Early selection in open-pollinated Eucalyptus families based on competition covariates

The objetive of this work was to evaluate the influence of intergenotypic competition in open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus and its effects on early selection efficiency. Two experiments were carried out, in which the timber volume was evaluated at three ages, in a randomized complete block design. Data from the three years of evaluation (experiment 1, at 2, 4, and 7 years; and experiment 2, at 2, 5, and 7 years) were analyzed using mixed models. The following were estimated: variance components, genetic parameters, selection gains, effective number, early selection efficiency, selection gain per unit time, and coincidence of selection with and without the use of competition covariates. Competition effect was nonsignificant for ages under three years, and adjustment using competition covariates was unnecessary. Early selection for families is effective; families that have a late growth spurt are more vulnerable to competition, which markedly impairs ranking at the end of the cycle. Early selection is efficient according to all adopted criteria, and the age of around three years is the most recommended, given the high efficiency and accuracy rate in the indication of trees and families. The addition of competition covariates at the end of the cycle improves early selection efficiency for almost all studied criteria.

Modeling and Synthesis of Tracking Control for the Belt Drive System

Usingof belt for high precision applications has become appropriate because of the rapid development in motor and drive technology as well as the implementation of timing belts in servo systems. Belt drive systems provide highspeed and acceleration, accurate and repeatable motion with high efficiency, long stroke lengths and low cost. Modeling of a linear belt-drive system and designing its position control are examined in this work. Friction phenomena and position dependent elasticity of the belt are analyzed. Computer simulated results show that the developed model is adequate. The PID control for accurate tracking control and accurate position control is designed and applied to the real test setup. Both the simulation and the experimental results demonstrate that the designed controller meets the specified performance specifications.

Permanent magnet synchronous motor for industrial inverter applications - analysis and design

During the latest few years the need for new motor types has grown, since both high efficiency and an accurate dynamic performance are demanded in industrial applications. For this reason, new effective control systems such as direct torque control (DTC) have been developed. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are well suitable for new adjustable speed AC inverter drives, because their efficiency and power factor are not depending on the pole pair number and speed to the same extent as it is the case in induction motors. Therefore, an induction motor (IM) with a mechanical gearbox can often be replaced with a direct PM motor drive. Space as well as costs will be saved, because the efficiency increases and the cost of maintenance decreases as well. This thesis deals with design criterion, analytical calculation and analysis of the permanent magnet synchronous motor for both sinusoidal air-gap flux density and rectangular air-gapflux density. It is examined how the air-gap flux, flux densities, inductances and torque can be estimated analytically for salient pole and non-salient pole motors. It has been sought by means of analytical calculations for the ultimate construction for machines rotating at relative low 300 rpm to 600 rpm speeds, which are suitable speeds e.g. in Pulp&Paper industry. The calculations are verified by using Finite Element calculations and by measuring of prototype motor. The prototype motor is a 45 kW, 600 rpm PMSM with buried V-magnets, which is a very appropriate construction for high torque motors with a high performance. With the purposebuilt prototype machine it is possible not only to verify the analytical calculations but also to show whether the 600 rpm PMSM can replace the 1500 rpm IM with a gear. It can also be tested if the outer dimensions of the PMSM may be the same as for the IM and if the PMSM in this case can produce a 2.5 fold torque, in consequence of which it may be possible to achieve the same power. The thesis also considers the question how to design a permanent magnet synchronous motor for relatively low speed applications that require a high motor torqueand efficiency as well as bearable costs of permanent magnet materials. It is shown how a selection of different parameters affects the motor properties. Key words: Permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM, surface magnets, buried magnets

A comparative performance study of four-pole induction motors and synchronous reluctance motors in variable speed drives

