Avaliação do desempenho de um reator anaer��bio compartimentado no tratamento de esgoto dom��stico

P��s-gradua����o em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

A homeopatia no sus

This study is based on the perspective that Homeopathy is a medical practice that seeks the integrative cure of patients where physical, emotional and psychological conditions are all important. Motivations of SUS (Brazilian Public Health System) patients who deliberately engaged in Homeopathy treatments were searched within the structure of UNESP Clinical Hospital of Botucatu, S��o Paulo, Brazil. The qualitative method of ���DSC��� to gather information obtained from patients and to proceed analyses was used

Avaliação dos aspectos dosim��tricos no tratamento de c��ncer de tire��ide com Iodo-131

The 131I (radioactive iodine) is one of the most used radionuclides in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. The present study evaluates the dosimetric aspects related to radioiodine therapy after thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer. The samples were studied with 50 patients undergoing treatment, by assessing the exposures of workers (nursing assistants, staff hygiene, medical and physical), the general public (accompanying and family members) and on the environment. To evaluate the workers, was made a survey of the environmental conditions of the room radioiodine and routines adopted by them during the treatment period. Estimating the dose equivalent per month for each employee, we observed that the maximum levels obtained for nursing assistants, the team of hygiene, medical and physicians were considered low in relation to the extent permitted by law. In order to assess the public, some situations have been suggested for the calculation of equivalent doses in which it was possible to verify the fundamental importance of isolating the patient in the 2 days first. Regarding the environment, the radioactive waste generated by patient had volume of 1.0 m3 and activity estimated at 0.91 mCi, taking a decay time for eliminating them about 75 days to reach the allowable value of 2 ��Ci / kg system of collecting garbage. Therefore, all radioactive waste removed from the patient's room should be sent to the warehouse for temporary storage of radioactive waste, located away from normal work areas

Avaliação do bandeamento cromoss��mico por digest��o enzim��tica e tratamento com solu����o tamp��o citratado

P��s-gradua����o em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB

Avaliação da efic��cia do tratamento da cessa����o do tabagismo iniciado durante interna����o hospitalar em pacientes com doen��a cardiol��gica ou respirat��ria agudizada

P��s-gradua����o em Fisiopatologia em Cl��nica Médica - FMB

Avaliação do potencial de reuso agr��cola do efluente de uma esta����o de tratamento de esgoto com alagados constru��dos

The study took place in a sewage treatment plant located at the actual Department of Water and Sewer in Bauru, city of Sao Paulo state. This treatment plant has an average entrance flow of 4.8 l. s-1 made by upflow anaerobic filter, followed by wetland systems constructed in parallel. . As objective of this study we evaluate the effectiveness of three systems of constructed wetlands, with three different types of plants (Lily pond, Giant papyrus and Cattail),quantify, and qualify the effluents at various stages of treatment to monitor their effectiveness and the possibility of reuse in agriculture. There was a satisfactory removal of organic matter, with a mean concentration of 36 and 39mg.l-1 at the , phases 1 and 2 of the operation, respectively. The constructed wetlands effluent nitrogen and phosphate concentrations were high throughout all the system and the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was much lower than expected, then the system is functioning as secondary treatment and not as tertiary treatment. The concentrations of micro-organisms found in the final effluent were also high. Therefore, it is concluded that the results of removal efficiency of organic matter, of constructed wetland systems, meet the parameters required by legislation for effluent discharges but do not attend the parameters required for nitrogen and micro organisms. This way, these analyzed plants effluents are suitable for reuse in agriculture restricted irrigation

Avaliação de sistema de tratamento de dejetos su��nos instalado no estado de Santa Catarina

Os dejetos su��nos contribuem de forma significativa em prol da degrada����o dos recursos naturais e para a diminui����o da qualidade de vida na regi��o sul do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. O excesso de dejetos gerados pelo grande n��mero dos su��nos por unidade de ��rea dificulta a solu����o do problema. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de um sistema de tratamento de dejetos su��nos, em s��rie e em escala real, composto de unidades anaer��bias, unidades aer��bias e p��s-tratamento. Os par��metros analisados foram: DBO, DQO, PT, P-PO₄, N-NH₃, NTK, pH, clorofila a, biomassa algal, coliformes totais e coliformes fecais (Escherichia coli). O sistema mostrou que ap��s um ano de funcionamento as efici��ncias de remo����o foram satisfat��rias para matéria org��nica e nutrientes, alcan��ando valores de 97% para DBO, 95% para DQO, 88% para N-NH₃ e 74% para PT/P-PO₄, mesmo com as varia����es de vaz��o e de carga org��nica aplicada. Entretanto, a remo����o de coliformes fecais nas unidades aer��bias foi baixa, reduzindo somente 0,86 unidades log na lagoa facultativa aerada e 0,80 unidades log na lagoa de matura����o.

