Taking account of dependent species in management of the Southern Ocean krill fishery: estimating crabeater seal abundance off east Antarctica

1. The crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga is considered to be a key species in the krill-based food web of the Southern Ocean. Reliable estimates of the abundance of this species are necessary to allow the development of multispecies, predator–prey models as a basis for management of the krill fishery in the Southern Ocean. 2. A survey of crabeater seal abundance was undertaken in 1500 000 km2 of pack-ice off east Antarctica between longitudes 64–150° E during the austral summer of 1999/2000. Sighting surveys, using double observer line transect methods, were conducted from an icebreaker and two helicopters to estimate the density of seals hauled out on the ice in survey strips. Satellite-linked dive recorders were deployed on a sample of seals to estimate the probability of seals being hauled out on the ice at the times of day when sighting surveys were conducted. Model-based inference, involving fitting a density surface, was used to infer densities in the entire survey region from estimates in the surveyed areas. 3. Crabeater seal abundance was estimated to be between 0.7 and 1.4 million animals (with 95% confidence), with the most likely estimate slightly less than 1 million. 4. Synthesis and applications. The estimation of crabeater seal abundance in Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) management areas off east Antarctic where krill biomass has also been estimated recently provides the data necessary to begin extending from single-species to multispecies management of the krill fishery. Incorporation of all major sources of uncertainty allows a precautionary interpretation of crabeater abundance and demand for krill in keeping with CCAMLR’s precautionary approach to management. While this study focuses on the crabeater seal and management of living resources in the Southern Ocean, it has also led to technical and theoretical developments in survey methodology that have widespread potential application in ecological and resource management studies, and will contribute to a more fundamental understanding of the structure and function of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Population Growth of Antarctic Fur Seals: Limitation by a Top Predator, The Leopard Seal?

Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) in the South Shetland Islands are recovering from 19th-century exploitation more slowly than the main population at South Georgia. To document demographic changes associated with the recovery in the South Shetlands, we monitored fur seal abundance and reproduction in the vicinity of Elephant Island during austral summers from 1986/1987 through 1994/1995. Total births, mean and variance of birth dates, and average daily mortality rates were estimated from daily live pup counts at North Cove (NC) and North Annex (NA) colonies on Seal Island. Sightings of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) and incidents of leopard seal predation on fur seal pups were recorded opportunistically during daily fur seal research at both sites. High mortality of fur seal pups, attributed to predation by leopard seals frequently observed at NC, caused pup numbers to decline rapidly between January and March (i.e., prior to weaning) each year and probably caused a long-term decline in the size of that colony. The NA colony, where leopard seals were never observed, increased in size during the study. Pup mortality from causes other than leopard seal predation appeared to be similar at the two sites. The number of pups counted at four locations in the Elephant Island vicinity increased slowly, at an annual rate of 3.8%, compared to rates as high as 11% at other locations in the South Shetland Islands. Several lines of circumstantial evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that leopard seal predators limit the growth of the fur seal population in the Elephant Island area and perhaps in the broader population in the South Shetland Islands. The sustained growth of this fur seal population over many decades rules out certain predator–prey models, allowing inference about the interaction between leopard seals and fur seals even though it is less thoroughly studied than predator–prey systems of terrestrial vertebrates of the northern hemisphere. Top-down forces should be included in hypotheses for future research on the factors shaping the recovery of the fur seal population in the South Shetland Islands.

Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Abundance in Alaska: Bristol Bay to Southeast Alaska, 1991-1993

Between 1991 and 1993, Alaska harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) abundance was investigated during aerial surveys throughout much of the coastal and offshore waters from Bristol Bay in the eastern Bering Sea to Dixon Entrance in Southeast Alaska. Line-transect methodology was used, and only those observations made during optimal conditions were analyzed. Survey data indicated densities of 4.48 groups/100 km2, or approximately 3,531 harbor porpoises (95% C.I. 2,206-5,651) in Bristol Bay and 0.54 groups/100 km2, or 136 harbor porpoises (95% C.I. 11-1,645) for Cook Inlet. Efforts off Kodiak Island resulted in densities of 1.85 groups/100 km2, or an abundance estimate of 740 (95% C.I. 259-2,115). Surveys off the south side of the Alaska Peninsula found densities of 2.03 groups/100 km2 and an abundance estimate of 551 (95% C.I. 423-719). Surveys of offshore waters from Prince William Sound to Dixon Entrance yielded densities of 4.02 groups/100 km’ and an abundance estimate of 3,982 (95% C.I. 2,567-6,177). Combining all years and areas yielded an uncorrected density estimate of 3.82 porpoises per 100 km2, resulting in an abundance estimate of 8,940 porpoises (CV = 13.8%) with a 95% confidence interval of 6,746-11,848. Using correction factors from other studies to adjust for animals missed by observers, the total number of Alaska harbor porpoises is probably three times this number.

Mutations in SRCAP, Encoding SNF2-Related CREBBP Activator Protein, Cause Floating-Harbor Syndrome

Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delayed osseous maturation, expressive-language deficits, and a distinctive facial appearance. Occurrence is generally sporadic, although parent-to-child transmission has been reported on occasion. Employing whole-exome sequencing, we identified heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP in five unrelated individuals with sporadic MS. Sanger sequencing identified mutations in SRCAP in eight more affected persons. Mutations were de novo in all six instances in which parental DNA was available. SRCAP is an SNF2-related chromatin-remodeling factor that serves as a coactivator for CREB-binding protein (CREBBP, better known as CBP, the major cause of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome [RTS]). Five SRCAP mutations, two of which are recurrent, were identified; all are tightly clustered within a small (111 codon) region of the final exon. These mutations are predicted to abolish three C-terminal AT-hook DNA-binding motifs while leaving the CBP-binding and ATPase domains intact. Our findings show that SRCAP mutations are the major cause of FHS and offer an explanation for the clinical overlap between FHS and RTS.

The phenotype of Floating-Harbor syndrome: clinical characterization of 52 individuals with mutations in exon 34 of SRCAP

Background Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delays in expressive language, and a distinctive facial appearance. Recently, heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP were determined to be disease-causing. With the availability of a DNA based confirmatory test, we set forth to define the clinical features of this syndrome. Methods and results Clinical information on fifty-two individuals with SRCAP mutations was collected using standardized questionnaires. Twenty-four males and twenty-eight females were studied with ages ranging from 2 to 52 years. The facial phenotype and expressive language impairments were defining features within the group. Height measurements were typically between minus two and minus four standard deviations, with occipitofrontal circumferences usually within the average range. Thirty-three of the subjects (63%) had at least one major anomaly requiring medical intervention. We did not observe any specific phenotype-genotype correlations. Conclusions This large cohort of individuals with molecularly confirmed FHS has allowed us to better delineate the clinical features of this rare but classic genetic syndrome, thereby facilitating the development of management protocols.

Genital morphology of the male South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and biological implications

Male capacity for spreading genes to a great number of descendents and to determine population dynamics depend directly on the genital organs. Morphological studies in pinnipeds are scarce and the functional meaning of some characteristics has never been discussed. We hypothesized that Arctocephalus australis (A. australis) shows morphophysiological adaptations in order to guarantee the perpetuation of the species in the unique annual mating season. Seven males, dead from natural causes, had their genital organs collected and fixed for morphological description. Some features differ from other described mammalian males and are closely related to the biology and reproductive cycle of this species, as the scrotal epidermis, absence of glandular portion in the ductus deferens and spermatogenic epithelium suggest a recrudescent testis period. The corona glandis exhibits a singular arrangement: its erectile border looks like a formation of petals and its association with the os penis gives a "lily-flower" form to this region. We propose the name margo petaliformis to this particular erectile border of the corona glandis because of its similarity to a flower corola. The male genital organs of A. australis show morphological features compatible with adaptation to environment requirements and reproductive efficiency.