Design aspects of the Transversally Laminated Anisotropic (TLA) Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM) are studied and the machine performance analysis compared to the Induction Motor (IM) is done. The SynRM rotor structure is designed and manufactured for a30 kW, four-pole, three-phase squirrel cage induction motor stator. Both the IMand SynRM were supplied by a sensorless Direct Torque Controlled (DTC) variablespeed drive. Attention is also paid to the estimation of the power range where the SynRM may compete successfully with a same size induction motor. A technicalloss reduction comparison between the IM and SynRM in variable speed drives is done. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to analyse the number, location and width of flux barriers used in a multiple segment rotor. It is sought for a high saliency ratio and a high torque of the motor. It is given a comparison between different FEM calculations to analyse SynRM performance. The possibility to take into account the effect of iron losses with FEM is studied. Comparison between the calculated and measured values shows that the design methods are reliable. A new application of the IEEE 112 measurement method is developed and used especially for determination of stray load losses in laboratory measurements. The study shows that, with some special measures, the efficiency of the TLA SynRM is equivalent to that of a high efficiency IM. The power factor of the SynRM at rated load is smaller than that of the IM. However, at lower partial load this difference decreases and this, probably, brings that the SynRM gets a better power factor in comparison with the IM. The big rotor inductance ratio of the SynRM allows a good estimating of the rotor position. This appears to be very advantageous for the designing of the rotor position sensor-less motor drive. In using the FEM designed multi-layer transversally laminated rotor with damper windings it is possible to design a directly network driven motor without degrading the motorefficiency or power factor compared to the performance of the IM.

Induction motor versus permanent magnet synchronous motor in motion control applications: a comparative study

High dynamic performance of an electric motor is a fundamental prerequisite in motion control applications, also known as servo drives. Recent developments in the field of microprocessors and power electronics have enabled faster and faster movements with an electric motor. In such a dynamically demanding application, the dimensioning of the motor differs substantially from the industrial motor design, where feasible characteristics of the motor are for example high efficiency, a high power factor, and a low price. In motion control instead, such characteristics as high overloading capability, high-speed operation, high torque density and low inertia are required. The thesis investigates how the dimensioning of a high-performance servomotor differs from the dimensioning of industrial motors. The two most common servomotor types are examined; an induction motor and apermanent magnet synchronous motor. The suitability of these two motor types indynamically demanding servo applications is assessed, and the design aspects that optimize the servo characteristics of the motors are analyzed. Operating characteristics of a high performance motor are studied, and some methods for improvements are suggested. The main focus is on the induction machine, which is frequently compared to the permanent magnet synchronous motor. A 4 kW prototype induction motor was designed and manufactured for the verification of the simulation results in the laboratory conditions. Also a dynamic simulation model for estimating the thermal behaviour of the induction motor in servo applications was constructed. The accuracy of the model was improved by coupling it with the electromagnetic motor model in order to take into account the variations in the motor electromagnetic characteristics due to the temperature rise.

Hyvän hyötysuhteen moottorilla saavutettavat säästöt

Työssä on tutkittu milloin kannattaa hankkia hyvän hyötysuhteen moottori tavallisen moottorin sijasta. Työ on tehty UPM-Kymmene Oyj:n Kaukaan tehtailla. Ensiksi selvitettiin millaisessa kuormassa moottorit Kaukaan sellu- ja paperitehtaalla käyvät. Sen jälkeen työssä laskettiin, milloin hyvän hyötysuhteen moottorilla saavutetaan niin suuret säästöt, että se kannattaa hankkia. Hyvän hyötysuhteen moottorin hankinnalle laskettiin myös takaisinmaksuaika ja sisäinen korko. Herkkyysanalyysillä tutkittiin muuttuuko moottori-investoinnin kannattavuus, kun hankkeen kriittisiä tekijöitä muutetaan. Oleellista moottori-investoinnissa on moottoreiden hinta ja hyötysuhde-ero sekä moottorin käyntiaika ja kuormitusprosentti. Työn perusteella selvisi, että ainakin pienet moottorit kannattaa hankkia hyvän hyötysuhteen moottoreina.

Energiankäytön kartoitus Lappeenrannan sementtitehtaalla.

