Late Cenozoic climate changes in China's western interior: a review of research on Lake Qinghai and comparison with other records

IEECAS SKLLQG

Template-free fabrication of hexagonal ZnO microprism with an interior space

Well-faceted hexagonal ZnO microprisms with regular interior space have been successfully prepared by a template-free hydrothermal synthetic route. The morphologies of the products depend on the experimental conditions such as the solvent, the concentration of ammonia aqueous solution, and the reaction temperature. Through manipulation of the aging time, the as-prepared ZnO can be controlled as a monodispersed hexagonal twinning solid or as hollow microprisms. Moreover, the evolution process of the hollow ZnO nanoarchitecture after reaction for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h has been investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A possible growth mechanism has also been proposed and discussed. Furthermore, the photoluminescence (PL) measurement exhibits the unique emitting characteristic of hollow ZnO nanostructures.

History and variability of Asian interior aridity recorded by eolian flux in the Chinese Loess Plateau during the past 7 Ma

Eolian flux in the Chinese Loess Plateau was reconstructed by measuring the dry bulk density and CaCO3 content of the late Cenozoic loess-paleosol-red clay sequences in the Lingtai profile. Comparison of eolian flux variation between the Lingtai profile and the ODP sites 885/886 in the North Pacific shows a significant wet-dry variability in addition to a gradual drying trend in the dust source regions in interior Asia. Especially, the increase of eolian fluxes from both continental and pelagic eolian sediments indicates a sharp drying of the dust source regions between 3.6 and 2.6 MaBP, which might be attributed to the tectonic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, which cut down the moisture input to the interior Asia. The average value and variability of eolian flux are higher after 2.6 MaBP than before, which may be related to the Quaternary climatic fluctuations on the glacial-interglacial timescale after the commencement of major Northern Hemisphere Glaciations. The eolian fluxes of the Lingtai profile and Core V21-146 in northwest Pacific show a synchronous variation on the 10(4)-10(5) a timescale, indicating that the flux variations from both continental and marine records are closely correlated to the Quaternary climatic fluctuation forced by the ice volume changes on a global scale.

Avaliação da qualidade do ar interior num bloco operatório e numa central de esterilização utilizando como indicador a concentração de dióxido de carbono

A população dos países mais desenvolvidos passa, em média, cerca de 90 % do seu tempo em ambientes interiores, seja em casa, no trabalho e até em actividades de lazer. Assim, é indiscutível a necessidade de manutenção de ambientes interiores saudáveis e confortáveis. este estudo teve como principal objectivo avaliar a qualidade do ar interior e a eficiência do sistema de ar condicionado das salas de operações de um bloco operatório e de uma central de esterilização de um hospital Português, utilizando como indicador as concentrações de dióxido de carbono. People of developed countries spend about 90% of their time indoor, in their houses, workplaces or in leisure time. in consequence, nowadays, it is very important to keep healthy and comfortable indoor environments. the main goal of the study was to evaluate the quality and the efficiency of the conditional air system of 6 operations room of a surgical site and a central of sterilization of a Portuguese hospital, being used as indicating the concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Qualidade do ar interior e os requisitos de ar novo numa unidade hospitalar

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia e Gestão Ambiental, ramo de Sistemas Industriais

Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.

To understand how our global climate will change in response to natural and anthropogenic forcing, it is essential to determine how quickly and by what pathways climate change signals are transported throughout the global ocean, a vast reservoir for heat and carbon dioxide. Labrador Sea Water (LSW), formed by open ocean convection in the subpolar North Atlantic, is a particularly sensitive indicator of climate change on interannual to decadal timescales. Hydrographic observations made anywhere along the western boundary of the North Atlantic reveal a core of LSW at intermediate depths advected southward within the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). These observations have led to the widely held view that the DWBC is the dominant pathway for the export of LSW from its formation site in the northern North Atlantic towards the Equator. Here we show that most of the recently ventilated LSW entering the subtropics follows interior, not DWBC, pathways. The interior pathways are revealed by trajectories of subsurface RAFOS floats released during the period 2003-2005 that recorded once-daily temperature, pressure and acoustically determined position for two years, and by model-simulated 'e-floats' released in the subpolar DWBC. The evidence points to a few specific locations around the Grand Banks where LSW is most often injected into the interior. These results have implications for deep ocean ventilation and suggest that the interior subtropical gyre should not be ignored when considering the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.

