大功率微波与臭氧等复合因子对大棚蔬菜根结线虫及土壤的作

虫（nematodes）是世界农业生产的一大障碍，每年给世界农业生产造成约1000亿美元的巨额损失，是世界各国一直关注的重点病害之一。线虫可以危害各种大田作物和各种温室植物，几乎所有的栽培植物都有线虫危害发生。随着人们环保意识的增强以及健康意识的觉醒，传统防治根结线虫的药物如溴甲烷等因对环境的破坏作用，或者由于高毒、使用不便、抗药性等原因而迅速退出历史舞台，研究环保高效防治线虫成为世界各国竞相发展的技术之一。本研究尝试通过物理方式防治蔬菜根结线虫，并调查了对土壤质量的影响，主要内容包括： 1. 设计制造了功率20 Kw，频率为915 MHz的大功率土壤微波处理机，并通过了田间试验; 2. 设计制造了每小时120 g臭氧产量的便携式臭氧土壤处理机，并通过了田间试验; 3. 采用4因素3水平正交法L9(34)在山东寿光蔬菜大棚进行了蔬菜根结线虫的防治试验，综合考察微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌等不同处理水平对根结线虫和对土壤质量的影响，结果表明： 1) 大棚土壤经微波60 s照射能够显著降低甜瓜根结线虫数和根结指数（p < 0.05），盆栽试验只需处理10 s即可显著防治甜瓜根结线虫（p < 0.01）;以120 g/h臭氧浓度处理5 s也能显著降低甜瓜根结线虫的数量（p < 0.05）;田间施入5 g/m2的EM菌，能够显著降低甜瓜根结线虫的数量（p < 0.05）;盆栽试验中微波吸收剂具有降低根结线虫数量的趋势，但是不同处理水平之间差异不显著，田间试验则具有增加根结线虫的趋势，不同处理水平之间也没有显著差异。 2) 微波不同处理水平之间对甜瓜单瓜重的影响没有显著差异;以120 g/h臭氧浓度处理甜瓜能够显著增加甜瓜单瓜重（p < 0.05）;200 g/m2微波吸收剂能够显著提高甜瓜单瓜重（p < 0.05）;以5 g/m2EM菌处理土壤则显著降低甜瓜单瓜重（p < 0.05）。 3) 微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂不同处理水平对甜瓜糖度的影响没有显著差异;以3 g/m2的EM菌处理甜瓜能够显著降低甜瓜的糖度。 4) 不同因素对甜瓜硬度的影响没有显著差异。 5) 微波处理60 s能够显著提高甜瓜的果型指数（p < 0.1），臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌等因素不同处理水平之间对果型指数影响差异不显著。 6) EM菌5 g/m2处理浓度能够显著降低甜瓜株高（p < 0.1），微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂不同处理水平之间对株高的影响没有显著差异。 7) EM菌5 g/m2处理浓度能够显著降低甜瓜根径（p < 0.1），微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂不同处理水平之间对根径的影响没有显著差异。 8) 微波处理60 s能够显著降低表层土壤（0-5 cm）的有机质含量（p < 0.01）;以120 g/h的臭氧浓度处理，则可以显著提高10-15 cm土壤的有机质含量（p < 0.05），其它处理因素的不同水平对有机质的影响差异不显著。 9) 微波不同处理水平对土壤全氮的影响没有显著差异（p < 0.05）;120 g/h臭氧处理浓度能够显著降低表层土壤（0-5 cm）的土壤全氮量（p < 0.1）;100 g/m2微波吸收剂处理水平能够显著提高10-15 cm土壤全氮量（p < 0.05）;EM菌3 g/m2的处理水平则显著降低5-10 cm土壤全氮量（p < 0.05）。 10) 微波、微波吸收剂、EM菌不同处理水平之间对土壤全磷没有显著影响;240 g/h臭氧浓度处理5 s能够显著降低10-15 cm土层的土壤全磷含量(p < 0.05)。 11) 微波、微波吸收剂对土壤全磷没有显著影响;臭氧处理具有降低土壤有效磷的趋势，EM菌处理则有提高土壤有效磷的趋势，但是 不同处理水平之间差异不显著（p > 0.05）。 12) 微波处理对土壤EC值没有显著影响;臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌处理具有降低土壤EC值的趋势，但是不同处理水平之间差异不显著（p > 0.05）。 13) 微波处理30 s能够显著降低表层土壤的pH值（p < 0.05），臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌处理具有提高土壤pH值的趋势，但是不同处理水平之间差异不显著。

