The incubator and its use.

Mode of access: Internet.

Artificial vs. natural methods of incubation and brooding of the ringneck pheasant.

Thesis (M. S.) - Cornell Univ., 1921.

The history and development of artificial incubation.

Thesis (M. S. in Agr.) - Cornell Univ., Sept. 1916.

Starting a business in Illinois : handbook.

The Illinois Entrepreneurship Network was established throughout the state to provide business management, counseling and training, assistance in entering international markets, information on competing for the state and federal contracts, developing technology related products and providing a supportive environment for new, startup businesses. This network consists of Small Business Development Centers, Procurement Technical Assistance Centers, International Trade/NAFTA Centers, Small Business Incubators and of course Entrepreneurship Centers. Assistance is provided in the areas of preparing business and marketing plans, securing capital, improving business skills, accessing international trade opportunities and addressing other business management needs. DCEO also has programs targeted to assist minority and women-owned business concerns. The Illinois Entrepreneurship Network is a collaborative arrangement among DCEO, the US Small Business Administration, the US Department of Defense, colleges and universities and private business organizations. Pursuant to the Business Assistance and Regulatory Reform Act, the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO) created the IEN Business Information Center of Illinois (the Center). The goal of the Center is to enhance the state's business climate by making it easier for businesses to comply with government requirements and gain access to the information they need to be competitive. Whether a startup or existing business, this handbook will inform you of various legal requirements and guide you to additional resources.

The art of hatching and bringing up domestick fowls of all kinds at any time of the year. Either by means of the heat of hot-beds, or that of common fire.

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 08498.8-1, suppl.

The rising tide of ocean diseases: Unsolved problems and research priorities

New studies have detected a rising number of reports of diseases in marine organisms such as corals, molluscs, turtles, mammals, and echinoderms over the past three decades. Despite the increasing disease load, microbiological, molecular, and theoretical tools for managing disease in the world's oceans are underdeveloped. Review of the new developments in the study of these diseases identifies five major unsolved problems and priorities for future research: (1) detecting origins and reservoirs for marine diseases and tracing the flow of some new pathogens from land to sea; (2) documenting the longevity and host range of infectious stages; (3) evaluating the effect of greater taxonomic diversity of marine relative to terrestrial hosts and pathogens; (4) pinpointing the facilitating role of anthropogenic agents as incubators and conveyors of marine pathogens; (5) adapting epidemiological models to analysis of marine disease.

The changing nature of innovation networks in Taiwan: From imitation to innovation?

Taiwan is embarking on a new phase in its approach to building its national innovative capacity, through building the infrastructure for a biotechnology industry. Rather than acting as a “fast follower” of trends developed elsewhere, Taiwan is seeking to evolve the elements of a national innovation system, including upgrading the role of universities in providing fundamental R&D, in providing incubators for new, knowledge-based firms, in developing new funding models, and in establishing new biotech-focused science parks. This paper reviews the progress achieved to date, and the prospects for this new phase in Taiwan’s transition from imitation to innovation

CLIMA ORGANIZACIONAL NO CONTEXTO DE UMA INCUBADORA: ESTUDO COM TRÊS EMPREENDIMENTOS DO INTERIOR DE SÃO PAULO

A gestão de pessoas é um elemento estratégico nas organizações. Dentre as estratégias que podem ser adotadas pela gestão de pessoas, o monitoramento do clima organizacional vem sendo foco nas organizações. No mundo competitivo, as incubadoras de empresas surgem, com o objetivo de proporcionar aos novos empreendimentos, meios para que tenham condições de expandir, auxiliando no desenvolvimento econômico local e regional. O presente estudo objetivou analisar o clima organizacional de três empresas do projeto incubadora de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo e, verificar os impactos que o clima presente está causando nestes empreendimentos. O critério utilizado para a seleção das empresas foi o de graduação, isto é, foram escolhidas empresas com mais tempo de incubadora e que estarão prontas para deixar o projeto no final do ano de 2014. Este estudo valeu-se de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos para poder efetuar o processo metodológico e construir a análise final da pesquisa. Como método quantitativo foi utilizada uma Escala de Clima Organizacional construída e validada por Martins et al. (2004) e como método qualitativo foi realizada uma entrevista com funcionários e gestores das empresas estudadas, com o objetivo de coletar informações para auxiliar no estudo, proporcionar melhor compreensão do ambiente de trabalho e verificar quais os principais impactos causados pelo clima presente. Percebeu-se que, as empresas estudadas, apresentam sérios problemas em seu ambiente de trabalho e, por sua vez, este clima organizacional vem impactando em outras variáveis como, nível de estresse, rotatividade de profissionais, desempenho profissional e na lucratividade destas organizações.