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli kartoittaa Finnsementti Oy:n Lappeenrannan sementtitehtaan energiankäyttöä ja etsiä potentiaalisia energiansäästökohteita. Diplomityö liittyy Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriön ja Teollisuuden ja Työnantajain Keskusliiton väliseen teollisuuden energiankäytön tehostamiseen tähtäävään puitesopimukseen, johon Finnsementti Oy on liittynyt. Diplomityön teoriaosassa tutustutaan sementin kemiaan raaka-aineista valmiisiin tuotteisiin. Lisäksi kartoitetaan sementtiteollisuuden energiansäästömahdollisuuksia laite-hankintojen ja prosessin optimointinnin kannalta. Työssä tutustutaan sementin-valmistuksessa käytettäviin laitteistoihin ja selvitetään niiden teknistä kehitystä ja energiaasäästäviä ratkaisuja. Kokeellinen osuus alkaa yksityiskohtaisella kuvauksella Lappeenrannan sementtitehtaan valmistusprosessista. Kokeellisessa osassa tutustutaan tehtaan energiankulutukseen sähkön ja polttoaineen muodossa. Lisäksi käsitellään paineilmaa ja vettä. Sähkön osalta kokeellinen osa sisältää sähkönkulutuksen historian ja sähkönjakeluverkon selvityksen lisäksi tehtaalla käytössä olevien luokittimien tehokkuustarkasteluita sähkönkulutuksen kannalta. Polttoaineen osalta diplomityö sisältää sementtiuunien energiataseiden mittaukset ja tulosten laskemisen sekä Excel-pohjaisen menetelmän kehittämisen energiataseiden laskemiseksi tulevaisuudessa. Paineilman ja veden osalta selvitetään niiden kulutusta tehtaalla ja lasketaan paineilmalle teoreettinen ominaissähkönkulutus. Luokittimien tehokkuustarkastelujen osalta havaittiin raakamyllyn luokittimen erottelu-terävyyden olevan huono verrattuna nykyaikaisiin korkeatehokkuusluokittimiin. Sementtimyllyjen luokittimien toiminnasta ei havaittu merkittäviä ongelmia. Energia-taseiden tuloksina havaittiin Lappeenrannan sementtitehtaan sementtiuunien edustavan vanhentunutta sementinvalmistustekniikkaa. Molempien uunien savukaasukanavien vuotoilmojen määrien havaittiin olevan suuret. Energiataloutta pystyttäisiin parantamaan mm. uusilla polttimilla, jolloin lämmittämättömän ensiöilman osuutta saataisiin pienentymään ja polttoaineen polttoa tehostumaan. Paineilman suhteen havaittiin kuumailman paineenalennuksen aiheuttavan turhia energiahäviöitä.

Energiansiirtoketjun energiatehokkuus

Tämän työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella energiansiirtoketjun kokonaisenergiatehokkuutta, alkaen polttoaineesta ja päättyen sähköenergian loppukäyttäjään. Tarkasteltava energiansiirtoketju alkaa polttoaineen tuotannosta ja siirrosta. Tämän jälkeen tulee sähköenergian tuottaminen, siirtäminen, jakelu ja loppukäyttö. Sähköntuotannon osalta tarkasteltiin myös vesivoimaa ja tuulivoimaa, jolloin energiansiirtoketjusta jää polttoaineen tuotannon ja siirron häviöt pois. Työn pääpaino kohdistui sähköenergian tuotannon, siirron, jakelun ja loppukäytön energiatehokkuuksien tarkastelemiseen. Työssä selvitettiin myös tulevaisuuden näkymiä, miten hyötysuhteita saataisiin parannettua eri osa-alueilla uusilla tekniikoilla ja käyttötottumuksilla. Loppukäyttäjä saa polttoaineen energiasta hyödyksi noin neljänneksen. Suurimmat häviöt syntyvät sähköenergian tuotannossa, lukuun ottamatta vesivoimalaitoksia, joiden hyötysuhde on erittäin korkea.

Determinação simultânea de ânions por eletroforese capilar: características e aplicações

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) encompasses a number of characteristics quite suitable for the simultaneous analysis of small ions such as high efficiency and resolving power, directly associated to its impressively high peak capacity, and short analysis time. In appropriate conditions, it is possible to perform the separation of approximately 36 anions in less than 3 minutes. In this work, the mechanisms by which anion analysis is performed was criteriously discussed, and a thorough review of the literature in the past 5 years, focusing mostly in applications of CE to anion analysis in real matrices, was presented.

O sistema quimiluminescente peróxi-oxalato

The peroxyoxalate system is still one of the most efficient chemiluminescence reactions and the only one supposed to involve the "Chemically Initiated Electron Exchange Luminescence - CIEEL" mechanism, with proved high efficiency. Besides the academic interest in the elucidation of the mechanism of this complex reaction, the peroxyoxalate system has found a variety of applications in analytical chemistry. This review contains (i) a short introduction to basic concepts in chemiluminescence, (ii) a critical summary of mechanistic studies on the peroxyoxalate reaction, (iii) and some examples of analytical applications. Although there are some recent reviews on chemiluminescence, no specific critical revision on mechanistic and analytical features of the peroxyoxalate system has been published.

