach. A pre-specified search strategy was used to search all relevant electronic databases up to 2006. We also hand-searched the reference lists of key articles and reviews. We included randomised controlled trials (RCT) involving patients in primary care who were not seeking alcohol treatment and who received brief intervention. Two authors independently abstracted data and assessed trial quality. Random effects meta-analyses, subgroup and sensitivity analyses and meta-regression were conducted. Key Findings. The primary meta-analysis included 22 RCT and evaluated outcomes in over 5800 patients. At 1 year follow up, patients receiving brief intervention had a significant reduction in alcohol consumption compared with controls [mean difference: -38 g week(-1), 95%CI (confidence interval): -54 to -23], although there was substantial heterogeneity between trials (I(2) = 57%). Subgroup analysis confirmed the benefit of brief intervention in men but not in women. Extended intervention was associated with a non-significantly increased reduction in alcohol consumption compared with brief intervention. There was no significant difference in effect sizes for efficacy and effectiveness trials. Conclusions. Brief interventions can reduce alcohol consumption in men, with benefit at a year after intervention, but they are unproven in women for whom there is insufficient research data. Longer counselling has little additional effect over brief intervention. The lack of differences in outcomes between efficacy and effectiveness trials suggests that the current literature is relevant to routine primary care.

La reconnaissance des troubles musculo-squelettiques (TMS) comme maladies professionnelles: controverses sociales et trajectoires personnelles

La reconnaissance des troubles musculo-squelettiques (TMS) comme maladies professionnelles : controverses sociales et trajectoires personnelles¦Les TMS sont actuellement considérés comme des problèmes majeurs de santé au travail, mais leur reconnaissance comme maladies professionnelles reste controversée. L'objectif central de cette thèse est de comprendre, dans une perspective de psychologie socio-culturelle intégrant certains apports de la sociologie interactionniste, les conséquences que cette situation peut avoir pour des travailleuses et travailleurs souffrant de ces affections. Au préalable, il s'agira de saisir comment se constituent les controverses sur les TMS et pourquoi ces derniers sont si rarement reconnus comme maladies professionnelles en Suisse. Les principales données sont constituées de documents institutionnels et d'entretiens avec des ouvrières et ouvriers atteints de TMS.¦Les résultats montrent que les enjeux de la reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles ne se limitent pas aux prestations d'assurance et à la prise en charge des coûts engendrés par les maladies. En effet, leur non-reconnaissance contribue à définir les TMS comme des problèmes personnels plutôt que professionnels, ce qui peut entraver les capacités des ouvrières et ouvriers à agir sur leurs conditions de travail. En outre, les explications qui circulent sur les TMS par le biais de discours institutionnels ou informels ont des conséquences sur la manière dont une personne appréhende sa propre maladie. Ces explications de la maladie peuvent être des outils de compréhension, mais aussi contribuer à définir l'identité de la personne malade. Dans ce cas, la reconnaissance du caractère professionnel de la maladie touche aussi à des questions de reconnaissance sociale.¦MSDs are currently considered major occupational health problems, but their recognition as occupational illnesses remains controversial. The central objective of the thesis is to grasp, from a socio-cultural psychology perspective that integrates certain contributions of interactionist sociology, the consequences that these circumstances can have for workers suffering from such ailments. Further, the thesis first aims to understand how controversies about MSDs emerge and why these disorders are so rarely recognized as occupational illnesses in Switzerland. Most of the data used stems from institutional documents and from interviews with workers suffering from MSDs.¦The results show that the stakes of recognizing occupational illnesses are not limited to issues of insurance benefits and the coverage of costs generated by the disorders. In fact, the non-recognition of MSDs contributes to their characterization as personal rather than professional problems, which can in turn impede workers' ability to act to change their working conditions. Furthermore, accounts of and explanations about MSDs circulating by means of institutional or informal discourse have consequences on the way a person may perceive his or her own illness. Such explanations of the illness can be tools for understanding it, but they may also contribute to defining the identity of the affected person. In this case, the recognition of the occupational nature of the illness is also closely related to questions of social recognition.