A benchmark-driven modelling approach for evaluating deployment choices on a multi-core architecture

The complexity of current and emerging architectures provides users with options about how best to use the available resources, but makes predicting performance challenging. In this work a benchmark-driven model is developed for a simple shallow water code on a Cray XE6 system, to explore how deployment choices such as domain decomposition and core affinity affect performance. The resource sharing present in modern multi-core architectures adds various levels of heterogeneity to the system. Shared resources often includes cache, memory, network controllers and in some cases floating point units (as in the AMD Bulldozer), which mean that the access time depends on the mapping of application tasks, and the core's location within the system. Heterogeneity further increases with the use of hardware-accelerators such as GPUs and the Intel Xeon Phi, where many specialist cores are attached to general-purpose cores. This trend for shared resources and non-uniform cores is expected to continue into the exascale era. The complexity of these systems means that various runtime scenarios are possible, and it has been found that under-populating nodes, altering the domain decomposition and non-standard task to core mappings can dramatically alter performance. To find this out, however, is often a process of trial and error. To better inform this process, a performance model was developed for a simple regular grid-based kernel code, shallow. The code comprises two distinct types of work, loop-based array updates and nearest-neighbour halo-exchanges. Separate performance models were developed for each part, both based on a similar methodology. Application specific benchmarks were run to measure performance for different problem sizes under different execution scenarios. These results were then fed into a performance model that derives resource usage for a given deployment scenario, with interpolation between results as necessary.

Study of the audio coding algorithm of the MPEG-4 AAC standard and comparison among implementations of modules of the algorithm

Audio coding is used to compress digital audio signals, thereby reducing the amount of bits needed to transmit or to store an audio signal. This is useful when network bandwidth or storage capacity is very limited. Audio compression algorithms are based on an encoding and decoding process. In the encoding step, the uncompressed audio signal is transformed into a coded representation, thereby compressing the audio signal. Thereafter, the coded audio signal eventually needs to be restored (e.g. for playing back) through decoding of the coded audio signal. The decoder receives the bitstream and reconverts it into an uncompressed signal. ISO-MPEG is a standard for high-quality, low bit-rate video and audio coding. The audio part of the standard is composed by algorithms for high-quality low-bit-rate audio coding, i.e. algorithms that reduce the original bit-rate, while guaranteeing high quality of the audio signal. The audio coding algorithms consists of MPEG-1 (with three different layers), MPEG-2, MPEG-2 AAC, and MPEG-4. This work presents a study of the MPEG-4 AAC audio coding algorithm. Besides, it presents the implementation of the AAC algorithm on different platforms, and comparisons among implementations. The implementations are in C language, in Assembly of Intel Pentium, in C-language using DSP processor, and in HDL. Since each implementation has its own application niche, each one is valid as a final solution. Moreover, another purpose of this work is the comparison among these implementations, considering estimated costs, execution time, and advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Sistema portátil de aquisição de dados para análise dinâmica de estruturas mecânicas

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema microcontrolado para aquisição dinâmica de sinais. O sistema possui condicionadores analógicos para três canais de entrada, possibilitando a leitura de sinais diferenciais provenientes de transdutores ligados em ponte de Wheatstone. Estes condicionadores provêem tensão de excitação AC, com portadora de 5 kHz. A parte digital do sistema baseia-se no microcontrolador Intel 80C196. Apresenta interface com o usuário através de teclado e mostrador de cristal líquido. A taxa de aquisição é de 1000 amostras/s e o armazenamento dos dados é feito em memória Flash de 4 Mbits. Também possibilita comunicação digital serial com um microcomputador tipo PC para análise e tratamento dos dados adquiridos. Um protótipo do equipamento foi montado interligando as partes analógica e digital. Para a calibração dos condicionadores de sinais foi adotado o procedimento de calibração estática, tendo como referência uma unidade de calibração resistiva padrão. Foi determinado o comportamento dos condicionadores através de ensaios dinâmicos, sendo apresentados gráficos de resposta em amplitude e fase em função da freqüência do sinal de entrada. Os dados resultantes de ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos foram adquiridos por um osciloscópio digital e pelo sistema de aquisição desenvolvido. São mostrados gráficos comparativos dos sinais obtidos com ambos os equipamentos.