A IMPLANTAÇÃO DE INCUBADORAS DE EMPRESAS: ESTUDO DE CASO DE UMA CIDADE DO INTERIOR PAULISTA

A pesquisa trata do estudo da implantação de uma incubadora de empresas no município de Santana de Parnaíba em 2005. Duas perguntas estruturaram a investigação: Quais fatores ou indicadores econômicos e sociais, conforme previsto no Programa Nacional de Apoio à Implantação de Incubadoras de Empresas, se evidenciaram como viabilizadores, ou não, para a escolha do tipo de incubadora implantada no município? A incubadora de Santana de Parnaíba configurou-se ou não como espaço articulado de desenvolvimento econômico e social? Essas questões norteadoras determinaram o objetivo geral do estudo e os objetivos específicos, quais foram: investigar se houve ou não a aplicação do Estudo de Viabilidade Técnica e Econômica/SEBRAE; levantar o perfil socioeconômico do empreendedor local e, identificar o perfil das empresas graduadas quanto à geração de postos de trabalho. Para atender aos objetivos optou-se pela realização de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório e descritivo. A estratégia da observação participante foi seguida a partir da consulta aos diários de campo e às fontes primárias e secundárias, com a leitura e consulta de documentos e registros da implantação nos arquivos da FIESP. Como parte da estratégia de coleta de dados foi aplicado, junto ao universo da pesquisa, empreendedores e coordenador executivo do Programa de Incubadoras da FIESP, roteiro semiestruturado de questões. As informações foram analisadas mediante a técnica de análise de conteúdo, seguindo a metodologia do Estudo de Caso. Serviu de motivo condutor a constatação de que a notável evolução de tecnologias propiciada pelo sistema capitalista, o avanço dos processos produtivos e o aumento da produtividade nas grandes corporações ocorreram e continuam ocorrendo em ritmo sensivelmente superior à dinâmica de capacitação e qualificação da mão de obra em países em desenvolvimento, o que faz crescer o desemprego e a informalidade. A recente crise americana, em 2008, configura a oportunidade para melhor compreensão do conceito de incubadoras de empresas e demais empreendimentos solidários. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que todos os empreendedores receberam informações de marketing e finanças. O apoio de consultorias especializadas, a participação em feiras e o desenvolvimento do plano de negó cios ao longo da incubação contemplaram as expectativas dos empreendimentos de tecnologia difundida. A pesquisa indica que, nos empreendimentos de base tecnológica, a incubadora não concretizou apoio efetivo às demandas por novos processos e novos produtos. Disso decorreu o atendimento deficitário às metas de geração de emprego na localidade pelas três empresas de base tecnológica instaladas na incubadora. Os resultados indicam que, apesar da significativa quantidade de documentos de conteúdo normativo que tratam da prevenção de insucessos de políticas públicas de apoio à implantação de incubadoras e ao empreendedorismo, não foi possível constatar indícios de articulação entre desenvolvimento econômico e desenvolvimento social nem de Estudo de Viabilidade Técnica e Econômica precedendo a implantação da incubadora no município estudado.(AU)

Teamwork for product innovation in Taiwanese family firms:an indigenous psychology perspective: An indigenous psychology

As the existing team literature mostly excludes context and culture, little is known about how these elements affect real-life team working (Engestrom, 2008; Salas & Wildman, 2009), and how teams work in non-Western settings, such as in Chinese firms (Phan, Zhou, & Abrahamson, 2010).This research addresses this issue by investigating how new product design (NPD) teams use team working to carry out product innovation in the context of Chinese family businesses (CFBs) via an indigenous psychology perspective. Unlike mainstream teamwork literature which mostly employs an etic design, an indigenous psychology perspective adopts an emic approach which places emphasis on understanding real-life phenomena in context through a cultural-insider perspective (Kim, 2000). Compatible with this theoretical position, a multiple qualitative case study approach was used as the research methodology. Three qualitative case studies were carried out in three longstanding family-run manufacturing firms in Taiwan, where family firms have been the pillars of high economic growth in the past five decades (W.-w. Chu, 2009). Two salient findings were established across the three case studies. First, the team processes identified across the three family firms are very similar with the exception of owners’ involvement and on-the-job training. All three family firms’ NPD teams are managed in a highly hierarchical manner, with considerable emphasis placed on hierarchical ranking, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, practicability, and interpersonal harmony. Second, new products developed by CFBNPD teams are mostly incremental innovation or copycat innovation, while radical or original products are rare. In many ways, CFBNPD teams may not be the ideal incubators for innovation. This is because several aspects of their unique context can cast constraints on how they work and innovate, and thus limit the ratio of radical innovation. A multi-level review into the facilitators and inhibitors of creativity or innovation in CFBNPD teams is provided. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings and the limitations of the study are also addressed.

