Innovative methodologies for the enhancement of the flexural strengthening performance of NSM CFRP technique for RC beams

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil

Low-dose multidetector computed tomography of the cervical spine: optimization of iterative reconstruction strength levels.

BACKGROUND: Iterative reconstruction (IR) techniques reduce image noise in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging. They can therefore be used to reduce radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic image quality nearly constant. However, CT manufacturers offer several strength levels of IR to choose from. PURPOSE: To determine the optimal strength level of IR in low-dose MDCT of the cervical spine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients investigated by low-dose cervical spine MDCT were prospectively studied. Raw data were reconstructed using filtered back-projection and sinogram-affirmed IR (SAFIRE, strength levels 1 to 5) techniques. Image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured at C3-C4 and C6-C7 levels. Two radiologists independently and blindly evaluated various anatomical structures (both dense and soft tissues) using a 4-point scale. They also rated the overall diagnostic image quality using a 10-point scale. RESULTS: As IR strength levels increased, image noise decreased linearly, while SNR and CNR both increased linearly at C3-C4 and C6-C7 levels (P < 0.001). For the intervertebral discs, the content of neural foramina and dural sac, and for the ligaments, subjective image quality scores increased linearly with increasing IR strength level (P ≤ 0.03). Conversely, for the soft tissues and trabecular bone, the scores decreased linearly with increasing IR strength level (P < 0.001). Finally, the overall diagnostic image quality scores increased linearly with increasing IR strength level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The optimal strength level of IR in low-dose cervical spine MDCT depends on the anatomical structure to be analyzed. For the intervertebral discs and the content of neural foramina, high strength levels of IR are recommended.

Moblie Concrete Research Lab, 2004

A new, state-of-the-art mobile lab has recently been launched from the PCC Center at Iowa State University to bring high-tech concrete materials and concrete pavement testing capabilities to the field. The Mobile Concrete Research Lab has been custom built and fully outfitted with equipment capable of performing a comprehensive suite of tests.

Developing a Simple and Rapid Test for Monitoring the Heat Evolution of Concrete Mixtures for Both Laboratory and Field Applications, January 2006

Various test methods exist for measuring heat of cement hydration; however, most current methods require expensive equipment, complex testing procedures, and/or extensive time, thus not being suitable for field application. The objectives of this research are to identify, develop, and evaluate a standard test procedure for characterization and quality control of pavement concrete mixtures using a calorimetry technique. This research project has three phases. Phase I was designed to identify the user needs, including performance requirements and precision and bias limits, and to synthesize existing test methods for monitoring the heat of hydration, including device types, configurations, test procedures, measurements, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and accuracy. Phase II was designed to conduct experimental work to evaluate the calorimetry equipment recommended from the Phase I study and to develop a standard test procedure for using the equipment and interpreting the test results. Phase II also includes the development of models and computer programs for prediction of concrete pavement performance based on the characteristics of heat evolution curves. Phase III was designed to study for further development of a much simpler, inexpensive calorimeter for field concrete. In this report, the results from the Phase I study are presented, the plan for the Phase II study is described, and the recommendations for Phase III study are outlined. Phase I has been completed through three major activities: (1) collecting input and advice from the members of the project Technical Working Group (TWG), (2) conducting a literature survey, and (3) performing trials at the CP Tech Center’s research lab. The research results indicate that in addition to predicting maturity/strength, concrete heat evolution test results can also be used for (1) forecasting concrete setting time, (2) specifying curing period, (3) estimating risk of thermal cracking, (4) assessing pavement sawing/finishing time, (5) characterizing cement features, (6) identifying incompatibility of cementitious materials, (7) verifying concrete mix proportions, and (8) selecting materials and/or mix designs for given environmental conditions. Besides concrete materials and mix proportions, the configuration of the calorimeter device, sample size, mixing procedure, and testing environment (temperature) also have significant influences on features of concrete heat evolution process. The research team has found that although various calorimeter tests have been conducted for assorted purposes and the potential uses of calorimeter tests are clear, there is no consensus on how to utilize the heat evolution curves to characterize concrete materials and how to effectively relate the characteristics of heat evolution curves to concrete pavement performance. The goal of the Phase II study is to close these gaps.

