997 resultados para Imposto de importação - Brasil


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Spatial-temporal dynamics of zooplankton in the Caravelas river estuary (Bahia, Brazil). The survey was conducted in order to describe the zooplankton community of the estuary Caravelas (Bahia, Brazil), to quantify and relate the patterns of horizontal and vertical transport with the type of tide (neap and spring) and tidal phase (flood and ebb). Zooplankton samples were collected with the aid of a suction pump (300L), filtered in plankton nets (300μm) and fixed in saline formalin 4%. Samples were collected at a fixed point (A1), near the mouth of the estuary, with samples taken at neap tides and spring tides during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were collected for 13 hours, at intervals of 1 hour in 3 depths: surface, middle and bottom. Simultaneous collection of biological, we measured the current velocity, temperature and salinity of the water through CTD. In the laboratory, samples were selected for analysis in estereomicroscope, with 25 groups identified, with Copepoda getting the highest number of species. The 168 samples obtained from temporal samples were subsampled and processed on equipment ZooScan, with the aid of software ZooProcess at the end were generated 458.997 vingnettes. 8 taxa were identified automatically, with 16 classified as a semi-automatic. The group Copepoda, despite the limited taxonomic refinement ZooScan, obtained 2 genera and 1 species identified automatically. Among the seasons dry and wet groups Brachyura (zoea), Chaetognatha, and the Calanoid copepods (others), Temora spp., Oithona spp. and Euterpina acutifrons were those who had higher frequency of occurrence, appearing in more than 70% of the samples. Copepoda group showed the largest percentage of relative abundance in both seasons. There was no seasonal variation of total zooplankton, with an average density of 7826±4219 org.m-3 in the dry season, and 7959±3675 org.m-3 in the rainy season, neither between the types and phases of the tides, but seasonal differences were significant recorded for the main zooplankton groups. Vertical stratification was seen for the major zooplankton groups (Brachyura, Chaetognatha, Calanoida (other), Oithona spp, Temora spp. e Euterpina acutifrons). The scale of this stratification varied with the type (square or tide) and tidal phase (flood or ebb). The instantaneous transport was more influenced by current velocity, with higher values observed in spring tides to the total zooplankton, however, there was a variation of this pattern depending on the zooplankton group. According to the data import and export of total zooplankton, the outflow of organisms of the estuary was higher than the input. The results suggest that the estuary of Caravelas may influence the dynamics of organic matter to the adjacent coast, with possible consequences in National Marine Park of Abrolhos

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1994 as a result of the Uruguay Round, and has as its principal aim advocate for the maintenance of free trade between nations. The preamble of its Constitutive Agreement specifically cites as an institution the goal of achieving sustainable development and the pursuit of protecting and preserving the environment, bringing into the sphere of world trade the idea that concern for the environmental cause is not restricted only the group of environmentalists, but rather has entered the economic landscape in a way not only ideological, but also pragmatic. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947, part of the GATT 1994, contains a device that allows the adoption of trade restrictive measures, provided that such measures aimed at protecting the environment - Article XX. The Settlement Body (DSB) is part of the WTO and acts in dissolving disputes between the countries motivated by trade. It examines two cases where countries have imposed restrictive trade measures with environmental justification. The first case was closed in 1996, with award of damages given to Brazil, on the breakdown of U.S. environmental legislation imposed on imported gasoline from Brazil - and the second, begun in 2005 and closed in 2007, coming out victorious again Brazil is on the import ban on retreaded tires to Brazil. The objective is to answer the question: how the environment is treated in the midst of trade discussions - which is aimed at its protection or its use with economic objectives in disguise? For the preparation of this work, extensive documentary research was undertaken with the virtual site of the WTO to review the entire production of legal cases and subsequent analysis of the key issue for the work, and literature of authors who have studied the tense relationship between trade international environment. The first case, it could be seen that the political movement performed by the U.S. with the aim of achieving acceptable standards of air quality was an institutional effort to ensure the quality of air, and thus would be inappropriate to say that the regulation of gasoline was merely a disguised trade barrier.However, a careful analysis of the implementation and operation of gasoline regulation may reveal intentions disguised trade and U.S. environmental argument did not hold. The weight of this environment was relegated, since there were clearly outside interests to the environmental cause. The second case, it was realized that, despite clear attempts by the EC to promote ecological dumping, send when brought to Brazil, supposedly a country with weaker environmental structure on surveillance, a residue that, pursuant to internal policies, as could not be sent to their own landfills, the Brazilian discourse remained focused on the environmental cause, and this sort there was the existence of disguised trade barriers, but of importance, at least a priori, the discussion of foreign forces on the environment environment because there is no way to legally justify the reversal of the total understanding of the first judging body, the sight of all the arguments presented by Brazil and the nonsubmission of new facts upon appeal. Still, quite heartening to reflect on the role of trade liberalization on the environment in general, because, while they do not reach a definitive conclusion will reveal positions in both directions, both for and against, the that only adds to the discussions and makes this a very fertile topic for future research

