Adaptive digital receivers for analog front-end mismatch correction

Phase and gain mismatches between the I and Q analog signal processing paths of a quadrature receiver are responsible for the generation of image signals which limit the dynamic range of a practical receiver. In this paper we analyse the effects these mismatches and propose a low-complexity blind adaptive algorithm to minimize this problem. The proposed solution is based on two, 2-tap adaptive filters, arranged in Adaptive Noise Canceller (ANC) set-up. The algorithm lends itself to efficient real-time implementation with minimal increase in modulator complexity.

Adaptive compensation of analog front-end I/Q mismatches in digital receivers

I and Q Channel phase and gain misniatches are of great concern in communications receiver design. In this paper we analyse the effects of I and Q channel mismatches and propose a low-complexity blind adaptive algorithm to minimize this problem. The proposed solution consists of two, 2-tap adaptive filters, arranged in Adaptive Noise Canceller (ANC) set-up, with the output of one cross-fed to the input of the other. The system works as a de-correlator eliminating I and Q mismatch errors.

NFC RF Analog Challenge and Enhanced High Speed Transmitter Design

This paper investigates the inherent radio frequency analog challenges associated with near field communication systems. Furthermore, the paper presents a digital based sigma-delta modulator for near field communication transmitter implementations. The proposed digital transmitter architecture is designed to best support data intensive applications requiring higher data rates and complex modulation schemes. An NFC transmitter based on a single-bit sigma-delta DAC is introduced, and then the multi-bit extension with necessary simulation results are presented to confirm the suitability of the architecture for near field communication high speed applications.

Controller implementation using analog reconfigurable hardware (FPAA)

This Thesis has the main target to make a research about FPAA/dpASPs devices and technologies applied to control systems. These devices provide easy way to emulate analog circuits that can be reconfigurable by programming tools from manufactures and in case of dpASPs are able to be dynamically reconfigurable on the fly. It is described different kinds of technologies commercially available and also academic projects from researcher groups. These technologies are very recent and are in ramp up development to achieve a level of flexibility and integration to penetrate more easily the market. As occurs with CPLD/FPGAs, the FPAA/dpASPs technologies have the target to increase the productivity, reducing the development time and make easier future hardware reconfigurations reducing the costs. FPAA/dpAsps still have some limitations comparing with the classic analog circuits due to lower working frequencies and emulation of complex circuits that require more components inside the integrated circuit. However, they have great advantages in sensor signal condition, filter circuits and control systems. This thesis focuses practical implementations of these technologies to control system PID controllers. The result of the experiments confirms the efficacy of FPAA/dpASPs on signal condition and control systems.

Development of novel benzimidazole- based COX Inhibitors new synthetic strategies and screening of heterocyclic structures

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química, especialidade Química Orgânica

An analog model for global macro investing

This study proposes a systematic model that is able to fit the Global Macro Investing universe. The Analog Model tests the possibility of capturing the likelihood of an optimal investment allocation based on similarity across different periods in history. Instead of observing Macroeconomic data, the model uses financial markets’ variables to classify unknown short-term regimes. This methodology is particularly relevant considering that asset classes and investment strategies react differently to specific macro environment shifts.

1,1-enediamines and β-substituted enamines in heterocyclic synthesis

The work in this thesis mainly deals with l,l-enediamines and ~ -substituted enamines (push-pull olefines) and their reactions, leading to the formation of a number of heterocycles. Various ~-substituted enamines were prepared by a 'one pot synthesis' in which a l,l-enediamine presumably acts as an intermediate. These enamines, various substituted crotonamides and propenamides, were made by using two different orthoesters, various secondary and primary amines and cyanoacetamide. Their structures, mechanism of formation and geometry are discussed. A synthetic route to various unsymmetrically substituted pyridines was examined. Two substituted pyridinones were obtained by using two different ~-substituted enamines and cyanoacetamide. In one case a dihydropyridine was isolated. This dihydropyridine, on heating in acidic conditions, gave a pyridinone, which confirmed this dihydropyridine as an intermediate in this pyridine synthesis. A new synthetic method was used to make highly substituted pyridinones, which involved the reaction of l,l-enediamines with the ~-substituted enamines. A one pot synthesis and an interrupted one pot synthesis were used to make these pyridinones. Two different orthoesters and three different secondary amines were used. Serendipitous formation of a pyrimidinone was observed when pyrrolidine was used as the secondary amine and triethyl orthopropionate was used as the orthoester. In all cases cyanoacetamide was used as the carbon acid. This pyridine synthesis was designed with aI, l-enediamine as the Michael donor and the ~ -substituted enamines as Michael acceptors. Substituted ureas were obtained in two cases, which was a surprise. Some pyrimidines were made by reacting two substituted enamines with two different amidines. When benzamidine was used, the expected pyrimidines were obtained. But, when 2-benzyl-2-thiopseudourea (which is also an amidine) was used, of the two expected pyrimidines, only one was obtained. In the other case, an additional substitution reaction took place in which the S-benzyl group was lost. An approach to quinazolone and benzothiadiazine synthesis is discussed. Two compounds were made from 1, I-dimorpholinoethene