Validação do mecanismo de tolerância a falhas do SGBD InterBase através de injeção de falhas

O presente trabalho explora a aplicação de técnicas de injeção de falhas, que simulam falhas transientes de hardware, para validar o mecanismo de detecção e de recuperação de erros, medir os tempos de indisponibilidade do banco de dados após a ocorrência de uma falha que tenha provocado um FUDVK. Adicionalmente, avalia e valida a ferramenta de injeção de falhas FIDe, utilizada nos experimentos, através de um conjunto significativo de testes de injeção de falhas no ambiente do SGBD. A plataforma experimental consiste de um computador Intel Pentium 550 MHz com 128 MB RAM, do sistema operacional Linux Conectiva kernel versão 2.2.13. O sistema alvo das injeções de falhas é o SGBD centralizado InterBase versão 4.0. As aplicações para a carga de trabalho foram escritas em VFULSWV SQL e executadas dentro de uma sessão chamada LVTO. Para a injeção de falhas foram utilizadas três técnicas distintas: 1) o comando NLOO do sistema operacional; 2) UHVHW geral no equipamento; 3) a ferramenta de injeção de falhas FIDe, desenvolvida no grupo de injeção de falhas do PPGC da UFRGS. Inicialmente são introduzidos e reforçados os conceitos básicos sobre o tema, que serão utilizados no decorrer do trabalho e são necessários para a compreensão deste estudo. Em seguida é apresentada a ferramenta de injeção de falhas Xception e são também analisados alguns experimentos que utilizam ferramentas de injeção de falhas em bancos de dados. Concluída a revisão bibliográfica é apresentada a ferramenta de injeção de falhas – o FIDe, o modelo de falhas adotado, a forma de abordagem, a plataforma de hardware e software, a metodologia e as técnicas utilizadas, a forma de condução dos experimentos realizados e os resultados obtidos com cada uma das técnicas. No total foram realizados 3625 testes de injeções de falhas. Com a primeira técnica foram realizadas 350 execuções, com a segunda técnica foram realizadas 75 execuções e com a terceira técnica 3200 execuções, em 80 testes diferentes. O modelo de falhas proposto para este trabalho refere-se a falhas de crash baseadas em corrupção de memória e registradores, parada de CPU, aborto de transações ou reset geral. Os experimentos foram divididos em três técnicas distintas, visando a maior cobertura possível de erros, e apresentam resultados bastante diferenciados. Os experimentos com o comando NLOO praticamente não afetaram o ambiente do banco de dados. Pequeno número de injeção de falhas com o FIDe afetaram significativamente a dependabilidade do SGBD e os experimentos com a técnica de UHVHW geral foram os que mais comprometeram a dependabilidade do SGBD.

Designing single event upset mitigation techniques for large SRAM-Based FPGA components

This thesis presents the study and development of fault-tolerant techniques for programmable architectures, the well-known Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), customizable by SRAM. FPGAs are becoming more valuable for space applications because of the high density, high performance, reduced development cost and re-programmability. In particular, SRAM-based FPGAs are very valuable for remote missions because of the possibility of being reprogrammed by the user as many times as necessary in a very short period. SRAM-based FPGA and micro-controllers represent a wide range of components in space applications, and as a result will be the focus of this work, more specifically the Virtex® family from Xilinx and the architecture of the 8051 micro-controller from Intel. The Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) with voters is a common high-level technique to protect ASICs against single event upset (SEU) and it can also be applied to FPGAs. The TMR technique was first tested in the Virtex® FPGA architecture by using a small design based on counters. Faults were injected in all sensitive parts of the FPGA and a detailed analysis of the effect of a fault in a TMR design synthesized in the Virtex® platform was performed. Results from fault injection and from a radiation ground test facility showed the efficiency of the TMR for the related case study circuit. Although TMR has showed a high reliability, this technique presents some limitations, such as area overhead, three times more input and output pins and, consequently, a significant increase in power dissipation. Aiming to reduce TMR costs and improve reliability, an innovative high-level technique for designing fault-tolerant systems in SRAM-based FPGAs was developed, without modification in the FPGA architecture. This technique combines time and hardware redundancy to reduce overhead and to ensure reliability. It is based on duplication with comparison and concurrent error detection. The new technique proposed in this work was specifically developed for FPGAs to cope with transient faults in the user combinational and sequential logic, while also reducing pin count, area and power dissipation. The methodology was validated by fault injection experiments in an emulation board. The thesis presents comparison results in fault coverage, area and performance between the discussed techniques.