The Flexural Fatigue Strength of Prestressed Steel I-Beams, HR-73, 1962

The purpose of this investigation was to study the flexural fatigue strength of two prestressed steel I-beams which had previously been fabricated in connection with a jointly sponsored project under the auspices of the Iowa State Highway Commission. The beams were prestressed by deflecting them under the action of a concentrated load at the center of a simple span, then welding unstressed high strength steel plates to the top and bottom flanges to retain a predetermined amount of prestress. The beams were rolled sections of A36 steel and the plates were USS "T-1" steel. Each of the two test specimens were subjected to an identical repeated loading until a fatigue failure occurred. The loading was designed to produce stresses equivalent to those which would have occurred in a simulated bridge and amounted to 84 percent of a standard H-15 live load including impact. One of the beams sustained 2,469,100 repetitions of load to failure and the other sustained 2,756,100 cycles. Following the fatigue tests, an experimental study was made to determine the state of stress that had been retained in the prestressed steel beams. This information, upon which the calculated stresses of the test could be superimposed, provided a method of correlating the fatigue strength of the beams with the fatigue information available on the two steels involved.

Design and Performance Verification of UHPC Piles for Deep Foundations, TR-558, 2008

The strategic plan for bridge engineering issued by AASHTO in 2005 identified extending the service life and optimizing structural systems of bridges in the United States as two grand challenges in bridge engineering, with the objective of producing safer bridges that have a minimum service life of 75 years and reduced maintenance cost. Material deterioration was identified as one of the primary challenges to achieving the objective of extended life. In substructural applications (e.g., deep foundations), construction materials such as timber, steel, and concrete are subjected to deterioration due to environmental impacts. Using innovative and new materials for foundation applications makes the AASHTO objective of 75 years service life achievable. Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with compressive strength of 180 MPa (26,000 psi) and excellent durability has been used in superstructure applications but not in geotechnical and foundation applications. This study explores the use of precast, prestressed UHPC piles in future foundations of bridges and other structures. An H-shaped UHPC section, which is 10-in. (250-mm) deep with weight similar to that of an HP10×57 steel pile, was designed to improve constructability and reduce cost. In this project, instrumented UHPC piles were cast and laboratory and field tests were conducted. Laboratory tests were used to verify the moment-curvature response of UHPC pile section. In the field, two UHPC piles have been successfully driven in glacial till clay soil and load tested under vertical and lateral loads. This report provides a complete set of results for the field investigation conducted on UHPC H-shaped piles. Test results, durability, drivability, and other material advantages over normal concrete and steel indicate that UHPC piles are a viable alternative to achieve the goals of AASHTO strategic plan.

Improving the Accuracy of Camber Predictions for Precast Pretensioned Concrete Beams, TR-625, 2015

The discrepancies between the designed and measured camber of precast pretensioned concrete beams (PPCBs) observed by the Iowa DOT have created challenges in the field during bridge construction, causing construction delays and additional costs. This study was undertaken to systematically identify the potential sources of discrepancies between the designed and measured camber from release to time of erection and improve the accuracy of camber estimations in order to minimize the associated problems in the field. To successfully accomplish the project objectives, engineering properties, including creep and shrinkage, of three normal concrete and four high-performance concrete mix designs were characterized. In parallel, another task focused on identifying the instantaneous camber and the variables affecting the instantaneous camber and evaluated the corresponding impact of this factor using more than 100 PPCBs. Using a combination of finite element analyses and the time-step method, the long-term camber was estimated for 66 PPCBs, with due consideration given to creep and shrinkage of concrete, changes in support location and prestress force, and the thermal effects. Utilizing the outcomes of the project, suitable long-term camber multipliers were developed that account for the time-dependent behavior, including the thermal effects. It is shown that by using the recommended practice for the camber measurements together with the proposed multipliers, the accuracy of camber prediction will be greatly improved. Consequently, it is expected that future bridge projects in Iowa can minimize construction challenges resulting from large discrepancies between the designed and actual camber of PPCBs during construction.

Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Different Steel Reinforcement Types, 2006

The corrosion of steel reinforcement in an aging highway infrastructure is a major problem currently facing the transportation engineering community. In the United States alone, maintenance and replacement costs for deficient bridges are measured in billions of dollars. The application of corrosion-resistant steel reinforcement as an alternative reinforcement to existing mild steel reinforced concrete bridge decks has potential to mitigate corrosion problems, due to the fundamental properties associated with the materials. To investigate corrosion prevention through the use of corrosion-resistant alloys, the performance of corrosion resistance of MMFX microcomposite steel reinforcement, a high-strength, high-chromium steel reinforcement, was evaluated. The study consisted of both field and laboratory components conducted at the Iowa State University Bridge Engineering Center to determine whether MMFX reinforcement provides superior corrosion resistance to epoxy-coated mild steel reinforcement in bridge decks. Because definitive field evidence of the corrosion resistance of MMFX reinforcement may require several years of monitoring, strict attention was given to investigating reinforcement under accelerated conditions in the laboratory, based on typical ASTM and Rapid Macrocell accelerated corrosion tests. After 40 weeks of laboratory testing, the ASTM ACT corrosion potentials indicate that corrosion had not initiated for either MMFX or the as-delivered epoxy-coated reinforcement. Conversely, uncoated mild steel specimens underwent corrosion within the fifth week, while epoxy-coated reinforcement specimens with induced holidays underwent corrosion between 15 and 30 weeks. Within the fifth week of testing, the Rapid Macrocell ACT produced corrosion risk potentials that indicate active corrosion for all reinforcement types tested. While the limited results from the 40 weeks of laboratory testing may not constitute a prediction of life expectancy and life-cycle cost, a procedure is presented herein to determine life expectancy and associated life-cycle costs.

Behaviour of laterised normal and self compacting concrete subjected to elevated temperatures

Concrete is a universal material in the construction industry. With natural resources like sand and aggregate, fast depleting, it is time to look for alternate materials to substitute these in the process of making concrete. There are instances like exposure to solar radiation, fire, furnaces, and nuclear reactor vessels, special applications like missile launching pads etc., where concrete is exposed to temperature variations In this research work, an attempt has been made to understand the behaviour of concrete when weathered laterite aggregate is used in both conventional and self compacting normal strength concrete. The study has been extended to understand the thermal behaviour of both types of laterised concretes and to check suitability as a fire protection material. A systematic study of laterised concrete considering parameters like source of laterite aggregate, grades of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and types of supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash and GGBFS) has been carried out to arrive at a feasible combination of various ingredients in laterised concrete. A mix design methodology has been proposed for making normal strength laterised self compacting concrete based on trial mixes and the same has also been validated. The physical and mechanical properties of laterised concretes have been studied with respect to different variables like exposure temperature (200°C, 400°C and 600°C) and cooling environment (air cooled and water cooled). The behaviour of ferrocement elements with laterised self compacting concrete has also been studied by varying the cover to mesh reinforcement (10mm to 50mm at an interval of 10mm), exposure temperature and cooling environment.

Strength Predictions of Hat Stiffened Plate

Hat Stiffened Plates are used in composite ships and are gaining popularity in metallic ship construction due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. Light weight structures will result in greater payload, higher speeds, reduced fuel consumption and environmental emissions. Numerical Investigations have been carried out using the commercial Finite Element software ANSYS 12 to substantiate the high strength-to-weight ratio of Hat Stiffened Plates over other open section stiffeners which are commonly used in ship building. Analysis of stiffened plate has always been a matter of concern for the structural engineers since it has been rather difficult to quantify the actual load sharing between stiffeners and plating. Finite Element Method has been accepted as an efficient tool for the analysis of stiffened plated structure. Best results using the Finite Element Method for the analysis of thin plated structures are obtained when both the stiffeners and the plate are modeled using thin plate elements having six degrees of freedom per node. However, one serious problem encountered with this design and analysis process is that the generation of the finite element models for a complex configuration is time consuming and laborious. In order to overcome these difficulties two different methods viz., Orthotropic Plate Model and Superelement for Hat Stiffened Plate have been suggested in the present work. In the Orthotropic Plate Model geometric orthotropy is converted to material orthotropy i.e., the stiffeners are smeared and they vanish from the field of analysis and the structure can be analysed using any commercial Finite Element software which has orthotropic elements in its element library. The Orthotropic Plate Model developed has predicted deflection, stress and linear buckling load with sufficiently good accuracy in the case of all four edges simply supported boundary condition. Whereas, in the case of two edges fixed and other two edges simply supported boundary condition even though the stress has been predicted with good accuracy there has been large variation in the deflection predicted. This variation in the deflection predicted is because, for the Orthotropic Plate Model the rigidity is uniform throughout the plate whereas in the actual Hat Stiffened Plate the rigidity along the line of attachment of the stiffeners to the plate is large as compared to the unsupported portion of the plate. The Superelement technique is a method of treating a portion of the structure as if it were a single element even though it is made up of many individual elements. The Superelement has predicted the deflection and in-plane stress of Hat Stiffened Plate with sufficiently good accuracy for different boundary conditions. Formulation of Superelement for composite Hat Stiffened Plate has also been presented in the thesis. The capability of Orthotropic Plate Model and Superelement to handle typical boundary conditions and characteristic loads in a ship structure has been demonstrated through numerical investigations.