Avaliação do antagonismo do efeito do s��dio sobre o tratamento de ��gua residu��ria de Charqueada com elevada salinidade em reator anaer��bio de manta de lodo (UASB)

As ��guas residu��rias provenientes da ind��stria do charque s��o conhecidas por apresentarem elevado teor de cloreto de s��dio, aliado a grandes concentra����es de matéria org��nica proveniente do sangue liberado ao longo do processo industrial. Esse tipo de ��gua residu��ria apresenta potencial para degrada����o biol��gica, contudo, o cloreto de s��dio, em concentra����o elevada, pode inibir a atividade dos microrganismos e, em alguns casos, levar sistemas biol��gicos �� fal��ncia. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a viabilidade de degrada����o anaer��bia de efluente sint��tico de Charqueada contendo elevado teor de cloreto de s��dio, em reator anaer��bio tipo UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), em escala de laborat��rio. Foram utilizados 4 reatores, alimentados com ��gua residu��ria sint��tica com caracter��sticas similares �� ��gua residu��ria de Charqueada. O reator 1 foi utilizado como controle, o reator 2 recebeu NaCl e os demais (3 e 4) foram operados na presen��a de NaCl acrescidos de: beta��na e pot��ssio com c��lcio, respectivamente. Os compostos citados s��o conhecidos como antagonizantes, por possuirem capacidade de minimizar o efeito inibit��rio do s��dio sobre o processo de digest��o anaer��bia. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo de reator UASB e submetidos �� concentra����o de 5000 mg/L de matéria org��nica, como DQO. A carga org��nica aplicada foi de 5 Kg/m3.d e os reatores n��o suportaram tal carga. Reiniciou-se a opera����o com aumento progressivo da DQO de 500 a 2000 mg/L resultando em cargas org��nicas de 0,5 a 2,0 Kg/m3.d, respectivamente. Ap��s estabiliza����o dos reatores, iniciou-se a fase de introdu����o de cloreto de s��dio (1.500 a 13.500 mg/L) e antagonizantes com aumento progressivo a cada fase. Na presen��a ou aus��ncia de antagonizantes, os reatores 2, 3 e 4 n��o tiveram o desempenho alterado at�� a concentra����o de NaCl de 6000 mg/L. Na presen��a de 9000 mg/L de NaCl, a beta��na se mostrou pouco efetiva como soluto compat��vel no reator 3 e os antagonizantes do reator 4, pot��ssio e c��lcio, apresentaram efeitos estimulat��rios. As morfologias encontradas ao longo do experimento foram cocos, v��brios, bacilos, sarcinas, al��m de morfologias semelhantes a Methanosarcina sp. e Methanosaeta sp. O aumento da concentra����o de cloreto de s��dio provocou a redi����o da popula����o de Arqueas.

Avaliação de um sistema descentralizado de tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos em escala real composto por tanque s��ptico e wetland constru��da h��brida

