Legal regulation of 'decent work' : evidence from two big industries in Bangladesh

In most developing countries, the overall quality of the livelihood of labourers, work place environment and implementation of labour rights do not progress at the same rate as their industrial development. To address this situation, the ILO has initiated the concept of 'decent work' to assist regulators articulate labour-related social policy goals. Against this backdrop, this article assesses the Bangladesh Labour Law 2006 by reference to the four social principles developed by the ILO for ensuring 'decent work'. It explains the impact of the absence of these principles in this Law on the labour administration in the ready-made garment and ship-breaking industries. It finds that an appropriate legislative framework needs to be based on the principles of 'decent work' to establish a solid platform for a sound labour regulation in Bangladesh.

Diffusive and ship-mediated spread of dinoflagellates in the Baltic Sea with Prorocentrum minimum as a special case

In this thesis the role played by expansive and introduced species in the phytoplankton ecology of the Baltic Sea was investigated. The aims were threefold. First, the studies investigated the resting stages of dinoflagellates, which were transported into the Baltic Sea via shipping and were able to germinate under the ambient, nutrient-rich, brackish water conditions. The studies also estimated which factors favoured the occurrence and spread of P. minimum in the Baltic Sea and discussed the identification of this morphologically variable species. In addition, the classification of phytoplankton species recently observed in the Baltic Sea was discussed. Incubation of sediments from four Finnish ports and 10 ships ballast tanks revealed that the sediments act as sources of living dinoflagellates and other phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates germinated from all ports detected and from 90% of ballast tanks. The concentrations of cells germinating from ballast tank sediments were mostly low compared with the acceptable cell concentrations set by the International Maritime Organization s (IMO s) International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments. However, the IMO allows such high concentrations of small cells in the discharged ballast water that the total number of cells in large ballast water tanks can be very high. Prorocentrum minimum occurred in the Baltic Sea annually but with no obvious trend in the 10-year timespan from 1993 to 2002. The species occurred under wide ranges of temperatures and salinities and the abundance of the species was positively related especially to the presence of organic nitrogen and phosphorus. This indicated that the species was favoured by increased organic nutrient loading and runoff from land and rivers. The cell shape of P. minimum varied from triangular to oval-round, but morphological fine details indicated that only one morphospecies was present. P. minimum also is, according to present knowledge, the only potentially harmful phytoplankton species that has recently expanded widely into new areas of the Baltic Sea.

Generating synchronizable test sequences based on finite-statemachine with distributed ports

In the area of testing communication systems, the interfaces between systems to be tested and their testers have great impact on test generation and fault detectability. Several types of such interfaces have been standardized by the International Standardization Organization (ISO). A general distributed test architecture, containing distributed interfaces, has been presented in the literature for testing distributed systems based on the Open Distributing Processing (ODP) Basic Reference Model (BRM), which is a generalized version of ISO distributed test architecture. We study in this paper the issue of test selection with respect to such an test architecture. In particular, we consider communication systems that can be modeled by finite state machines with several distributed interfaces, called ports. A test generation method is developed for generating test sequences for such finite state machines, which is based on the idea of synchronizable test sequences. Starting from the initial effort by Sarikaya, a certain amount of work has been done for generating test sequences for finite state machines with respect to the ISO distributed test architecture, all based on the idea of modifying existing test generation methods to generate synchronizable test sequences. However, none studies the fault coverage provided by their methods. We investigate the issue of fault coverage and point out a fact that the methods given in the literature for the distributed test architecture cannot ensure the same fault coverage as the corresponding original testing methods. We also study the limitation of fault detectability in the distributed test architecture.

Locating Business Ethics within Catholic Social Though

Resumen: El artículo describe las características principales del documento pontificio La vocación del líder empresarial: una reflexión, destacando su génesis y sus objetivos. Sin embargo, presenta también las debilidades que encuentra en el texto. En primer lugar, el autor critica el modo en que se tratan las cuestiones laborales, especialmente la falta de referencias a la noción de “empleador indirecto” de Juan Pablo II. Luego, postula que el documento tampoco presenta el problema de la organización del trabajo, tema que fue tratado tanto por el Papa Pío XI como por Juan Pablo II. Por otra parte, aclara que el documento hace referencia al derecho a un salario justo pero no aporta ideas acerca del modo en que debería articularse la relación entre los propietarios de la empresa y los trabajadores. Finalmente, el autor sostiene que el documento omite el problema del lobbying que tanto afecta a la moral del mercado

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Area to be Avoided (ATBA) Education and Monitoring Program