Rissbildung und Zugtragverhalten von mit Stabstahl und Fasern bewehrtem Ultrahochfesten Beton (UHPC)

Ultrahochfester Beton (UHPC) ist ein sehr gefügedichter zementgebundener Werkstoff, der sich nicht nur durch eine hohe Druckfestigkeit, sondern auch durch einen hohen Widerstand gegen jede Form physikalischen oder chemischen Angriffs auszeichnet. Duktiles Nachbruchverhalten bei Druckversagen wird meist durch die Zugabe dünner kurzer Fasern erreicht. In Kombination mit konventioneller Betonstahl- oder Spannbewehrung ermöglicht UHPC die Ausführung sehr schlanker, weitgespannter Konstruktionen und eröffnet zugleich neue Anwendungsgebiete, wie zum Beispiel die flächenhafte Beschichtung von Brückendecks. Durch das Zusammenwirken kontinuierlicher Bewehrungselemente und diskontinuierlich verteilter kurzer Fasern ergeben sich unter Zugbeanspruchung Unterschiede gegenüber dem bekannten Stahl- und Spannbeton. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird hierzu ein Modell entwickelt und durch eine umfangreiche Versuchsreihe abgesichert. Ausgangspunkt sind experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum Verbundverhalten von Stabstählen in einer UHPC-Matrix und zum Einfluss einer Faserzugabe auf das Reiß- und Zugtragverhalten von UHPC. Die Modellbildung für UHPC-Zugelemente mit gemischter Bewehrung aus Stabstahl und Fasern erfolgt auf der Grundlage der Vorgänge am diskreten Riss, die daher sehr ausführlich behandelt werden. Für den elastischen Verformungsbereich der Stabbewehrung (Gebrauchslastbereich) kann damit das Last-Verformungs-Verhalten für kombiniert bewehrte Bauteile mechanisch konsistent unter Berücksichtigung des bei UHPC bedeutsamen hohen Schwindmaßes abgebildet werden. Für die praktische Anwendung wird durch Vereinfachungen ein Näherungsverfahren abgeleitet. Sowohl die theoretischen als auch die experimentellen Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass der faserbewehrte UHPC bei Kombination mit kontinuierlichen Bewehrungselementen selbst kein verfestigendes Verhalten aufweisen muss, um insgesamt verfestigendes Verhalten und damit eine verteilte Rissbildung mit sehr keinen Rissbreiten und Rissabständen zu erzielen. Diese Beobachtungen können mit Hilfe der bisher zur Verfügung stehenden Modelle, die im Wesentlichen eine Superposition isoliert ermittelter Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen des Faserbetons und des reinen Stahls vorsehen, nicht nachvollzogen werden. Wie die eigenen Untersuchungen zeigen, kann durch ausreichend dimensionierte Stabstahlbewehrung zielgerichtet und ohne unwirtschaftlich hohe Fasergehalte ein gutmütiges Verhalten von UHPC auf Zug erreicht werden. Die sichere Begrenzung der Rissbreiten auf deutlich unter 0,1 mm gewährleistet zugleich die Dauerhaftigkeit auch bei ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen. Durch die Minimierung des Material- und Energieeinsatzes und die zu erwartende lange Nutzungsdauer lassen sich so im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit optimierte Bauteile realisieren.