Synthetic studies on prostaglandins: "synthesis of a new thia-PGEI analog"

A PGE1 analog, namely (±)-trans-2-(6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-3- (E-3"-thia-1 "-octene)-4-hydroxycyclopentanone 71, has been prepared for the first time. Towards the synthesis of this compound, several synthetic approaches aimed at the preparation of the required acetylenic and E-halovinylic sulfides as building blocks were investigated. Among all the methods examined, it appeared evident that the best route to ethynyl n.pentyl sulfide 81 is via a double dehydrohalogenation of the corresponding 1,2-dibromoethyl sulfide with sodium amide in liquid ammonia. In addition, the isomerically pure E-2-iodoethenyl n.pentyl sulfide 85 is conveniently prepared in high yield and stereoselectivity by hydrozirconation-iodination of the terminal ethynyl sulfide 81. The classical hydroalumination and hydroboration reactions for the preparation of vinyl halides from alkynes gave only small yields when applied as methods towards the synthesis of 85 . The building block 2-(6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-4-hydroxy-2- cyclopentenone (±)-1 carrying the upper side-chain of prostaglandin E 1 was prepared by a step-wise synthesis involving transformations of compounds possessing the required carbocyclic framework (see scheme 27). The synthesis proved to be convenient and gave a good overall yield of (±)-1 which was protected as the TH P-derivative 37 or the siloxy derivative 38. With the required building blocks 81 and 37 in hand, the target 1S-thia-PGE1 analog (±)-71 was prepared via the in situ higher cuprate formation-conjugate addition reaction. This method proved to be convenient and stereospecific. The standard cuprate method, involving an organocuprate reagent generated from an isolated vinyl iodide, did not work well in our case and gave a complicated mixture of products. The target compound will be submitted for assessment of bio log ical activity.

The chemistry of heterocyclic methine bases and of their acyl and thioacyl derivatives

The work described in this thesis has been dtvided into six sections . The first section involves the reaction of 3,5-diphenyl-2-methyl-l,3,4-oxadiazolium perchlorate with acetic and benzoic anhydrides. The second section deals with the preparation and reactions of 1,3,4-thia diazolium salts. Some monomeric 1,3,4-thiadiazoline methine bases have also been prepared by reacting 1,3,4-thia d iaz ol ium s al t s with concen trated ammonium hydroxide solution. Variable temperature p.m.r. of 2-(3-acetylacetonylidene)-3,5-diphenyl-A4 -1,3,4-thiadiazoline has also been described. The third section deals with prepar a tion and reactions of some compounds in benzoxazole series. The fourth section deals with the prep a ration and reactions of N-alkyl-2-methylbenzothi azolium salts with base , a nd with some a cetylating and thioacetylating agents. Treatment of 2,3-dimethylbenzothiazolium iodide and of 3-ethyl-2-methylbenzothia zolium iodide with base wa s found to give the corresponding dimeric methine b a ses and evidence supporting their structure is also given. Thiol acetic acid was found to exchange 0 for S in its reactions with 2-acetonylidene-3-methylbenzothiazoline and 2-acetophenonylidene-3-methylbenzothi a zoline. (ii) In th e fifth section, the r eactions of 2,3-dimethylbenzselenazolium iodide with a variety of ac e tylating and thioacetylating agents has been described. The treatment of 2,3-dimethylbenzselenazolium iodide with base was found to give rise to a dimeric methine base and evidence supporting its structure is also given. The reactions of this dimeric methine b a se with benzoic anhydride and phenylisothiocyanate have also been described. The sixth section deals with the preparation and reactions of l-alkyl-2-methylquinolinium salts. Treatment of 1,2-dimethylquinolinium iodide and l-ethyl-2-methylquinolinium iodide was found to give the corresponding monomeric methine bases and evidence supporting their structure is also given. The E-type geometry of the olefinic bond in 2-acetonylidene-l-methylquinoline has been established on the basis of an N.O.E. experiment.