Sustentabilidade financeira dos regimes próprios de previdência social: uma análise dos RPPS do Estado do Maranhão

A partir da última década do século passado, ampliaram-se no Brasil profundas e polêmicas discussões que vêm ocorrendo em paralelo no mundo todo: a sustentabilidade do sistema de Previdência Social. Portanto, esta dissertação constitui-se numa análise das perspectivas de sustentabilidade dos Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social (RPPS) que fazem parte do sistema previdenciário brasileiro. Situando o tema no contexto atual, marcado por profundas limitações econômicas e legais, tomou-se como objeto de análise o RPPS do Estado do Maranhão. Através da coleta de dados disponíveis na Internet e da aplicação de formulário de pesquisa de campo, sob a forma de questionário, buscou-se obter um diagnóstico da situação financeira e atuarial experimentada pelo citado RPPS. A partir do perfil traçado, que apontou situação deficitária, concluiu-se que a possibilidade de sustentabilidade do RPPS Estadual encontra-se comprometida e constitui-se em sério entrave ao alcance do equilíbrio das contas públicas do Estado. A situação constatada tende a se agravar, caso sejam mantidos os parâmetros legais, a forma de gestão e o cenário de crise econômica atualmente verificado

Gerenciamento de Entrada e Saída

O material apresenta a estrutura geral de um subsistema de Entrada/Saída, seus princípios do tratamento e complexidade. Destaca assuntos como: Hardware de E/S; Estrutura típica do barramento do PC; Comunicação entre CPU e controladoras; Endereços de algumas portas de I/O do PC; E/S programada – Polling; E/S por Interrupções; e Vetor de eventos do Intel Pentium. O material também trata do Acesso Direto à Memória e a operação de transferência por DMA; os dispositivos de Rede; as operações do subsistema de E/S (Escalonamento, Buferização, Caching, Spooling, Reserva de dispositivo); o tratamento de erros e as operações que podem estar sujeitas a falhas; e por fim, tratamento de requisições de E/S e o ciclo de vida de uma requisição de E/S.

Estimação de Fasores para Proteção de Sistemas Elétricos Baseada em Mínimos Quadrados e Morfologia Matemática

This work proposes a new technique for phasor estimation applied in microprocessor numerical relays for distance protection of transmission lines, based on the recursive least squares method and called least squares modified random walking. The phasor estimation methods have compromised their performance, mainly due to the DC exponential decaying component present in fault currents. In order to reduce the influence of the DC component, a Morphological Filter (FM) was added to the method of least squares and previously applied to the process of phasor estimation. The presented method is implemented in MATLABr and its performance is compared to one-cycle Fourier technique and conventional phasor estimation, which was also based on least squares algorithm. The methods based on least squares technique used for comparison with the proposed method were: forgetting factor recursive, covariance resetting and random walking. The techniques performance analysis were carried out by means of signals synthetic and signals provided of simulations on the Alternative Transient Program (ATP). When compared to other phasor estimation methods, the proposed method showed satisfactory results, when it comes to the estimation speed, the steady state oscillation and the overshoot. Then, the presented method performance was analyzed by means of variations in the fault parameters (resistance, distance, angle of incidence and type of fault). Through this study, the results did not showed significant variations in method performance. Besides, the apparent impedance trajectory and estimated distance of the fault were analysed, and the presented method showed better results in comparison to one-cycle Fourier algorithm