Study of distribution, growth and reproduction polychaetes Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbas and effect dominant species on white Indian shrimp brood stocks (Fenneropenaeus indicus)

Distribution of polychaetes worms Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass indicated that distribution rate of worms from the west to east for the reason status of seabed type, habitat and feeding substrate used to worms increased. Also investigation description that last-mentioned worms are belong to Nereididae family, Perinereis genus and species of Perinereis nuntia. By viewpoint seabed soil types experiments implement indicated Nereididae worms have higher survival with sandy clay loam soil texture. Statistical analysis showed positive relation coefficient correlation of Pearson between substrate type to frequency of worms and too substrate type with soil organic matter value (P<0.05). By viewpoint feeding also experiments with different feed treatment indicated that Nereid worms is Omnivore but in natural condition more utilized algae substrate special Entermorpha and survival rate had the worms last-mentioned in dietary treatments on this algae 93/3% different significant with other treatments (P<0.05). In this project pond-reared white Indian shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) were used in four maturation and spawning trials lasting 60 days. one group of shrimps was fed a formulated pelleted special of broodstock diet only, a second group was fed squid meat diet; a third group of shrimps with mollusca (Solen vagina) meat diet and fourth group was fed polychaete worms Nereidae family, collected in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass. Four types of dietary treatments (M1, M4) were given to separate batches that were run in three duplicate. Results of experiments demonstrate that more grew rate and maturation and spawning rate and we found that shrimps fed with polychaete worms have the best condition and then shrimps fed with solen. This is demonstrate furthermore environmental circumstance, endocrine hormone, types of feed important of maturation and spawning of shrimps and in polychaete worms used HUFA help to maturation ovarian in shrimp.

Supply of Astaxanthin and its combinations through live feed (Moina micrura) enrichment affects the growth, survival and fatty acid profile of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae

A study was carried out with three replicates to determine the effects of feeding Moina micrura enriched with astaxanthin alone (M1) or astaxanthin in combination with either vitamin E (M2), vitamin D (M3) or Cod Liver oil (M4) on the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae. Growth rate was expressed as the time taken to the settlement of 95% post larvae. Maximum growth, the lowest time taken to the 95% PL settlement (38.5±0.50 days), was observed in larvae fed with M3 Moina. The highest survival rate (66.0±1.00%) was observed in those fed with M4 Moina and the second highest survival (61.0±1.00%) and growth rates (40.0±0.00 days) were shown with M2 Moina. The minimum values for both growth (42.5±0.50 days) and survival (33.0±1.50%) were observed in the group fed un-enriched Moina. Results also showed that the survival of prawn larvae increased as the quantities of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased in the dietary Moina. The highest levels of EPA (5.57±0.21%), DHA (3.50±0.21%) and highest total Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFA) (13.87±0.68%) were seen in the Moina fed on astaxanthin and Cod Liver Oil (CLO). The results of the study showed that the nutritive quality of Moina, with respect to important fatty acids, can be increased by enrichment and will influence the growth, survival and the fatty acid composition of fresh water prawn larvae fed on them.