Direct functionalization of heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic arenes

L’application des métaux de transition à la fonctionnalisation directe a ouvert la voie à une nouvelle classe de réactions pour la formation de liens carbone-carbone. De par l'omniprésence des liaisons C–H, l’introduction de nouvelles fonctionnalités chimiques par voie directe et pré-activation minimale s’impose comme une stratégie de synthèse très attrayante. Ainsi, il est envisageable de préparer de manière rapide et efficace des supports complexes menant à des molécules complexes, qui pourraient être utiles dans divers domaines de la chimie. L'objectif principal de la présente thèse vise la fonctionnalisation directe des arènes hétérocycliques et non hétérocycliques et, plus précisément, les techniques d’arylation. Dans un premier temps, nous allons aborder le thème de l’arylation directe tout en mettant l’accent sur les pyridines (Chapitre 1). Ces molécules sont à la base d'une multitude de composés biologiquement actifs et jouent un rôle important dans le domaine des sciences des matériaux, de l’agrochimie et de la synthèse des produits naturels. Dans un deuxième temps, nous discuterons de nos travaux sur l’arylation directe catalysé par un complex de palladium sur des ylures de N-iminopyridinium en soulignant la dérivatisation du sel de pyridinium après une phénylation sp2 (Chapitre 2). L’étude de ce procédé nous a permis de mettre en lumière plusieurs découvertes importantes, que nous expliquerons en détails une à une : l’arylation benzylique directe lorsque des ylures N-iminopyridinium substituées avec un groupement alkyl à la position 2 sont utilisés comme partenaires dans la réaction; les allylations Tsuji-Trost catalysée par un complex de palladium; et l’alkylation directe et sans métal via une catalyse par transfert de phase. Plusieurs défis restent à relever pour le développement de procédés directs utilisant des métaux de transition peu coûteux, d’autant plus que la synthèse par transformation directe des pyridines 2-alcényles, lesquelles sont pertinentes sur le plan pharmacologique, n’a pas encore été rapportée à ce jour. Avec cette problématique en tête, nous avons réussi à mettre au point une alcénylation directe catalysé par un complex de cuivre sur des ylures de N-iminopyridinium. Nous discuterons également d’une nouvelle méthode pour la préparation des iodures de vinyle utilisés dans les couplages. Ces réactions sont non seulement remarquablement chimiosélectives, mais sont aussi applicables à plusieurs substrats (Chapitre 3). En optimisant ce procédé direct, nous avons découvert une façon unique de synthétiser les pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines 2-substituées (Chapitre 4). Le mécanisme global met en jeu une séquence tandem de fonctionnalisation-cyclisation directe et un procédé direct en cascade, qui n’avais jamais été rapporté. Cela simplifie ansi la synthèse autrement compliquée de ces substrats en y apportant une solution à un problème de longue date. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, nous examinerons en détail les techniques d’arylation directe qui n'impliquent pas les partenaires de couplage hétérocycliques. Entre autres, au Chapitre 5, nous soulignerons notre découverte d’un umpolung dirigé et catalysé par un complexe de palladium du benzène et de quelques autres dérivés arènes. Il s’agit là du premier cas de fonctionnalisation directe dans laquelle le groupe directeur se trouve sur le partenaire halogène et il s’ajoute à la courte liste d’exemples connus dans la littérature rapportant une arylation directe du benzène. Finalement, au Chapitre 6, nous passerons en revue une nouvelle arylation directe catalysée au fer, qui se veut un procédé peu coûteux, durable et présentant une économie d’atomes. Nous discutons des substrats possibles ainsi des études mécanistiques réalisés.