Position sensorless electrically excited synchronous motor drive for industrial use based on direct flux linkage and torque control

Synchronous machines with an AC converter are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion drives as well as in rolling mill drives in steel industry. These motors are used because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening area. Present day drives for electrically excited synchronous motors are equipped with position sensors. Most drives for electrically excited synchronous motors will be equipped with position sensors also in future. This kind of drives with good dynamics are mainly used in metal industry. Drives without a position sensor can be used e.g. in ship propulsion and in large pump and blower drives. Nowadays, these drives are equipped with a position sensor, too. The tendency is to avoid a position sensor if possible, since a sensor reduces the reliability of the drive and increases costs (latter is not very significant for large drives). A new control technique for a synchronous motor drive is a combination of the Direct Flux Linkage Control (DFLC) based on a voltage model and a supervising method (e.g. current model). This combination is called Direct Torque Control method (DTC). In the case of the position sensorless drive, the DTC can be implemented by using other supervising methods that keep the stator flux linkage origin centered. In this thesis, a method for the observation of the drift of the real stator flux linkage in the DTC drive is introduced. It is also shown how this method can be used as a supervising method that keeps the stator flux linkage origin centered in the case of the DTC. In the position sensorless case, a synchronous motor can be started up with the DTC control, when a method for the determination of the initial rotor position presented in this thesis is used. The load characteristics of such a drive are not very good at low rotational speeds. Furthermore, continuous operation at a zero speed and at a low rotational speed is not possible, which is partly due to the problems related to the flux linkage estimate. For operation in a low speed area, a stator current control method based on the DFLC modulator (DMCQ is presented. With the DMCC, it is possible to start up and operate a synchronous motor at a zero speed and at low rotational speeds in general. The DMCC is necessary in situations where high torque (e.g. nominal torque) is required at the starting moment, or if the motor runs several seconds at a zero speed or at a low speed range (up to 2 Hz). The behaviour of the described methods is shown with test results. The test results are presented for the direct flux linkage and torque controlled test drive system with a 14.5 kVA, four pole salient pole synchronous motor with a damper winding and electric excitation. The static accuracy of the drive is verified by measuring the torque in a static load operation, and the dynamics of the drive is proven in load transient tests. The performance of the drive concept presented in this work is sufficient e.g. for ship propulsion and for large pump drives. Furthermore, the developed methods are almost independent of the machine parameters.

Salient Pole Synchronous Machine Modelling in an Industrial Direct Torque Controlled Drive Application

Synchronous motors are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion systems and in steel factories' rolling mills because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening range. This, however, requires an extremely good torque control system. A fast torque response and a torque accuracy are basic requirements for such a drive. For large power, high dynamic performance drives the commonly known principle of field oriented vector control has been used solely hitherto, but nowadays it is not the only way to implement such a drive. A new control method Direct Torque Control (DTC) has also emerged. The performance of such a high quality torque control as DTC in dynamically demanding industrial applications is mainly based on the accurate estimate of the various flux linkages' space vectors. Nowadays industrial motor control systems are real time applications with restricted calculation capacity. At the same time the control system requires a simple, fast calculable and reasonably accurate motor model. In this work a method to handle these problems in a Direct Torque Controlled (DTC) salient pole synchronous motor drive is proposed. A motor model which combines the induction law based "voltage model" and motor inductance parameters based "current model" is presented. The voltage model operates as a main model and is calculated at a very fast sampling rate (for example 40 kHz). The stator flux linkage calculated via integration from the stator voltages is corrected using the stator flux linkage computed from the current model. The current model acts as a supervisor that prevents only the motor stator flux linkage from drifting erroneous during longer time intervals. At very low speeds the role of the current model is emphasised but, nevertheless, the voltage model always stays the main model. At higher speeds the function of the current model correction is to act as a stabiliser of the control system. The current model contains a set of inductance parameters which must be known. The validation of the current model in steady state is not self evident. It depends on the accuracy of the saturated value of the inductances. Parameter measurement of the motor model where the supply inverter is used as a measurement signal generator is presented. This so called identification run can be performed prior to delivery or during drive commissioning. A derivation method for the inductance models used for the representation of the saturation effects is proposed. The performance of the electrically excited synchronous motor supplied with the DTC inverter is proven with experimental results. It is shown that it is possible to obtain a good static accuracy of the DTC's torque controller for an electrically excited synchronous motor. The dynamic response is fast and a new operation point is achieved without oscillation. The operation is stable throughout the speed range. The modelling of the magnetising inductance saturation is essential and cross saturation has to be considered as well. The effect of cross saturation is very significant. A DTC inverter can be used as a measuring equipment and the parameters needed for the motor model can be defined by the inverter itself. The main advantage is that the parameters defined are measured in similar magnetic operation conditions and no disagreement between the parameters will exist. The inductance models generated are adequate to meet the requirements of dynamically demanding drives.