Effects of nutrients on the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland

A L9 orthogonal array design involving 3 factors (C6H12O6, KNO3 and NaH2PO4) and 3 levels for each (C6H12O6: 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8 g/L; KNO3: 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 g/L, NaH2PO4: 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 g/L), was used to study the effects of nutrients on dehydrogenase activity and polysaccharide content of substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW). Results showed that C6H12O6 and KNO3 were the main factors for dehydrogenase activity and polysaccharide content of biofilms, respectively. The combinations of three nutrients at different concentrations had different effects on dehydrogenase activity and polysaccharide content of biofilms. The optimal combination for dehydrogenase activity was obtained by locating the concentrations Of C6H12O6, KNO3 and NaH2PO4 at 0.2, 0.8 and 0.05 g, and the optimal combination for polysaccharide content was obtained by locating the concentrations Of C6H12O6, KNO3 and NaH2PO4 at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.2 g/L, respectively. The corresponding maximum activity and polysaccharide content were 5.40 mu g TF/g substrate/12 h and 3454.6 mu g/g substrate, respectively. These results would provide the laboratory foundation for optimizing the purification function of the wetland systems.

Effect of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization, and size variation of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Juvenile (3.0 +/- 0.2 g) gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio ) were fed to satiation for 8 weeks to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization and size variation. Five feeding frequencies were tested: two meals per day (M2), three meals per day (M3), four meals per day (M4), 12 meals per day (M12) and 24 meals per day (M24). The results showed that daily food intake increased significantly with the increase in feeding frequency and there was no significant difference between daily food intakes in M12 and M24 treatments. Growth rate, feed efficiency increased significantly with increasing feeding frequencies. Size variation was not affected by feeding frequency. Apparent digestibility of dry matter was not influenced by feeding frequency, while apparent digestibility of protein and energy increased significantly at high feeding frequencies. The feeding frequency had no significant effect on the moisture, lipid, protein, or energy contents of gibel carp, while the ash content decreased with increased feeding frequency. It was recommended that 24 meals per day was the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile gibel carp.

Growth performance of juvenile white sturgeon as affected by feeding regimen

Juvenile (mean +/- SE, 8.6 +/- 0.1 g) white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus were fed for 8 weeks under one of six feeding regimens: continuously 24 h/d (C24); continuously 12.8 h/d during the day (C12/D), continuously 12.8 h/d at night (C12/N), 6 meals/d (M6), 4 meals/d (M4), and 2 meals/d (M2). Specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and body lipid content were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the feeding regimen. These variables were highest in the C24 group and lowest in the M2 group; fish in the M6 group showed the second best performance. Specific growth rate and feed efficiency in terms of wet weight in the M6 groups were not significantly different from those in the C24 groups, but specific growth rate in terms of energy and energy retention efficiency were significantly lower. Feeding regimen had no effect on condition factor, hepatosomatic index, coefficient of variation in final body weight, and protein and ash contents. There was no significant difference in these indexes between 12.8-h/d continuous feeding by day or by night. It was concluded that continuous feeding for 24 h/d was the optimum feeding regimen for juvenile white sturgeon.

The new exploration for proton-implanted silicon: the conversion of a surface-region-purification-induced p-n junction into a p-i-n electrical structure approaching silicon on insulator

A surface-region-purification-induced p-n junction, a puzzle discovered at Brookhaven National Laboratory, in a silicon-on-defect-layer (SODL) material has been explored by carrying out various annealing conditions and subsequent measurements on electrical properties. The origin of the pn junction has been experimentally investigated. Furthermore, the p-n junction has been transformed into a p-i-n electrical structure by adding a high temperature annealing process to the previously used SODL procedure, making the SODL material approach silicon on insulator (SOI). The control of the initial oxygen amount in the silicon material is suggested to be critical for the experimental results.