The National Marine Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. 1431, as amended) gives the Secretary of Commerce the authority to designate discrete areas of the marine environment as National Marine Sanctuaries and provides the authority to promulgate regulations to provide for the conservation and management of these marine areas. The waters of the Outer Washington Coast were recognized for their high natural resource and human use values and placed on the National Marine Sanctuary Program Site Evaluation List in 1983. In 1988, Congress directed NOAA to designate the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (Pub. L. 100-627). The Sanctuary, designated in May 1994, worked with the U.S. Coast Guard to request the International Maritime Organization designate an Area to be Avoided (ATBA) on the Olympic Coast. The IMO defines an ATBA as "a routeing measure comprising an area within defined limits in which either navigation is particularly hazardous or it is exceptionally important to avoid casualties and which should be avoided by all ships, or certain classes of ships" (IMO, 1991). This ATBA was adopted in December 1994 by the Maritime Safety Committee of the IMO, “in order to reduce the risk of marine casualty and resulting pollution and damage to the environment of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary”, (IMO, 1994). The ATBA went into effect in June 1995 and advises operators of vessels carrying petroleum and/or hazardous materials to maintain a 25-mile buffer from the coast. Since that time, Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS) has created an education and monitoring program with the goal of ensuring the successful implementation of the ATBA. The Sanctuary enlisted the aid of the U.S. and Canadian coast guards, and the marine industry to educate mariners about the ATBA and to use existing radar data to monitor compliance. Sanctuary monitoring efforts have targeted education on tank vessels observed transiting the ATBA. OCNMS's monitoring efforts allow quantitative evaluation of this voluntary measure. Finally, the tools developed to monitor the ATBA are also used for the more general purpose of monitoring vessel traffic within the Sanctuary. While the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary does not currently regulate vessel traffic, such regulations are within the scope of the Sanctuary’s Final Environmental Impact Statement/Management Plan. Sanctuary staff participate in ongoing maritime and environmental safety initiatives and continually seek opportunities to mitigate risks from marine shipping.(PDF contains 44 pages.)

Fishing guidelines

In accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Fisheries (COFI), FAO prepared the first draft of the technical guidelines in relation to Fishing Operations, which were submitted to the Technical Consultation on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing, Rome, 26 September to 5 October 1994. The draft was prepared taking into account the Declaration of Cancún, Agenda 21 of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and the Report of the Expert Consultation on Responsible Fishing Operations, Sidney, British Colombia, Canada, 6 -11 June 1994. Thereafter, the draft was revised taking into account, the negotiations at the UN Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, the elaboration of the Code as well as developments at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) with regard to the Protocol to the Torremolinos International Convention on Fishing Vessel Safety and the new International Convention on Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel, 1995. Technical Guidelines are given in support of the implementation of the Code in relation to fishing operations. These are addressed to States, international organizations, fisheries management bodies, owners, managers and charterers of fishing vessels as well as fishers and their organizations. Guidance is also given with respect to the general public. (PDF contains 93 pages)

Enforcement of associated protected measures in particularly sensitive sea areas

The distinguished character of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) is that every application for PSSAs must be accompanied by Associated Protected Measures (APMs) which can make PSSAs efficient in practice.1 That is why APMs are regarded as the core feature of every PSSA.2 APM is “an international rule or standard that falls within the purview of an international maritime organization (IMO) and regulates international maritime activities for the protection of the area at risk.” So far, APMs have been approved by IMO as following: -Compulsory or recommended pilotage -Mandatory ship reporting -An area to be avoided -Traffic separation schemes -Discharge prohibition or regulations -Mandatory no anchoring areas -Deep water routes -Emission control areas (PDF contains 5 pages)

Avaliação temporal da poluição por antiincrustantes organoestânicos no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: antes e após o banimento nacional e internacional

Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings.

Symposium on World tuna fisheries: commemorating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission

The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (lA TTC) came into existence in 1950, after its convention, signed by representatives ofCosta Rica and the United States in 1949, was ratified. It was the first international tuna organization, and only the third international fisheries organization, whose staff has had the responsibility for performing scientific research, the others being the International Pacific Halibut Commission, established in 1923, and the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, established in 1937. The current members of the IATTC are Costa Rica, Ecuador, EI Salvador, France, Guatemala, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, the United States, Vanuatu, and Venezuela. The first Director ofthe IATTC was Dr. Milner B. Schaefer, who was in that position from 1950 to 1963. He was followed by Dr. John L. Kask (1963-1969), Dr. James Joseph (1969-1999), and Dr. Robin L. Allen (1999-present). The success ofthe IATIC showed that it was possible to carry out research and management on an international, high-seas fishery successfully. Since then other international organizations for tuna management, including the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (1969), the Forum Fisheries Agency (1979), the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (1994), and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (1996), were established. Appropriately, the 50th anniversary celebration was held in Costa Rica, one of the two charter members of the IATTC. Persons who have held important positions in international fishery management in various parts ofthe world spoke at the celebration. Their presentations, except for that describing the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, are reproduced in this volume.