Verbesserung der seismischen Kapazität von Mauerwerkswänden durch Verwendung von Elastomerlagern

Ein großer Teil der Schäden wie auch der Verluste an Gesundheit und Leben im Erdbebenfall hat mit dem frühzeitigen Versagen von Mauerwerksbauten zu tun. Unbewehrtes Mauerwerk, wie es in vielen Ländern üblich ist, weist naturgemäß einen begrenzten Erdbebenwiderstand auf, da Zugspannungen und Zugkräfte nicht wie bei Stahlbeton- oder Stahlbauten aufgenommen werden können. Aus diesem Grund wurde bereits mit verschiedenen Methoden versucht, die Tragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk im Erdbebenfall zu verbessern. Modernes Mauerwerk kann auch als bewehrtes oder eingefasstes Mauerwerk hergestellt werden. Bei bewehrtem Mauerwerk kann durch die Bewehrung der Widerstand bei Beanspruchung als Scheibe wie als Platte verbessert werden, während durch Einfassung mit Stahlbetonelementen in erster Linie die Scheibentragfähigkeit sowie die Verbindung zu angrenzenden Bauteilen verbessert wird. Eine andere interessante Möglichkeit ist das Aufbringen textiler Mauerwerksverstärkungen oder von hochfesten Lamellen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein ganz anderer Weg beschritten, indem weiche Fugen Spannungsspitzen reduzieren sowie eine höhere Verformbarkeit gewährleiten. Dies ist im Erdbebenfall sehr hilfreich, da die Widerstandfähigkeit eines Bauwerks oder Bauteils letztlich von der Energieaufnahmefähigkeit, also dem Produkt aus Tragfähigkeit und Verformbarkeit bestimmt wird. Wenn also gleichzeitig durch die weichen Fugen keine Schwächung oder sogar eine Tragfähigkeitserhöhung stattfindet, kann der Erdbebenwiderstand gesteigert werden. Im Kern der Dissertation steht die Entwicklung der Baukonstruktion einer Mauerwerkstruktur mit einer neuartigen Ausbildung der Mauerwerksfugen, nämlich Elastomerlager und Epoxydharzkleber anstatt üblichem Dünnbettmörtel. Das Elastomerlager wird zwischen die Steinschichten einer Mauerwerkswand eingefügt und damit verklebt. Die Auswirkung dieses Ansatzes auf das Verhalten der Mauerwerkstruktur wird unter dynamischer und quasi-statischer Last numerisch und experimentell untersucht und dargestellt.

Zum Querkrafttragverhalten von UHPC-Balken mit kombinierter Bewehrung aus Stahlfasern und Stabstahl