Um aparato para monitorar reações rápidas: um "stopped-flow" artesanal de baixo custo

The modern stopped-flow reaction analyzer has shown high efficiency and flexibility, which provides outstanding sample economy with a dead-time of less than 1 ms. However the cost of the equipment imposes a serious restriction to many Brazilian scientists and teachers. In this work we describe the construction of a low-cost stopped-flow system coupled to a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The performance of the system was checked by monitoring the kinetics of two reactions: the fading of phenolphthalein in aqueous alkaline solution and the chlorophyll a demetallation in acid medium. The apparatus showed reasonable efficiency with a dead-time of 0.3 to 0.5 s. The very good results obtained in these two illustrative processes show that the system is satisfactory for determining rate constants with mean reaction times ranging from seconds to minutes.

Compostos organofosforados pentavalentes: histórico, métodos sintéticos de preparação e aplicações como inseticidas e agentes antitumorais

This paper is a review of the history, synthesis and application of organophosphorus compounds, especially of those of pentavalent phosphorus, such as phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, phosphonates and phosphonic acids with insecticide and anticancer activities. The organophosphorus compounds with agrochemical applications show great structural variety, They include not only insecticides, but also fungicides, herbicides, and others. The large variety of commercially available organophosphorus pesticides is remarkable. Even more interesting is the high efficiency of some organophosphorus compounds as anticancer agents such as cyclophosphamide and its derivatives.

Hybrid LC Filter for Power Electronic Drives: Theory and Implementation

Power electronic converter drives use, for the sake of high efficiency, pulse-width modulation that results in sequences of high-voltage high-frequency steep-edged pulses. Such a signal contains a set of high harmonics not required for control purposes. Harmonics cause reflections in the cable between the motor and the inverter leading to faster winding insulation ageing. Bearing failures and problems with electromagnetic compatibility may also result. Electrical du/dt filters provide an effective solution to problems caused by pulse-width modulation, thereby increasing the performance and service life of the electrical machines. It is shown that RLC filters effectively decrease the reflection phenomena in the cable. Improved (simple, but effective) solutions are found for both differential- and common-mode signals; these solutions use a galvanic connection between the RLC filter star point and the converter DC link. Foil chokes and film capacitors are among the most widely used components in high-power applications. In actual applications they can be placed in different parts of the cabinet. This fact complicates the arrangement of the cabinet and decreases the reliability of the system. In addition, the inductances of connection wires may prevent filtration at high frequencies. This thesis introduces a new hybrid LC filter that uses a natural capacitance between the turns of the foil choke based on integration of an auxiliary layer into it. The main idea of the hybrid LC filter results from the fact that both the foil choke and the film capacitors have the same roll structure. Moreover, the capacitance between the turns (“intra capacitance”) of the foil inductors is the reason for the deterioration of their properties at high frequencies. It is shown that the proposed filter has a natural cancellation of the intra capacitance. A hybrid LC filter may contain two or more foil layers isolated from each other and coiled on a core. The core material can be iron or even air as in the filter considered in this work. One of the foils, called the main foil, can be placed between the inverter and the motor cable. Other ones, called auxiliary foils, may be connected in star to create differential-mode noise paths, and then coupled to the DC link midpoint to guarantee a traveling path, especially for the common-mode currents. This way, there is a remarkable capacitance between the main foil and the auxiliary foil. Investigations showed that such a system can be described by a simple equivalent LC filter in a wide range of frequencies. Because of its simple hybrid construction, the proposed LC filter can be a cost-effective and competitive solution for modern power drives. In the thesis, the application field of the proposed filter is considered and determined. The basics of hybrid LC filter design are developed further. High-frequency behaviour of the proposed filter is analysed by simulations. Finally, the thesis presents experimental data proving that the hybrid LC filter can be used for du/dt of PWM pulses and reduction of common-mode currents.