A concentra����o demogr��fica e de sistemas coletivos de esgotamento sanit��rio dentro do per��metro urbano da maioria dos munic��pios brasileiros, dificulta a viabiliza����o do fornecimento de servi��os de tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos �� habita����es e n��cleos habitacionais isolados situados em ��reas periurbanas e rurais, intensificando os danos provocados pela polui����o de origem antr��pica ao meio ambiente e �� preserva����o da sa��de p��blica. Para contribuir no equacionamento deste problema, o presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar uma wetland constru��da h��brida em escala real, composta por uma unidade com fluxo cont��nuo subsuperficial vertical seguida por uma unidade de fluxo cont��nuo subsuperficial horizontal, cultivadas com capim Vetiver, para o tratamento de efluente proveniente de tanque s��ptico. A presente configura����o experimental busca uma solu����o de baixo custo e simplificada para o tratamento descentralizado de esgotos dom��sticos. A esta����o experimental de tratamento de esgotos, parte integrante e um dos produtos da Rede Nacional de Tratamento de Esgotos Descentralizados RENTED, foi constru��da no Centro Tecnol��gico de Hidr��ulica CTH / Escola Polit��cnica EPUSP, campus Butant�� da USP, em S��o Paulo. O esgoto bruto foi proveniente do Conjunto Residencial da USP e do restaurante central da Cidade Universit��ria. As vaz��es m��dia e m��xima de esgoto bruto, respectivamente, de 640L.d-1 e 1600L.d-1, foram aplicadas �� entrada do TS de 5.000L e deste escoaram por gravidade �� entrada da wetland constru��da h��brida, com TDH total de 2,8d e 1,1d, respectivamente, sob aplica����o das vaz��es m��dia e m��xima de projeto. O monitoramento do experimento em campo, incluindo o per��odo inicial de partida, durou 6 meses consecutivos. Foram avaliados os par��metros f��sico-qu��micos e microbiol��gicos do esgoto bruto e do efluente do tanque s��ptico e das c��maras da wetland constru��da h��brida durante 97 dias consecutivos. Os resultados indicaram que tanto as mudas jovens quanto as adultas de capim Vetiver adaptaram-se bem ��s condi����es ambientais. As efici��ncias m��dias de remo����o no efluente tratado final quanto �� matéria org��nica carbon��cea foram de 96 por cento para DBO5,20 e 90 por cento para DQO, 40 por cento para N-total, 23 por cento para N-amoniacal total, 60 por cento para P-total, 52 por cento para P-PO4, 74 por cento para SST, 96 por cento para SSV, 75 por cento para s��lidos sediment��veis, 44 por cento para SDV, 88 por cento para sulfeto total, e 97 por cento para ��leos e graxas totais, variando entre 73 por cento a 100 por cento . Cerca de 80 por cento da fra����o org��nica da matéria nitrogenada presente no esgoto bruto foi removida. A remo����o de coliformes termotolerantes foi, em m��dia, de 2 e 3 unidades log, e de Escherichia Coli, m��dia de 1 e 3 unidades log, respectivamente, sob aplica����o das vaz��es m��xima e m��dia, Giardia sp, m��dia de 99,995 por cento , Cryptosporidium sp, m��dia de 98,7 por cento , Enterov��rus, m��dia de 99,6 por cento , e Ascaris sp, m��dia de 0,10 ovo/L. A remo����o de sulfetos propiciou a gera����o de efluente tratado sem odores desagrad��veis. A diminui����o da vaz��o aplicada e a eleva����o do TDH influenciaram positivamente no desempenho do sistema com rela����o ��s remo����es dos par��metros f��sico-qu��micos e microbiol��gicos. Com base no presente estudo, ficou evidente o benef��cio da associa����o de wetlands constru��das com fluxo vertical e horizontal no tratamento de efluente de tanque s��ptico. O capim Vetiver apresentou bom potencial de utiliza����o em wetlands 8 constru��das para tratamento de esgotos dom��sticos. O sistema experimental de tratamento apresentou flexibilidade operacional, mantendo bom desempenho inclusive nos per��odos de sobrecarga. A qualidade do efluente tratado final obtido no presente estudo atende ��s exig��ncias de lan��amento e aos padr��es de emiss��o de efluentes l��quidos em corpos d��gua e em sistemas p��blicos de esgotamento sanit��rio definidos na legisla����o ambiental federal e do Estado de S��o Paulo. A tecnologia de wetlands constru��das h��bridas associada ao tratamento de efluentes de tanque s��ptico apresentou bom potencial para o tratamento descentralizado de esgotos dom��sticos, inclusive em regi��es com pouca disponibilidade de ��rea livre.

Avaliação do tratamento eletroqu��mico (direto e indireto) como alternativa de degrada����o do corante azul de metileno

Textile industry has been a cause of environmental pollution, mainly due to the generation of large volumes of waste containing high organic loading and intense color. In this context, this study evaluated the electrochemical degradation of synthetic effluents from textile industry containing Methylene Blue (AM) dye, using Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 and Ti/Pt anodes, by direct and indirect (active chlorine) electrooxidation. We evaluated the influence of applied current density (20, 40 and 60 mA/cm2 ), and the presence of different concentrations of electrolyte (NaCl and Na2SO4), as well as the neutral and alkaline pH media. The electrochemical treatment was conducted in a continuous flow reactor, in which the electrolysis time of the AM 100 ppm was 6 hours. The performance of electrochemical process was evaluated by UV-vis spectrophotometry, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). The results showed that with increasing current density, it was possible to obtain 100 % of color removal at Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 and Ti/Pt electrodes. Regarding the color removal efficiency, increasing the concentration of electrolyte promotes a higher percentage of removal using 0,02 M Na2SO4 and 0,017 M NaCl. Concerning to the aqueous medium, the best color removal results were obtained in alkaline medium using Ti/Pt. In terms of organic matter, 86 % was achieved in neutral pH medium for Ti/Pt; while a 30 % in an alkaline medium. To understand the electrochemical behavior due to the oxygen evolution reaction, polarization curves were registered, determining that the presence of NaCl in the solution favored the production of active chlorine species. The best results in energy consumption and cost were obtained by applying lower current density (20 mA/cm2 ) in 6 hours of electrolysis.