Urediospores of rust fungi are ice nucleation active at > -10°C and harbor ice nucleation active bacteria

Various features of the biology of the rust fungi and of the epidemiology of the plant diseases they cause illustrate the important role of rainfall in their life history. Based on this insight we have characterized the ice nucleation activity (INA) of the aerially disseminated spores (urediospores) of this group of fungi. Urediospores of this obligate plant parasite were collected from natural infections of 7 species of weeds in France, from coffee in Brazil and from field and greenhouse-grown wheat in France, the USA, Turkey and Syria. Immersion freezing was used to determine freezing onset temperatures and the abundance of ice nuclei in suspensions of washed spores. Microbiological analyses of spores from France, the USA and Brazil, and subsequent tests of the ice nucleation activity of the bacteria associated with spores were deployed to quantify the contribution of bacteria to the ice nucleation activity of the spores. All samples of spores were ice nucleation active, having freezing onset temperatures as high as −4 °C. Spores in most of the samples carried cells of ice nucleation-active strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (at rates of less than 1 bacterial cell per 100 urediospores), but bacterial INA accounted for only a small fraction of the INA observed in spore suspensions. Changes in the INA of spore suspensions after treatment with lysozyme suggest that the INA of urediospores involves a polysaccharide. Based on data from the literature, we have estimated the concentrations of urediospores in air at cloud height and in rainfall. These quantities are very similar to those reported for other biological ice nucleators in these same substrates. However, at cloud level convective activity leads to widely varying concentrations of particles of surface origin, so that mean concentrations can underestimate their possible effects on clouds. We propose that spatial and temporal concentrations of biological ice nucleators active at temperatures > −10 °C and the specific conditions under which they can influence cloud glaciation need to be further evaluated so as to understand how evolutionary processes could have positively selected for INA.

Procesado Digital de la señal para graduados en Telecomunicaciones

Manual docente de la asignatura Procesado de la Señal del Grado en Ingeniería de las Tecnologías en Telecomunicación en la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Asignatura obligatoria de tercer curso en la mención de Sistemas de Telecomunicación.

Procesado Digital de la Señal para graduados en Telecomunicación, 3ª edición

[ES] Manual docente de la asignatura Procesado de la Señal que se imparte en el segundo semestre del tercer curso (3B) del título del Grado en Ingeniería en tecnologías de la Telecomunicación. Forma parte del módulo de Tecnología Específica mención Sistemas de Telecomunicación y constituye, como asignatura única, la materia de Tratamiento de la señal. La segunda edición recoge las modificaciones fruto de la experiencia del primer año de impartición de la asignatura. Concisamente se ha agrupado todo el procesado de imagen y clasificación en un capítulo final y se han añadido al final de cada capítulo algunos problemas.

Introducción a Matlab para Procesado de la Señal

[ES] Introducción a Matlab para alumnos de Procesado de la Señal

Aspectos emergentes en la docencia de procesado de la señal en Ingeniería

[ES]La implantación de las nuevas tendencias educativas en la Universidad ha abierto un debate reformulando la actitud de los alumnos y el papel del profesor. Dicho debate ha originado cambios metodológicos más en el ámbito de las humanidades que en el científico técnico dónde ya se contaba con clases en laboratorios donde el alumno era innegablemente el centro del proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje. Ya han pasado algunos años tras la implantación de los nuevos conceptos educativos. En este trabajo se propone una reflexión sobre la experiencia de los primeros años en el ámbito de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de los conceptos de Procesado de la Señal en los estudios de Grado en ingeniería de telecomunicación y electrónica a la vez que aportar nuevas directrices para el futuro inmediato.

Interazione tra squalo bianco (Carcharadon carcharias) e otaria orsina del Capo (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) nell'area di Seal Island a Mossel Bay, Sud Africa.