印度人群线粒体 DNA 系统发育基因组学研究

人类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)是一个长度16,569bp 的环状分子，编码13 种蛋白 质、22 种tRNA 和2 种rRNA。由于mtDNA 全基因组信息具有缺乏重组、母系 遗传、高突变速率和相对较高的分辨率等特点，近年来已经成为重建人类历史的 重要工具。这些研究已经证实，mtDNA 最古老的六个单倍型类群，L0-L5，在非 洲特异的出现；而6-7 万年前从L3 衍生出的M 和N 两个超类群最终占领了世界 其他地区。然而，mtDNA 全序列研究在世界上某些特定地区尚是一片空白，其 中之一便是作为人类“走出非洲”的关键区域——印度。 为弥补这一空白，我们从 1200 个印度样品中选择了131 个可以代表所有主 要单倍型类群的个体，进行了全基因组扩增和测序，手工重建并软件验证了系统 发育关系树。我们的结果发现了12 个新的印度特有单倍型类群(N5, R7, R8, R30, R31, M34-M40)，修订了11 个已知特有单倍型类群(N1d, R5, R6, U2a, U2b, U2c, M2, M4, M5, M6, M30)的定义，详细描述了存在于印度的欧洲特有类群(HV, JT, U, N1, W)。 这一工作产生了多个推论。第一个是关于人类“走出非洲”假说长期以来 存在的争论。欧亚大陆和大洋洲mtDNA 在M 和N(包括R)超类群系统发育关系 上星状和不重叠的分布，表明了人类走出非洲是沿着亚洲海岸线(即所谓的“南 方路线”)的一个快速扩散的过程。第二个推论是关于存在于印度的欧洲特有世 系。与典型的欧洲世系相比，这些世系仅仅存在一到两个突变，从而证实了新石 器时代以来来自于近东新月地带或中亚高原的基因流。第三个推论涉及一个早期 的印度全序列研究。仔细分析其数据表明，他们的数据丢失了很多基部的特有突 变并产生了多个幻影突变，从而证实了系统发育思想对检测数据质量的作用。 随着印度人群 mtDNA 全序列研究的完成，人类mtDNA 系统发育的基本框 架得以建立。人类mtDNA 明显地呈现出大洲特异性分布。目前已经有两种假说用来解释这一现象。传统的观点把这一现象归于遗传漂变；而近期的选择假说认 为选择在人类mtDNA 的分化中扮演了极其重要的角色，而气候是主要的选择压 力。为解决这一争论，我们收集了来自南亚、大洋洲和东亚三个具有不同气候的 地区的mtDNA，使用直接计数的办法比较了各个大洲之间同义突变和异义突变 的差异。结果表明，几乎在所有的基因中，异义突变的数量低于同义突变的数量， 从而表明纯净化选择是人类mtDNA 进化中的主要力量。然而，在这三个大洲之 间没有发现显著的差异，表明mtDNA 在这三个区域上所承受的选择压力基本相 同。这一结果表明，气候不大可能是造成人类mtDNA 分化的主要原因。

Characterization and improvement of GaAs layers grown on Si using an ultrathin a-Si film as a buffer layer

GaAs epilayers grown on Si by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using an ultrathin a-Si buffer layer were characterized by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Six electron traps with activation energies of 0.79, 0.67, 0.61, 0.55, 0.53 and 0.32 eV below the conduction band were determined by fitting the experimental spectra. Two of the levels, C (0.61 eV) and F (0.32 eV), were first detected in GaAs epilayers on Si and identified as the metastable defects M3 and M4, respectively. In order to improve the quality of GaAs/Si epilayers, another GaAs layer was grown on the GaAs/Si epilayers grown using MOCVD. The deep levels in this regrown GaAs epilayer were also studied using DLTS. Only the EL2 level was found in the regrown GaAs epilayers. These results show that the quality of the GaAs epilayer was greatly improved by applying this growth process.