Avaliação da exposição de botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Benédén, 1864) aos compostos orgânicos de estanho através das concentrações hepáticas de estanho total na costa sudeste e sul do Brasil

Durante as últimas décadas, observou-se um aumento da preocupação em relação aos ecossistemas marinhos devido à grande entrada de poluentes, resultando em efeitos deletérios em organismos aquáticos e seres humanos. Dentre as atividades humanas que podem introduzir compostos tóxicos persistentes e bioacumulativos (PBTs Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxicants) no ambiente marinho está o uso de tintas antiincrustrantes, aplicadas nos cascos de navios para evitar que algas, mexilhões e outros organismos se fixem às embarcações. Não raramente, compostos organoestânicos (OTs) como o Tributilestanho (TBT) ou o Trifenilestanho (TPT) constituíam o princípio ativo de tal preparado. Devido à alta toxicidade desses compostos, a IMO (Organização Marítima Internacional) baniu totalmente o uso dos mesmos. Como os OTs são prontamente bioacumulados, elevadas concentrações de estanho total (SnT) vêm sendo encontradas em cetáceos (Mammalia, Cetacea). Os botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Beneden, 1864) ocupam elevados níveis tróficos e bioacumulam os PBTs aos quais estão expostos. Alguns autores relataram que o estanho hepático em cetáceos se encontra predominantemente na forma orgânica, visto que, na forma inorgânica tal metal é pobremente absorvido pela mucosa gastrintestinal, de forma que as concentrações hepáticas de SnT refletem o input antrópico de OTs. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo, avaliar a exposição de botos-cinza aos OTs, através determinação das concentrações hepáticas de estanho total (SnT = orgânico + inorgânico), por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Atomização em Forno de Grafite (GFAAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Para tal, amostras de botos-cinza de diferentes áreas do litoral brasileiro, compreendendo a Região da Grande Vitória (GV), Baía de Guanabara (BG), Baía de Sepetiba (B.Sep), a Baía de Paranaguá (PR) e a Baía da Babitonga (SC), foram analisadas, visando comparar ambientes distintamente contaminados com OTs. Sendo assim, as concentrações hepáticas de SnT (em ng/g, peso seco) de botos-cinza variaram de <312 (limite de detecção) a 8.250, para a GV (n=22); de <312 a 14.100, para B.Sep (n = 38); <312 a 5.147, para PR (n= 22), bem como de 626 a 24.780 (ng/g, peso seco) para os botos de SC (n=10). As maiores concentrações foram verificadas nos botos da BG (n=11), variando de 1.265 a 24.882 (ng/g, peso seco). As concentrações encontradas na Baía de Guanabara (BG) estão entre as mais elevadas detectadas em cetáceos.

A continuing PROCESS: for grassroots development

PROCESS (Participatory Research, Organization of Communities, and Education Towards Struggle for Self-reliance) is the offshoot of an experiment encouraged by the International Labor Organization to stimulate self-help initiatives among rural communities in Antique and Batangas. Its operations today extend to 10 provinces in the Philippines, touching the lives of thousands of farmers, fisherfolk, women and other marginalized sectors.