Gli squali bianchi sono tra i più importanti predatori dei Pinnipedi (Klimley et al., 2001; Kock, 2002). La loro principale strategia di caccia consiste nel pattugliare le acque circostanti ad una colonia di otarie e nell’attaccarle quando queste sono in movimento, mentre si allontanano o avvicinano all’isola (Klimley et al., 2001; Kock, 2002). Tuttavia, la strategia e la dinamica della predazione osservate anche in relazione al ciclo riproduttivo della preda e le tattiche comportamentali messe in atto dalla preda per ridurre la probabilità di predazione, e quindi diminuire la sua mortalità, sono ancora poco conosciute. Con questo studio, effettuato nell’area di Seal Island all’interno della baia di Mossel Bay in Sud Africa, abbiamo cercato di definire proprio questi punti ancora poco conosciuti. Per studiare la strategia e le dinamica di predazione dello squalo bianco abbiamo utilizzato il sistema di monitoraggio acustico, in modo da poter approfondire le conoscenze sui loro movimenti e quindi sulle loro abitudini. Per dare un maggiore supporto ai dati ottenuti con la telemetria acustica abbiamo effettuato anche un monitoraggio visivo attraverso l’attrazione (chumming) e l’identificazione fotografica degli squali bianchi. Per comprendere invece i loro movimenti e le tattiche comportamentali messi in atto dalle otarie orsine del capo per ridurre la probabilità di predazione nella baia di Mossel Bay, abbiamo utilizzato il monitoraggio visivo di 24 ore, effettuato almeno una volta al mese, dalla barca nell’area di Seal Island. Anche se gli squali bianchi sono sempre presenti intorno all’isola i dati ottenuti suggeriscono che la maggior presenza di squali/h si verifica da Maggio a Settembre che coincide con l’ultima fase di svezzamento dei cuccioli delle otarie del capo, cioè quando questi iniziano a foraggiare lontano dall'isola per la prima volta; durante il sunrise (alba) durante il sunset (tramonto) quando il livello di luce ambientale è bassa e soprattutto quando la presenza delle prede in acqua è maggiore. Quindi possiamo affermare che gli squali bianchi a Seal Island prendono delle decisioni che vanno ad ottimizzare la loro probabilità di catturare una preda. I risultati preliminari del nostro studio indicano anche che il numero di gruppi di otarie in partenza dall'isola di notte sono di gran lunga maggiori di quelle che partono durante il giorno, forse questo potrebbe riflettere una diminuzione del rischio di predazione; per beneficiare di una vigilanza condivisa, le otarie tendono in media a formare gruppi di 3-5 o 6-9 individui quando si allontanano dall’isola e questo probabilmente le rende meno vulnerabili e più attente dall’essere predate. Successivamente ritornano all’isola da sole o in piccoli gruppi di 2 o 3 individui. I gruppi più piccoli probabilmente riflettono la difficoltà delle singole otarie a riunirsi in gruppi coordinati all'interno della baia.

A Nonstationary Negative Binomial Time Series with Time-Dependent Covariates: Enterococcus Counts in Boston Harbor

Boston Harbor has had a history of poor water quality, including contamination by enteric pathogens. We conduct a statistical analysis of data collected by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) between 1996 and 2002 to evaluate the effects of court-mandated improvements in sewage treatment. Motivated by the ineffectiveness of standard Poisson mixture models and their zero-inflated counterparts, we propose a new negative binomial model for time series of Enterococcus counts in Boston Harbor, where nonstationarity and autocorrelation are modeled using a nonparametric smooth function of time in the predictor. Without further restrictions, this function is not identifiable in the presence of time-dependent covariates; consequently we use a basis orthogonal to the space spanned by the covariates and use penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) for estimation. We conclude that Enterococcus counts were greatly reduced near the Nut Island Treatment Plant (NITP) outfalls following the transfer of wastewaters from NITP to the Deer Island Treatment Plant (DITP) and that the transfer of wastewaters from Boston Harbor to the offshore diffusers in Massachusetts Bay reduced the Enterococcus counts near the DITP outfalls.