Efectos y respuestas al pastoreo selectivo doméstico sobre plantas, poblaciones y ecosistemas pastoriles áridos

Los ecosistemas pastoriles del mundo se caracterizan por algún grado de aridez y pastoreo por grandes herbívoros, que por su biomasa por área y los efectos de su actividad pueden ser consideradas especies ingenieras del ecosistema. El objetivo de esta Tesis fue estudiar el efecto del manejo del pastoreo ovino sobre distintos niveles jerárquicos de organización de la vegetación en estepas áridas de la Patagonia, desde plantas hasta ecosistemas/comunidades pasando por poblaciones. Se evaluó el efecto de la carga histórica de pastoreo sobre la organización de la biomasa subterránea de la comunidad, sobre la morfología individual y la estructura poblacional de pastos de diferente preferencia y sobre el abastecimiento de servicios ecosistémicos. Por otro lado, se estudió de qué manera el manejo del pastoreo con descansos afecta el crecimiento de las gramíneas forrajeras. Los principales resultados de los estudios de campo indicaron que la carga histórica de pastoreo cambió la composición de la biomasa aérea y subterránea, modificó la distribución de tamaños de las poblaciones de pastos de diferente preferencia y afectó la provisión servicios ecosistémicos. En general, cuando la carga fue moderada, el pastoreo optimizó la estructura de los diferentes niveles de organización de la vegetación y el funcionamiento del ecosistema en relación a las situaciones sin herbívoros. Se incrementó la producción y la disponibilidad de forraje, maximizando de esta manera el abastecimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos de provisión y regulación. En cambio, al intensificar la carga, el efecto del pastoreo se volvió negativo rompiendo con los circuitos de retroalimentación favorables para el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Por otro lado, se demostró que el manejo del pastoreo con descansos prolongados mejora el desempeño de pastos forrajeros en situaciones donde la disponibilidad de agua no limita el crecimiento. En conclusión, este trabajo aporta evidencias empíricas a escala de unidades de manejo pecuario que indican que cargas animales moderadas y variables en el tiempo podrían mejorar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas patagónicos y contribuir a frenar su deterioro.

Efectos y respuestas al pastoreo selectivo doméstico sobre plantas, poblaciones y ecosistemas pastoriles áridos

Los ecosistemas pastoriles del mundo se caracterizan por algún grado de aridez y pastoreo por grandes herbívoros, que por su biomasa por área y los efectos de su actividad pueden ser consideradas especies ingenieras del ecosistema. El objetivo de esta Tesis fue estudiar el efecto del manejo del pastoreo ovino sobre distintos niveles jerárquicos de organización de la vegetación en estepas áridas de la Patagonia, desde plantas hasta ecosistemas/comunidades pasando por poblaciones. Se evaluó el efecto de la carga histórica de pastoreo sobre la organización de la biomasa subterránea de la comunidad, sobre la morfología individual y la estructura poblacional de pastos de diferente preferencia y sobre el abastecimiento de servicios ecosistémicos. Por otro lado, se estudió de qué manera el manejo del pastoreo con descansos afecta el crecimiento de las gramíneas forrajeras. Los principales resultados de los estudios de campo indicaron que la carga histórica de pastoreo cambió la composición de la biomasa aérea y subterránea, modificó la distribución de tamaños de las poblaciones de pastos de diferente preferencia y afectó la provisión servicios ecosistémicos. En general, cuando la carga fue moderada, el pastoreo optimizó la estructura de los diferentes niveles de organización de la vegetación y el funcionamiento del ecosistema en relación a las situaciones sin herbívoros. Se incrementó la producción y la disponibilidad de forraje, maximizando de esta manera el abastecimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos de provisión y regulación. En cambio, al intensificar la carga, el efecto del pastoreo se volvió negativo rompiendo con los circuitos de retroalimentación favorables para el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Por otro lado, se demostró que el manejo del pastoreo con descansos prolongados mejora el desempeño de pastos forrajeros en situaciones donde la disponibilidad de agua no limita el crecimiento. En conclusión, este trabajo aporta evidencias empíricas a escala de unidades de manejo pecuario que indican que cargas animales moderadas y variables en el tiempo podrían mejorar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas patagónicos y contribuir a frenar su deterioro.