Avaliação da influ��ncia de surfactantes qu��mico e biol��gico na hidr��lise enzim��tica de casca de coco verde ap��s pr��-tratamento ��cido/alcalino e com per��xido de hidrog��nio alcalino

In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolip��d for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

Avaliação da influ��ncia de surfactantes qu��mico e biol��gico na hidr��lise enzim��tica de casca de coco verde ap��s pr��-tratamento ��cido/alcalino e com per��xido de hidrog��nio alcalino

In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolip��d for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

Avaliação de causas da n��o ades��o dos pacientes ao tratamento de hipertens��o arterial da unidade de sa��de da fam��lia ��lvaro Bezerra em Formiga - Minas Gerais

A hipertens��o arterial sist��mica ainda �� uma das mais importantes causas de morbimortalidade no mundo e o controle adequado da press��o arterial tem sido alvo de pesquisas e interesse na comunidade médica. Os resultados s��o divergentes e as cr��ticas s��o relevantes em rela����o ao perfil de ader��ncia ao tratamento na popula����o hipertensa. Diante dessa situa����o, resolvemos verificar qual o nosso perfil de ader��ncia ao tratamento na popula����o hipertensa. O trabalho foi realizado com 54 pacientes acompanhados na Unidade de Sa��de da Fam��lia ��lvaro Bezerra, em Formiga/MG, atrav��s da pr��pria médica que atendeu os pacientes, a respeito da ader��ncia ao tratamento da hipertens��o arterial. Nossos resultados foram bastante semelhantes em compara����o �� literatura, com 79,2 de ader��ncia ao tratamento nos pacientes do g��nero masculino e 65,9 do feminino.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida em pacientes idosos um ano ap��s o tratamento cir��rgico de fraturas transtrocanterianas do f��mur

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact that trochanteric hip fractures produce on life quality of elderly patients, treated surgically, during one year of monitoring. METHODS: Were selected 73 elderly with transtrochanteric femur fracture, aged equal or over than 65 years and of both sexes. All participants underwent a standardized questionnaire which obtained information on lifestyle habits, functionality, physical activity, ambulation and cognitive state. Were excluded patients who died, not walking, with neurological diseases and pathological fractures. RESULTS: The average age was 80.17 �� 7.2 years and 75% was female. When comparing the summation of activities of daily living (p = 0.04) and instrumental daily living (p = 0.004) obtained before and after fracture, the patients become more dependent after fracture. Activities of daily living that worsened after fracture were bathing (p = 0.04), toileting (p = 0.02) and dressing (p = 0.04). All instrumental activities of daily living showed a significant difference, with functional dependence after fracture, increased need for walking aid (p = 0.00002), aged (p = 0.01) and not doing housework (p = 0.01). The low score on the test Minimental was associated with a greater dependence to perform activities of daily living before (p = 0.00002) and after (p = 0.01) fracture. CONCLUSION: After a year, activities of daily living that depended on the lower limbs worsened significantly, all instrumental activities of daily living were significantly worse in more than 50% of patients and more than half of patients who walked without support lost this ability.

Avaliação da inclina����o dent��ria no tratamento compensat��rio do padr��o II com tomografia computadorizada

OBJETIVO: avaliar as altera����es nas inclina����es dos dentes anteriores causadas pelo tratamento ortod��ntico, utilizando-se aparelho Straight-Wire, prescri����o II Capelozza, antes e ap��s a fase de nivelamento com fios ortod��nticos de a��o de sec����o retangular. M��TODOS: foram selecionados 17 indiv��duos adultos de padr��o facial II, m�� oclus��o Classe II, indicados para tratamento ortod��ntico compensat��rio. As inclina����es dos dentes anteriores foram avaliadas em tr��s tempos cl��nicos, ap��s o uso dos fios ortod��nticos de di��metros 0,020" (T1); 0,019" x 0,025" (T2) e 0,021" x 0,025" (T3), atrav��s de exames de tomografia computadorizada. Empregou-se a an��lise de vari��ncia de Friedman, com n��vel de signific��ncia de 5%, na compara����o entre os tempos. RESULTADOS: observou-se que o fios retangulares empregados n��o foram capazes de produzir uma mudan��a significativa na mediana da inclina����o dent��ria, exceto por uma discreta altera����o nos incisivos laterais inferiores (p<0,05). Por outro lado, constatou-se que a varia����o das inclina����es observadas era menor no fio retangular 0,021" x 0,025", principalmente para os incisivos superiores (p<0,001). CONCLUS��O: fios retangulares 0,021" x 0,025" produzem uma maior homogeneidade no grau de varia����o na inclina����o dos incisivos superiores, embora sem mudan��a significativa na sua mediana.