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A caprinocultura leiteira no Brasil, apesar de ser uma atividade rural consolidada há algumas décadas, tem se mostrado totalmente dependente de outros países no que se refere ao melhoramento genético. A maioria dos plantéis existentes atualmente tem como base animais importados, e a renovação do material genético é feita por meio da importação de sêmen. Inexistem informações sobre o valor genético dos animais e sua evolução no decorrer dos anos. No presente trabalho, foram estimadas a herdabilidade e a repetibilidade da produção de leite utilizando o REML. Os valores obtidos foram 0,21557 e 0,21564, respectivamente. Para a predição do valor gênico dos animais, foi usado o procedimento BLUP com modelo animal. A mudança na tendência genética anual estimada por um modelo quadrático foi -0,8109 kg/ano², indicando desaceleração no ganho genético. A correlação de Pearson entre os valores gênicos dos bodes estimados com base na média da capacidade provável de produção das filhas obtida pelo método de mínimos quadrados com as estimadas pelas equações do modelo misto foi de 0,5751. A correlação de SPEARMAN entre as classificações dos bodes obtidos pelos dois métodos foi de 0,5813.

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O objetivo do presente trabalho é o entendimento da dinâmica do mercado dos alimentos orgânicos no Brasil, sua cadeia produtiva e as relações comerciais estabelecidas especificamente com a União Européia. Apesar do segmento orgânico crescer a altas taxas ao redor do mundo, ainda é uma temática (promissora) pouco estudada nacionalmente, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de processos que poderiam diminuir os entraves enfrentados pelos produtores orgânicos. Inicialmente situando o leitor sobre as origens do cultivo orgânico e apresentando o panorama mundial atual, o trabalho entra no cenário nacional discutindo o perfil do produtor, o paralelo entre insumos tradicionais e aqueles específicos para a produção orgânica, além das dificuldades de financiamento em âmbito nacional. Em seguida, discute-se questões relativas à comercialização: qual o perfil do produtor e quais os sistemas de distribuição da produção orgânica nacional e internacional; o porquê dos preços de produtos orgânicos exibirem margens de lucro tão altas; de onde vem a necessidade de certificar a produção, quais as principais certificadoras e seus métodos de atuação. A partir deste embasamento, pode-se trabalhar, então, as relações comerciais estabelecidas entre o Brasil e a União Européia, bloco de destino de mais de 70% da produção orgânica nacional; trata-se, então, das leis e das certificações necessárias para efetuar as exportações; dos principais produtos exportados dentro do segmento orgânico e das 19 empresas responsáveis por essas exportações. Percebe-se, por fim, que um dos principais entraves ao desenvolvimento do segmento ainda é a falta de investimentos em P&D, pois a carência de dados sistematizados e pesquisas em geral acabam por desestimular tanto produtores quanto consumidores em busca de informações sobre esse mercado pouco evidenciado nacionalmente

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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This work has as main objetive to analyze fiscal/tax collection of municipalities after the political-administrative decentralization in Brazil and its new role in this scenario, bringing up the competition for Decasa Sugar and Alcohol between the municipalities of Caiuá and Maraba Paulista in the context of expansion sugarcane cultivation in the Presidente Prudente Geographic Micro Region. The analysis has considered the geographic scales, in order to highlight the power relations on local/regional territory, determined by the Agroenergy Policy Guidelines in Brazil (2006-2011). The two municipalities have from the point of view economic dynamics, irrelevence, proven through the São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility (IPRS), maximizing the importance of the constitutional transfers, such as Participation Fund of Municipalities (FPM). Given this situation, we analyze the four taxes raised by the experts as the most impactful for municipal tax collection before the presence of sugarcane activity: the Territorial Urban Property Tax (IPTU), the Tax on Services of any Nature (ISSQN), the Tax Vehicles owned Motor (IPVA) and the Operations tax on the Circulation of Goods and on Transport Services Rendered Interstate and Intermunicipal (ICMS). It was verified, that only the ISSQN can be seen as an indicator increase in fiscal/tax collection before the presence sugarcane activity...

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

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Devido à falta de bacias de drenagem significativas, a plataforma continental sul-sudeste brasileira foi considerada uma plataforma relíquia, na qual os sedimentos depositados representavam única e exclusivamente o fruto do retrabalhamento de sedimentos depositados em tratos de mar baixo. Nos últimos dez anos, a identificação de depósitos de mudbelts na plataforma continental interna e média, associada com o emprego de novos marcadores geoquímicos, permitiu a quebra desse paradigma, bem como o reconhecimento da importância da Bacia do Rio da Prata como elemento exportador de sedimentos para a margem continental do Atlântico Sudoeste. A utilização de isótopos radioativos, naturais e artificiais permitiu identificar o potencial de exportação de sedimentos de origem basáltica até a latitude de 25o S, permitindo separar, geoquimicamente, duas províncias sedimentares de plataforma, utilizando-se a Ilha de São Sebastião como feição morfológica a marcar essa diferenciação. A continuidade dos estudos, em colunas sedimentares holocênicas permitiu identificar o incremento do aporte do Rio da Prata, sobre a plataforma continental, na transição do Holoceno Médio para o Holoceno Tardio. Finalmente, novos estudos estão sendo propostos para avaliar a exportação desses sedimentos, em direção à bacia oceânica, através dos sistemas de cânions existentes no limite da província sedimentar da plataforma sul

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