A framework for assessing business-incubation input, process and output performance:proceedings of the RENT XXVII Conference, 20-22 November 2013, Vilnius, Lithuania

With business incubators deemed as a potent infrastructural element for entrepreneurship development, business incubation management practice and performance have received widespread attention. However, despite this surge of interest, scholars have questioned the extent to which business incubation delivers added value. Thus, there is a growing awareness among researchers, practitioners and policy makers of the need for more rigorous evaluation of the business incubation output performance. Aligned to this is an increasing demand for benchmarking business incubation input/process performance and highlighting best practice. This paper offers a business incubation assessment framework, which considers input/process and output performance domains with relevant indicators. This tool adds value on different levels. It has been developed in collaboration with practitioners and industry experts and therefore it would be relevant and useful to business incubation managers. Once a large enough database of completed questionnaires has been populated on an online platform managed by a coordinating mechanism, such as a business incubation membership association, business incubator managers can reflect on their practices by using this assessment framework to learn their relative position vis-à-vis their peers against each domain. This will enable them to align with best practice in this field. Beyond implications for business incubation management practice, this performance assessment framework would also be useful to researchers and policy makers concerned with business incubation management practice and impact. Future large-scale research could test for construct validity and reliability. Also, discriminant analysis could help link input and process indicators with output measures.

Entrepreneurship in the neighborhood:shifting patterns of economic activities in residential neighborhoods in five dutch cities

Cities are oftentimes seen as undergoing a process of "emergence" in the "new economy." However, this process has largely remained empirically underdetermined. This article examines the intra-city geography of emerging businesses in newly dominant sectors of the urban economy. The change in dominant sectors coincides with a shift towards small- and medium-sized businesses, creating new economic opportunities for urban residential areas. The residential neighborhood is introduced as a place where supply and demand side drivers operate to attract or limit such new economic activity. Allen Scott's perspective of the cognitive-cultural economy is used to analyze which neighborhoods are flourishing sites of the cognitive-cultural sectors. His perspective on industries that are on the rise in urban environments and their growth potential proves very valuable. Social demographic characteristics on the level of the neighborhood are used as predictors of the composition of the local economy. The analyses show that in particular wealthy, gentrified neighborhoods are more prone than others to becoming "hubs" of the cognitive-cultural economy. However, disadvantaged neighborhoods may under certain conditions serve as incubators for business start-ups as they offer low-rent office spaces. This has important consequences for their future economic growth potential as well as the distribution of successful businesses in the city. © 2013 Urban Affairs Association.

Ammonium excretion and respiration rate of tropical copepods and euphausiids measured during METEOR cruise M93, M97 and Maria S. Merian cruise MSM22

Respiration and ammonium excretion rates at different oxygen partial pressure were measured for calanoid copepods and euphausiids from the Eastern Tropical South Pacific and the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic. All specimens used for experiments were caught in the upper 400 m of the water column and only animals appearing unharmed and fit were used for experiments. Specimens were sorted, identified and transferred into aquaria with filtered, well-oxygenated seawater immediately after the catch and maintained for 1 to 13 hours prior to physiological experiments at the respective experimental temperature. Maintenance and physiological experiments were conducted in darkness in temperature-controlled incubators at 11, 13 or 23 degree C (±1). Before and during experiments, animals were not fed. Respiration and ammonium excretion rate measurements (both in µmol h-1 gDW-1) at varying oxygen concentrations were conducted in 12 to 60 mL gas-tight glass bottles. These were equipped with oxygen microsensors (ø 3 mm, PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) attached to the inner wall of the bottles to monitor oxygen concentrations non-invasively. Read-out of oxygen concentrations was conducted using multi-channel fiber optic oxygen transmitters (Oxy-4 and Oxy-10 mini, PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) that were connected via optical fibers to the outside of the bottles directly above the oxygen microsensor spots. Measurements were started at pre-adjusted oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. For this, seawater stocks with adjusted pO2 and pCO2 were prepared by equilibrating 3 to 4 L of filtered (0.2 µm filter Whatman GFF filter) and UV - sterilized (Aqua Cristal UV C 5 Watt, JBL GmbH & Co. KG, Neuhofen, Germany) water with premixed gases (certified gas mixtures from Air Liquide) for 4 hours at the respective experimental temperature. pCO2 levels were chosen to mimic the environmental pCO2 in the ETSP OMZ or the ETNA OMZ. Experimental runs were conducted with 11 to 15 trial incubations (1 or 2 animals per incubation bottle and three different treatment levels) and three animal-free control incubations (one per experimental treatment). During each run, experimental treatments comprised 100% air saturation as well as one reduced air saturation level with and without CO2. Oxygen concentrations in the incubation bottles were recorded every 5 min using the fiber-optic microsensor system and data recording for respiration rate determination was started immediately after all animals were transferred. Respiration rates were calculated from the slope of oxygen decrease over selected time intervals. Chosen time intervals were 20 to 105 min long. No respiration rate was calculated for the first 20 to 60 min after animal transfer to avoid the impact of enhanced activity of the animal or changes in the bottle water temperature during initial handling on the respiration rates and oxygen readings. Respiration rates were obtained over a maximum of 16 hours incubation time and slopes were linear at normoxia to mild hypoxia. Respiration rates in animal-free control bottles were used to correct for microbial activity. These rates were < 2% of animal respiration rates at normoxia. Samples for the measurement of ammonium concentrations were taken after 2 to 10 hours incubation time. Ammonium concentration was determined fluorimetrically (Holmes et al., 1999). Ammonium excretion was calculated as the concentration difference between incubation and animal-free control bottles. Some specimens died during the respiration and excretion rate measurements, as indicated by a cessation of respiration. No excretion rate measurements were conducted in this case, but the oxygen level at which the animal died was noted.