石油污染土壤生物修复中矿物油和多环芳烃降解的生态过程研究

采用实验室培养和室外盆栽试验相结合的方法，对石油污染土壤生物修复中存在的微生物适应性、矿物油和难降解污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的生物修复生态过程和修复过程中的次生污染问题进行研究，旨在探讨微生物强化降解的影响因素和次生污染物的生成机制，为石油污染土壤的快速、完全生物修复提供实验依据和理论基础。 首先，通过人工调控的实验室摇床培养试验(周期为100天)和室外盆栽试验(周期为150天)研究了外源微生物的强化降解作用及土著微生物的适应性，结果表明，在石油污染土壤的生物修复中，外源专性细菌和真菌对矿物油和PAHs的降解在接种初期(<20d)具有优势；土著微生物对石油污染物的降解需要一个短期的适应过程，之后则表现出较强的降解优势，并很快抵消外源降解菌形成的早期优势。 其次，通过长期室外盆栽试验，分别采用L9(34)的正交设计(周期为5年)和两因素对比试验设计(周期为3年)，探讨石油污染土壤生物修复中矿物油和PAHs降解的生态过程，以及有机肥添加、有无植物等因素对污染物生物降解的影响。结果表明，土壤中的矿物油随生物修复时间的延长，降解速度减慢，矿物油的降解主要发生在前2年内(降解率为88.5~95.1%)。经过植物修复，土壤中原始柴油组分发生很大变化，烷烃、环烷烃等低分子量的组分几乎完全降解，同时生成了一些次生代谢产物。土壤中可利用N、P等营养物质的匮乏是矿物油降解的限制性因子。污染物浓度水平决定对有机肥的需求，对污染程度较高的石油污染土壤，有机肥的添加显著促进矿物油和PAHs的降解。 最后，利用陆地生态系统食物链不同级别的代表性生物体(小麦和蚯蚓)的敏感指标(生长和生理生化指标)，对经过修复处理的石油污染土壤的健康质量进行生态毒理学评价，结果表明，修复后的土壤对小麦和蚯蚓仍有一定的残留毒性，小麦根部指标和生理生化指标及蚯蚓分子毒理学指标对土壤污染状况的指示作用更敏感。

不同施肥黑土微生物量氮变化特征及相关因素

研究长期施用两种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)和化肥 (NPK)的黑土微生物量N在作物生长季的变化特征 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥黑土微生物量N显著高于施用化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) ,微生物量N季节波动小 .微生物量N为M42 5 5 2～ 2 39 12mg·kg-1,M2 10 4 0～ 94 31mg·kg-1,NPK 6 2 7～ 87 0 4mg·kg-1,CK 9 15～ 6 9 81mg·kg-1,同一处理最大值与最小值相差 7～ 14倍 .M2 、NPK处理微生物量N最大值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,M4处理最大值出现在拔节期 ,CK处理最大值出现在播种期 ;不同处理微生物量N的差异并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而明显改变 .微生物量N的动态变化与极少数黑土生物、理化特性指标动态变化显著相关 ;微生物量N与黑土生物、理化特性 ,植物氮、磷、钾有极显著的正相关关系 ,与土壤含水量、籽粒粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关关系 .

长期培肥黑土微生物量磷动态变化及影响因素

长期采用两种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)、化肥 (NPK)方式培肥黑土 ,研究微生物量P在作物生长季动态变化 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥微生物量P显著高于施用化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) ,微生物量P分别为M48 75～ 4 7 6 8mg·kg-1,M2 3 0 2～ 37 16mg·kg-1,NPK 1 5 9～ 10 6 2mg·kg-1,CK 0 76～ 6 74mg·kg-1之间 ,波动性较大 .M4、M2 处理微生物量P最大值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,NPK、CK处理最大值出现在大喇叭口期 ;施肥数量和种类不同所引起的黑土微生物量P的差异并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而明显改变 .微生物量P的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有显著的相关性 ;微生物量P与黑土生物、理化特性 (除全钾外 ) ,植物氮、磷、钾含量有极显著的正相关关系 ,与黑土含水量呈显著正相关关系 .

长期培肥黑土微生物量碳动态变化及影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期采用 2种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)、化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) 4种方式培肥土壤为研究对象 ,对生长季微生物量碳的动态变化进行研究 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥 ,微生物量碳显著高于施用化肥和不施肥 ,容量在 6 2 0mg·kg-1以上 .在各处理中 ,微生物量碳大小顺序为M4>M2 >NPK CK .M2 、M4微生物量碳最大峰值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,NPK最大峰值出现在播种期 ,CK最大峰值出现在蜡熟期 ,季节性变化平稳 .施肥数量和种类不同所引起的微生物量碳的差异 ,并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而改变 .微生物量碳的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标动态变化无显著相关性 ;与黑土生物、理化特性 ,植物氮、磷、钾及作物籽粒粗蛋白含量之间存在较好的正相关性 .