Exposure to acute restraint stress reinstates nicotine-induced place preference in rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Projeto e implementação em FPGA de um processador com conjunto de instrução reconfigurável utilizando VHDL

The Reconfigurable Computing is an intermediate solution at the resolution of complex problems, making possible to combine the speed of the hardware with the flexibility of the software. An reconfigurable architecture possess some goals, among these the increase of performance. The use of reconfigurable architectures to increase the performance of systems is a well known technology, specially because of the possibility of implementing certain slow algorithms in the current processors directly in hardware. Amongst the various segments that use reconfigurable architectures the reconfigurable processors deserve a special mention. These processors combine the functions of a microprocessor with a reconfigurable logic and can be adapted after the development process. Reconfigurable Instruction Set Processors (RISP) are a subgroup of the reconfigurable processors, that have as goal the reconfiguration of the instruction set of the processor, involving issues such formats, operands and operations of the instructions. This work possess as main objective the development of a RISP processor, combining the techniques of configuration of the set of executed instructions of the processor during the development, and reconfiguration of itself in execution time. The project and implementation in VHDL of this RISP processor has as intention to prove the applicability and the efficiency of two concepts: to use more than one set of fixed instructions, with only one set active in a given time, and the possibility to create and combine new instructions, in a way that the processor pass to recognize and use them in real time as if these existed in the fixed set of instruction. The creation and combination of instructions is made through a reconfiguration unit, incorporated to the processor. This unit allows the user to send custom instructions to the processor, so that later he can use them as if they were fixed instructions of the processor. In this work can also be found simulations of applications involving fixed and custom instructions and results of the comparisons between these applications in relation to the consumption of power and the time of execution, which confirm the attainment of the goals for which the processor was developed

C programs for solving the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a fully anisotropic trap

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of interfacial co-ion concentration in ionic micelles by chemical trapping: Halide concentration at the interface of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

Products from the spontaneous reaction of a long-chain arenediazonium salt, 2,6-dimethyl-4-hexadecylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate(16-ArN2BF4), in aqueous micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)? are used to estimate the local concentration of chloride and bromide ions at the micellar surface. The arenediazonium ion, 16-ArN2+, which is totally bound to the SDS micelle, reacts by rate-determining loss of N-2 to give an aryl cation that traps available nucleophiles, i,e., H2O, Cl-, and Br-, to give stable phenol, 16-ArOH, and halobenzene products, 16-ArCl and 16-ArBr, respectively. Product yields, determined by HPLC, are related to local concentrations using calibration curves obtained from independent standards. The local concentrations determined by this method are consistent with co-ion concentrations calculated, using a cell model, by numerical integration of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) taking into account salt-induced micellar growth. The salt dependence of the intel facial concentrations of Cl- and Br- are identical. indicating no specific interactions in the interfacial co-ion compartment. PBE calculations predict that, in micellar SDS, increasing the concentration of a particular halide salt (NaX) at constant concentration of another halide (NaY) should result in an increase in the local concentrations of both co-ions. Using this chemical-trapping method, this prediction was demonstrated experimentally.

The STATFLUX code: a statistical method for calculation of flow and set of parameters, based on the Multiple-Compartment Biokinetical Model