Decarboxylative Generation of Carbenes for the Synthesis of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Complexes - Applications in the Oxidative Coupling of 2-Naphthols

Le présent mémoire décrit la synthèse et l’utilité de complexes Cu-NHC. En premier lieu, la synthèse de complexes de cuivre porteurs de ligand(s) de type carbène-N-hétérocyclique (NHC) via une génération décarboxylative de carbènes sera présentée. En effet, de précédents rapports font état de l’utilisation de carboxylates d’imidazol(in)ium en tant que précurseurs carbéniques sous conditions thermolytiques. Ainsi, la présente étude montre l’utilisation de ces espèces zwitterioniques pour la synthèse de complexes de cuivre(I) mono- et bis-NHC comportant divers substituants et contre-ions. Une seconde partie du projet se concentrera sur l’évaluation de complexes Cu-NHC en tant que catalyseurs pour la synthèse de 2,2’-binaphtols via une réaction de couplage oxydatif de naphtols. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche est d’étudier les effets de variations structurales de différents complexes Cu-NHC afin de construire un processus catalytique plus efficace. Les effets de la structure du catalyseur sur la réaction de couplage ont été évalués en variant son contre-ion, le nombre de ligands NHC se coordonnant au cuivre, ainsi que la nature des substituants du ligand.

Synthesis of transition metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and applications in catalysis

Les ligands de carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHC) qui possèdent une symétrie C1 attirent beaucoup l’attention dans la littérature. Le présent projet de recherche propose de synthétiser une nouvelle série de ligands NHC C1-symétriques avec deux groupements N-alkyles qui exploitent un relais chiral. Un protocole modulaire et efficace pour la synthèse des sels d’imidazolium chiraux qui servent comme préligands pour les NHC a été développé. Quelques-uns de ces nouveaux ligands ont été installés sur le cuivre et de l’or, créant de nouveaux complexes chiraux. Les nouveaux complexes à base de cuivre ont été évalués comme catalyseurs pour le couplage oxydatif de 2-naphthols. Les ligands C1-symmétriques ont fourni des meilleurs rendements que les ligands C2-symmétriques. Au cours de l’optimisation, des additifs ont été évalués; les additifs à base de pyridine ont fourni des énantiosélectivités modérées tandis que les additifs à base de malonate ont donné des meilleurs rendements de la réaction de couplage oxydatif. Ultérieurement, les additifs à base de malonate ont été appliqués envers l’hétérocouplage de 2-naphthols. Le partenaire de couplage qui est riche en électrons est normalement en grand excès à cause de sa tendance à dégrader. Avec le bénéfice de l’additif, les deux partenaires de couplage peuvent être utilisés dans des quantités équivalentes. La découverte de l’effet des additifs a permis le développement d’un protocole général pour l’hétérocouplage de 2-naphthols.

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND LUMINESCENCE OF LANTHANOIDS WITH MIXTURES OF HETEROCYCLIC β- DIKETONE S AND VARIOUS NEUTRAL OXO-DONORS

The thesis entitled “ Investigations on the solvent extraction and luminescence of lanthanoids with mixtures of heterocyclic β-diketone S and various neutral oxo-donors” embodies the results of investigations carried out on the solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanoids with various heterocyclic β-diketones in the presence and absence of neutral oxo-donors and also on the luminescent studies of Eu3+-heterocyclic β-diketonate complexes with Lewis bases. The primary objective of the present work is to generate the knowledge base, especially to understand the interactions of lanthanoid-heterocyclic β-diketonates with various macrocyclic ligands such as crown ethers and neutral organophosphorus extractants , with a view to achieve better selectivity. The secondary objective of this thesis is to develop novel lanthanoid luminescent materials based on 3-phenyl-4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones and organophosphorus ligands, for use in electroluminescent devices. In the beginning it describes the need for the development of new mixed-ligand systems for the separation of lanthanoids and the development and importance of novel luminescent lanthanoid- β-diketonate complexes for display devices. The syntheses of various para substituted derivatives of 4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones and their characterization by various spectroscopic techniques are described. It also investigate the solvent extraction behaviour of trivalent lanthanoids with 4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones in the presence and absence of various crown ethers such as 18C6, DC18C6, DB18C6 and B18C6. Elemental analysis, IR and H NMR spectral studies are used to understand the interactions of crown ethers with 4-aroyl-5-isoxazolonate complexes of lanthanoids. The synergistic extraction of trivalent lanthanoids with sterically hindered 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-pivaloyl-5-pyrazolone in the presence of various structurally related crown ethers are studied. The syntheses, characterization and photyphysical properties of Eu3+-4-aroyl-5-isoxazolonate complexes in the presence of Lewis bases like trictylphosphine oxide or triphenylphosphine oxide were studied.