The feminine character and temporal freedom in three historical novels by Angelina Muñiz: Morada interior (1972), "El Mercader de Tudela" (1995) y "La Burladora de Toledo" (2008)

We focus on the representation of time in Muñiz’s historical novels. Concretely, we stress the attitude of the feminine characters towards time and history. Muñiz’s female personages continuously transgress temporal borders and move freely between different historical periods. We relate Muñiz’s particular vision on time and on the separation lines between historical periods to her situation as an exile. The author is continuously crossing borders between the past of her homeland and the present of her adoptive country. We argument Muñiz is recreating this “borderfree” attitude towards time in the female characters of her historical novels.

Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channel sections with offset web holes subjected to interior-two-flange loading

Cold-formed steel sections are often used as wall studs or floor joists; such sections often include web holes for ease of installation of the services. Cold-formed steel design codes, however, do not consider the effect of such web holes. In this paper, a combination of experimental tests and non-linear elasto-plastic finite element analyses are used to investigate the effect of such holes on web crippling under interior-two-flange (ITF) loading conditions; the cases of both flange fastened and flange unfastened are considered. A good agreement between the experimental tests and finite element analyses was obtained. The finite element model was then used for the purposes of a parametric study on the effect of different sizes and position of holes in the web. It was demonstrated that the main factors influencing the web crippling strength are the ratio of the hole depth to the depth of the web, and the ratio of the distance from the edge of the bearing to the flat depth of web. Design recommendations in the form of web crippling strength reduction factors are proposed, that are conservative to both the experimental and finite element results.

A late-Middle Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage 6) vegetated surface buried by Old Crow tephra at the Palisades, interior Alaska

A 40 cm thick primary bed of Old Crow tephra (131 ± 11 ka), an important stratigraphic marker in eastern Beringia, directly overlies a vegetated surface at Palisades West, on the Yukon River in central Alaska. Analyses of insect, bryophyte, and vascular plant macrofossils from the buried surface and underlying organic-rich silt suggest the local presence of an aquatic environment and mesic shrub-tundra at the time of tephra deposition. Autochthonous plant and insect macrofossils from peat directly overlying Old Crow tephra suggest similar aquatic habitats and hydric to mesic tundra environments, though pollen counts indicate a substantial herbaceous component to the regional tundra vegetation. Trace amounts of arboreal pollen in sediments associated with the tephra probably reflect reworking from older deposits, rather than the local presence of trees. The revised glass fission-track age for Old Crow tephra places its deposition closer to the time of the last interglaciation than earlier age determinations, but stratigraphy and paleoecology of sites with Old Crow tephra indicate a late Marine Isotope Stage 6 age. Regional permafrost degradation and associated thaw slumping are responsible for the close stratigraphic and paleoecological relations between Old Crow tephra and last interglacial deposits at some sites in eastern Beringia. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska

Causes of late Quaternary extinctions of large mammals (" megafauna") continue to be debated, especially for continental losses, because spatial and temporal patterns of extinction are poorly known. Accurate latest appearance dates (LADs) for such taxa are critical for interpreting the process of extinction. The extinction of woolly mammoth and horse in northwestern North America is currently placed at 15,000-13,000 calendar years before present (yr BP), based on LADs from dating surveys of macrofossils (bones and teeth). Advantages of using macrofossils to estimate when a species became extinct are offset, however, by the improbability of finding and dating the remains of the last-surviving members of populations that were restricted in numbers or con-fined to refugia. Here we report an alternative approach to detect 'ghost ranges' of dwindling populations, based on recovery of ancient DNA from perennially frozen and securely dated sediments (sedaDNA). In such contexts, sedaDNA can reveal the molecular presence of species that appear absent in the macrofossil record. We show that woolly mammoth and horse persisted in interior Alaska until at least 10,500 yr BP, several thousands of years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys. These results contradict claims that Holocene survival of mammoths in Beringia was restricted to ecologically isolated high-latitude islands. More importantly, our finding that mammoth and horse overlapped with humans for several millennia in the region where people initially entered the Americas challenges theories that megafaunal extinction occurred within centuries of human arrival or were due to an extraterrestrial impact in the late Pleistocene.