The code STATFLUX, implementing a new and simple statistical procedure for the calculation of transfer coefficients in radionuclide transport to animals and plants, is proposed. The method is based on the general multiple-compartment model, which uses a system of linear equations involving geometrical volume considerations. Flow parameters were estimated by employing two different least-squares procedures: Derivative and Gauss-Marquardt methods, with the available experimental data of radionuclide concentrations as the input functions of time. The solution of the inverse problem, which relates a given set of flow parameter with the time evolution of concentration functions, is achieved via a Monte Carlo Simulation procedure.Program summaryTitle of program: STATFLUXCatalogue identifier: ADYS_v1_0Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADYS_v1_0Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandLicensing provisions: noneComputer for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested: Micro-computer with Intel Pentium III, 3.0 GHzInstallation: Laboratory of Linear Accelerator, Department of Experimental Physics, University of São Paulo, BrazilOperating system: Windows 2000 and Windows XPProgramming language used: Fortran-77 as implemented in Microsoft Fortran 4.0. NOTE: Microsoft Fortran includes non-standard features which are used in this program. Standard Fortran compilers such as, g77, f77, ifort and NAG95, are not able to compile the code and therefore it has not been possible for the CPC Program Library to test the program.Memory, required to execute with typical data: 8 Mbytes of RAM memory and 100 MB of Hard disk memoryNo. of bits in a word: 16No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 6912No. of bytes in distributed Program, including test data, etc.: 229 541Distribution format: tar.gzNature of the physical problem: the investigation of transport mechanisms for radioactive substances, through environmental pathways, is very important for radiological protection of populations. One such pathway, associated with the food chain, is the grass-animal-man sequence. The distribution of trace elements in humans and laboratory animals has been intensively studied over the past 60 years [R.C. Pendlenton, C.W. Mays, R.D. Lloyd, A.L. Brooks, Differential accumulation of iodine-131 from local fallout in people and milk, Health Phys. 9 (1963) 1253-1262]. In addition, investigations on the incidence of cancer in humans, and a possible causal relationship to radioactive fallout, have been undertaken [E.S. Weiss, M.L. Rallison, W.T. London, W.T. Carlyle Thompson, Thyroid nodularity in southwestern Utah school children exposed to fallout radiation, Amer. J. Public Health 61 (1971) 241-249; M.L. Rallison, B.M. Dobyns, F.R. Keating, J.E. Rall, F.H. Tyler, Thyroid diseases in children, Amer. J. Med. 56 (1974) 457-463; J.L. Lyon, M.R. Klauber, J.W. Gardner, K.S. Udall, Childhood leukemia associated with fallout from nuclear testing, N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (1979) 397-402]. From the pathways of entry of radionuclides in the human (or animal) body, ingestion is the most important because it is closely related to life-long alimentary (or dietary) habits. Those radionuclides which are able to enter the living cells by either metabolic or other processes give rise to localized doses which can be very high. The evaluation of these internally localized doses is of paramount importance for the assessment of radiobiological risks and radiological protection. The time behavior of trace concentration in organs is the principal input for prediction of internal doses after acute or chronic exposure. The General Multiple-Compartment Model (GMCM) is the powerful and more accepted method for biokinetical studies, which allows the calculation of concentration of trace elements in organs as a function of time, when the flow parameters of the model are known. However, few biokinetics data exist in the literature, and the determination of flow and transfer parameters by statistical fitting for each system is an open problem.Restriction on the complexity of the problem: This version of the code works with the constant volume approximation, which is valid for many situations where the biological half-live of a trace is lower than the volume rise time. Another restriction is related to the central flux model. The model considered in the code assumes that exist one central compartment (e.g., blood), that connect the flow with all compartments, and the flow between other compartments is not included.Typical running time: Depends on the choice for calculations. Using the Derivative Method the time is very short (a few minutes) for any number of compartments considered. When the Gauss-Marquardt iterative method is used the calculation time can be approximately 5-6 hours when similar to 15 compartments are considered. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

IEEE 1451-based multi-interface module (I2M) for industrial processes automation

This paper describes the implementation of a multi-interface module (I2M) for automation of industrial processes, based on the IEEE1451 standard. Process automation with I2M can communicate through either wires or using wireless communication, without any hardware or software changes. We used FPGA resources to implement the I2M functions FPGA, with a NIOS II processor and ZigBee communication system (IEEE802.15), as well as RS232 serial standard. Part of the project was done in the SOPC Builder environment, which gave the designer flexibility and speed to implement the NIOS II-based microprocessor system. To test the I2M implementation, a didactic Industrial Hydraulic Module (MHI-01) was used to simulate two industrial processes to be controlled by the system proposed.

Policy competition for foreign direct investment in the Caribbean Basin: Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica

Includes bibliography