Ultrahochfester Beton besitzt aufgrund seiner Zusammensetzung eine sehr hohe Druckfestigkeit von 150 bis über 200 N/mm² und eine außergewöhnlich hohe Dichtigkeit. Damit werden Anwendungen in stark belasteten Bereichen und mit hohen Anforderungen an die Dauerhaftigkeit des Materials ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig zeigt ultrahochfester Beton bei Erreichen seiner Festigkeit ein sehr sprödes Verhalten. Zur Verhinderung eines explosionsartigen Versagens werden einer UHPC-Mischung Fasern zugegeben oder wird eine Umschnürung mit Stahlrohren ausgebildet. Die Zugabe von Fasern zur Betonmatrix beeinflusst neben der Verformungsfähigkeit auch die Tragfähigkeit des UHPC. Das Versagen der Fasern ist abhängig von Fasergeometrie, Fasergehalt, Verbundverhalten sowie Zugfestigkeit der Faser und gekennzeichnet durch Faserauszug oder Faserreißen. Zur Sicherstellung der Tragfähigkeit kann daher auf konventionelle Bewehrung außer bei sehr dünnen Bauteilen nicht verzichtet werden. Im Rahmen des Schwerpunktprogramms SPP 1182 der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) wurden in dem dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegenden Forschungsprojekt die Fragen nach der Beschreibung des Querkrafttragverhaltens von UHPC-Bauteilen mit kombinierter Querkraftbewehrung und der Übertragbarkeit bestehender Querkraftmodelle auf UHPC untersucht. Neben einer umfassenden Darstellung vorhandener Querkraftmodelle für Stahlbetonbauteile ohne Querkraftbewehrung und mit verschiedenen Querkraftbewehrungsarten bilden experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Querkrafttragverhalten an UHPC-Balken mit verschiedener Querkraftbewehrung den Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen beinhalteten zehn Querkraftversuche an UHPC-Balken. Diese Balken waren in Abmessungen und Biegezugbewehrung identisch. Sie unterschieden sich nur in der Art der Querkraftbewehrung. Die Querkraftbewehrungsarten umfassten eine Querkraftbewehrung aus Stahlfasern oder Vertikalstäben, eine kombinierte Querkraftbewehrung aus Stahlfasern und Vertikalstäben und einen Balken ohne Querkraftbewehrung. Obwohl für die in diesem Projekt untersuchten Balken Fasergehalte gewählt wurden, die zu einem entfestigenden Nachrissverhalten des Faserbetons führten, zeigten die Balkenversuche, dass die Zugabe von Stahlfasern die Querkrafttragfähigkeit steigerte. Durch die gewählte Querkraftbewehrungskonfiguration bei ansonsten identischen Balken konnte außerdem eine quantitative Abschätzung der einzelnen Traganteile aus den Versuchen abgeleitet werden. Der profilierte Querschnitt ließ einen großen Einfluss auf das Querkrafttragverhalten im Nachbruchbereich erkennen. Ein relativ stabiles Lastniveau nach Erreichen der Höchstlast konnte einer Vierendeelwirkung zugeordnet werden. Auf Basis dieser Versuchsergebnisse und analytischer Überlegungen zu vorhandenen Querkraftmodellen wurde ein additiver Modellansatz zur Beschreibung des Querkrafttragverhaltens von UHPCBalken mit einer kombinierten Querkraftbewehrung aus Stahlfasern und Vertikalstäben formuliert. Für die Formulierung der Traganteile des Betonquerschnitts und der konventionellen Querkraftbewehrung wurden bekannte Ansätze verwendet. Für die Ermittlung des Fasertraganteils wurde die Faserwirksamkeit zugrunde gelegt. Das Lastniveau im Nachbruchbereich aus Viendeelwirkung ergibt sich aus geometrischen Überlegungen.

A new and improved strategy combining a dispersive-solid phase extraction-based multiclass method with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography for analysis of low molecular weight polyphenols in vegetables

This paper reports on the development and optimization of a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) based extraction technique coupled with a clean-up dispersive-solid phase extraction (dSPE) as a new, reliable and powerful strategy to enhance the extraction efficiency of free low molecular-weight polyphenols in selected species of dietary vegetables. The process involves two simple steps. First, the homogenized samples are extracted and partitioned using an organic solvent and salt solution. Then, the supernatant is further extracted and cleaned using a dSPE technique. Final clear extracts of vegetables were concentrated under vacuum to near dryness and taken up into initial mobile phase (0.1% formic acid and 20% methanol). The separation and quantification of free low molecular weight polyphenols from the vegetable extracts was achieved by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) equipped with a phodiode array (PDA) detection system and a Trifunctional High Strength Silica capillary analytical column (HSS T3), specially designed for polar compounds. The performance of the method was assessed by studying the selectivity, linear dynamic range, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, trueness, and matrix effects. The validation parameters of the method showed satisfactory figures of merit. Good linearity (View the MathML sourceRvalues2>0.954; (+)-catechin in carrot samples) was achieved at the studied concentration range. Reproducibility was better than 3%. Consistent recoveries of polyphenols ranging from 78.4 to 99.9% were observed when all target vegetable samples were spiked at two concentration levels, with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 5) lower than 2.9%. The LODs and the LOQs ranged from 0.005 μg mL−1 (trans-resveratrol, carrot) to 0.62 μg mL−1 (syringic acid, garlic) and from 0.016 μg mL−1 (trans-resveratrol, carrot) to 0.87 μg mL−1 ((+)-catechin, carrot) depending on the compound. The method was applied for studying the occurrence of free low molecular weight polyphenols in eight selected dietary vegetables (broccoli, tomato, carrot, garlic, onion, red pepper, green pepper and beetroot), providing a valuable and promising tool for food quality evaluation.

Evaluation on fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel aluminum coated by electroplating and IVD processes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)