Modelo institucional do processo de estruturação de empresas de desenvolvimento de software: um estudo de múltiplos casos

Some authors have shown the need of understanding the technological structuring process in contemporary firms. From this perspective, the software industry is a very important element because it provides products and services directly to many organizations from many fields. In this case, the Brazilian software industry has some peculiarities that distinguish it from other industries located in developed countries, which makes its understanding even more relevant. There is evidence that local firms take different strategies and structural configurations to enter into a market naturally dominated by large multinational firms. Therefore, this study aims to understand not only the structural configurations assumed by domestic firms but also the dynamic and the process that lead to these different configurations. To do so, this PhD dissertation investigates the institutional environment, its entities and the isomorphic movements, by employing an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory multiple cases study. Eight software development companies from the Recife's information technology Cluster were visited. Also, a form was applied and an interview with one of the main firm s professional was conducted. Although the study is predominantly qualitative, part of the data was analyzed through charts and graphs, providing a companies and environment overview that was very useful to analysis done through the interviews interpretation. As a result, it was realized that companies are structured around hybrids business models from two ideal types of software development companies, which are: software factory and technology-based company. Regarding the development process, it was found that there is a balanced distribution between the traditional and agile development paradigm. Among the traditional methodologies, the Rational Unified Process (RUP) is predominant. The Scrum is the most used methodology among the organizations based on the Agile Manifesto's principles. Regarding the structuring process, each institutional entity acts in such way that generates different isomorphic pressure. Emphasis was given to entities such as customers, research agencies, clusters, market-leading businesses, public universities, incubators, software industry organizations, technology vendors, development tool suppliers and manager s school and background because they relate themselves in a close way with the software firms. About this relationship, a dual and bilateral influence was found. Finally, the structuring level of the organizational field has been also identified as low, which gives a chance to organizational actors of acting independently

Modelo institucional do processo de estruturação de empresas de desenvolvimento de software: um estudo de múltiplos casos

Some authors have shown the need of understanding the technological structuring process in contemporary firms. From this perspective, the software industry is a very important element because it provides products and services directly to many organizations from many fields. In this case, the Brazilian software industry has some peculiarities that distinguish it from other industries located in developed countries, which makes its understanding even more relevant. There is evidence that local firms take different strategies and structural configurations to enter into a market naturally dominated by large multinational firms. Therefore, this study aims to understand not only the structural configurations assumed by domestic firms but also the dynamic and the process that lead to these different configurations. To do so, this PhD dissertation investigates the institutional environment, its entities and the isomorphic movements, by employing an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory multiple cases study. Eight software development companies from the Recife's information technology Cluster were visited. Also, a form was applied and an interview with one of the main firm s professional was conducted. Although the study is predominantly qualitative, part of the data was analyzed through charts and graphs, providing a companies and environment overview that was very useful to analysis done through the interviews interpretation. As a result, it was realized that companies are structured around hybrids business models from two ideal types of software development companies, which are: software factory and technology-based company. Regarding the development process, it was found that there is a balanced distribution between the traditional and agile development paradigm. Among the traditional methodologies, the Rational Unified Process (RUP) is predominant. The Scrum is the most used methodology among the organizations based on the Agile Manifesto's principles. Regarding the structuring process, each institutional entity acts in such way that generates different isomorphic pressure. Emphasis was given to entities such as customers, research agencies, clusters, market-leading businesses, public universities, incubators, software industry organizations, technology vendors, development tool suppliers and manager s school and background because they relate themselves in a close way with the software firms. About this relationship, a dual and bilateral influence was found. Finally, the structuring level of the organizational field has been also identified as low, which gives a chance to organizational actors of acting independently