土壤中苯并（a）芘、壬基酚的生态毒理效应

仅以污染物浓度定义土壤污染并评价其潜在风险，缺乏对其生态毒性效应的综合考虑，不能反映土壤污染对生物及人体健康的潜在危害。传统的生态毒理研究仅局限于依据宏观生理指标，如半致死剂量，产茧量等，这些指标对环境浓度（亚致死浓度）土壤污染的响应较差甚至不响应，无法应用于环境浓度的污染土壤诊断。土壤生物微观生理、生化指标，作为一种较为敏感的土壤生态毒理效应及毒性诊断手段，近几年来成为研究热点。 本文以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）为供试生物，草甸棕壤为供试土壤，以国际标准组织（International Standard Organization-ISO）方法指南为参考，以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系（超氧化物歧化酶-SOD、过氧化氢酶-CAT和过氧化物酶-POD）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活性为指标，进行了的典型多环芳烃污染物-苯并（a）芘和内泌干扰物-壬基酚在土壤中暴露的动态量效关系研究，试验浓度范围为0.1-2 mg•kg -1。 研究结果如下：1）苯并（a）芘与细胞色素P450含量具有动态响应关系。总体上，诱导效应明显，诱导时间对P450活性影响显著（P<0.05）；2）在试验浓度范围（0.1-2 mg•kg-1）内， GST对试验浓度的BaP未产生生态毒性响应；3）CAT 和POD酶活性对低浓度的BaP暴露响应具有延时性（即第7d开始响应）和阶段性（即第7d前无明显响应、第7d后响应消失）特征；4） 在BaP胁迫下，蚯蚓体内SOD产生明显响应，苯并（a）芘暴露1~3d，SOD酶活性整体升高，最大升幅30%，与对照差异显著。苯并（a）芘暴露的第7d和14d， 除0.1 mg•kg -1外，0.5~2 mg•kg-1 BaP处理组中SOD酶活性均显著降低（P<0.05），这表明BaP造成了抗氧化防御酶系的损伤。以上结果表明： 5项指标中, 代谢解毒酶系指标P450和抗氧化酶系指标SOD对BaP暴露响应较为敏感，CAT，POD以及GST的敏感性较差。各指标敏感性总体为：P450>SOD>CAT，POD>GST。综合本试验及其他相关实验结果初步确认，苯并（a）芘生态毒性>芘>菲。 低浓度（0.1~2.0 mg•kg-1）壬基酚（NP）土壤暴露动态关系研究结果表明：1）壬基酚（NP）与细胞色素P450含量具有动态响应关系。1、7、14d时，P450整体表现为低浓度下抑制，而高浓度下诱导的趋势。随着诱导时间的延长P450含量表现出显著的升高趋势；SOD活性在较高浓度3d暴露后降低，而第7、14d时显著升高。NP诱导与P450含量与SOD酶活性两种指标的响应趋势与BaP诱导下的响应趋势大体吻合。CAT的响应较前两者差，随着诱导时间的延长，在第7、14d个别浓度下CAT表现出升高趋势。GST与POD对试验浓度下的NP诱导未产生明显和快速的毒性响应。NP诱导第3dGST出现升高趋势。NP诱导的第14d POD （2 mg•kg-1）有显著降低。总体上，各指标对NP诱导的敏感性顺序依次为：P450，SOD>CAT>GST, POD。 继前期的“蚯蚓P450对土壤菲、芘暴露生态毒理研究”以及“土壤低浓度PAHs胁迫下蚯蚓差异表达基因筛选研究”之后，本论文中所进行的“土壤BaP暴露生态毒性响应研究”作为上述整体研究内容的组成部分，从两个方面获得研究进展：第一，进一步证实P450指标对低剂量多环芳烃污染响应的相对敏感性。第二，从代谢解毒酶系的角度发现苯并（a）芘生态毒性>芘>菲。这一结果与基因水平上论证的细胞色素P450（类似Cyp2R1）对 PAHs胁迫下的研究结果一致。 本论文中进行的土壤NP暴露生态毒性响应研究，首次将内分泌干扰物纳入土壤毒理研究中，丰富了土壤生态毒理学的研究内容。研究进一步证实蚯蚓细胞色素P450指标对多种污染物低剂量暴露诊断的广谱适应性。研究也为内分泌干扰物的生态毒性评价提供了基础依据。

Attribution of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide over the English Channel to Dimethylsulfide and Changing Ship Emissions

Atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) was measured continuously from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory(PPAO) near Plymouth, United Kingdom between May 2014 and November 2015. This coastal site is exposed to marine air across a wide wind sector. The predominant southwesterly winds carry relatively clean background Atlantic air. In contrast, air from the southeast is heavily influenced by exhaust plumes from ships in the English Channel as well as near the Plymouth Sound. New International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation came into force in January 2015 to reduce sulfur emissions tenfold in Sulfur Emission Control Areas such as the English Channel. Our observations suggest a three-fold reduction from 2014 to 2015 in ship-emitted SO2 from that direction. Apparent fuel sulfur content calculated from coincidental SO2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) peaks from local ship plum es show a high level of compliance to the IMO regulation (> 95 %) in both years. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is an important source of atmospheric SO2 even in this semi-polluted region. The relative contribution of DMS oxidation to the SO2 burden over the English Channel increased from ~ 1/3 in 2014 to ~ 1/2 in 2015 due to the reduction in ship sulfur emissions. Our diel analysis suggests that SO2 is removed from the marine atmospheric boundary layer in about half a day, with dry deposition to the ocean accounting for a quarter of the total loss.

Social economy and economic crisis in the basque country abstract

This article examines the socio-economic evolution of the social economy sector in the Basque Country during the 2008-2014 period of economic crisis. Data have been obtained within a framework of collaboration between university, Basque Government and private sector of the social economy. The results suggest that such entities have evolved better, both in terms of number of enterprises and employment, than the general economy of the Basque Country, while the context of public policies aimed at social economy has worsened over the years. However, in economic terms (measured through the Gross Value Added generated), they have not been able to cope with the crisis in equal conditions to the general economy. The main contribution of this research lies in that, unlike similar studies, it discusses the evolution of the whole sector of the social economy, taking as reference a broad period of the current economic crisis.