Quantitative evaluation of fundus autofluorescence imaged 'in vivo' in eyes with retinal disease

Aim - To describe a new method of evaluating the topographic distribution of fundus autofluorescence in eyes with retinal disease. Methods - Images of fundus autofluorescence were obtained in five patients and 34 normal volunteers using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO). To evaluate the topographic distribution of fundus autofluorescence throughout the posterior pole a rectangular box, 10 x 750 pixels, was used as the area of analysis. The box was placed, horizontally, across the macular region. The intensity of fundus autofluorescence of each pixel within the rectangular box was plotted against its degree of eccentricity. Profiles of fundus autofluorescence from patients were compared with those obtained from the age matched control group and with cSLO images. Results - Profiles of fundus autofluorescence appeared to represent the topographic distribution of fundus autofluorescence throughout the posterior pole appreciated in the cSLO images, and allowed rapid identification and quantification of areas of increased or decreased fundus autofluorescence. Conclusions - Fundus autofluorescence profiles appear to be useful to study the spatial distribution of fundus autofluorescence in eyes with retinal disease.

Evaluation of corneal endothelium and keratic precipitates by specular microscopy in anterior uveitis

Background - The study of corneal endothelium, by specular microscopy, in patients with anterior uveitis has largely been restricted to observations on the endothelial cells. In this prospective study 'keratic precipitates' (KP) in different types of uveitis were examined in different stages of the disease process and the endothelial changes occurring in the vicinity of the KP were evaluated in comparison with the endothelium of the uninvolved eye. Methods - 13 patients with active unilateral uveitis were recruited. The mean age was 42.9 years (range 20-76 years). A Tomey-1100 contact wide field specular (x10) microscope was used to capture endothelial images and KP until the resolution of uveitis. Data regarding type of uveitis, number, size, and nature of KP were recorded. Automated morphometric analysis was done for cell size, cell density and coefficient of variation, and statistical comparisons of cell size and cell density were made (Student's t test) between the endothelium in the vicinity of fresh and resolving KP, fresh KP and normal endothelium, and resolving KP and normal endothelium. Results - On specular microscopy, fresh KP were seen as dense, white glistening deposits occupying 5-10 endothelial cells in diameter and fine KP were widely distributed and were one or two endothelial cells in diameter. The KP in Posner-Schlossman syndrome had a distinct and different morphology. With clinical remission of uveitis, the KP were observed to undergo characteristic morphological changes and old KP demonstrated a large, dark halo surrounding a central white deposit and occasionally a dark shadow or a 'lacuna' replaced the site of the original KP. Endothelial blebs were noted as dark shadows or defects in the endothelial mosaic in patients with recurrent uveitis. There was significant statistical difference in the mean cell size and cell density of endothelial cells in the vicinity of fresh KP compared with normal endothelium of the opposite eye. Conclusion - This study elucidated the different specular microscopic features of KP in anterior uveitis. Distinct morphological features of large and fine KP were noted. These features underwent dramatic changes on resolution of uveitis. The endothelium was abnormal in the vicinity of KP, which returned to near normal values on resolution of uveitis.

Secreted Proteins from the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Inhibit the Initiation of Autoreactive T Cell Responses and Prevent Diabetes in the NOD Mouse

Infections with helminth parasites prevent/attenuate auto-inflammatory disease. Here we show that molecules secreted by a helminth parasite could prevent Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. When delivered at 4 weeks of age (coincident with the initiation of autoimmunity), the excretory/secretory products of Fasciola hepatica (FhES) prevented the onset of T1D, with 84% of mice remaining normoglycaemic and insulitis-free at 30 weeks of age. Disease protection was associated with suppression of IFN-γ secretion from autoreactive T cells and a switch to the production of a regulatory isotype (from IgG2a to IgG1) of autoantibody. Following FhES injection, peritoneal macrophages converted to a regulatory M2 phenotype, characterised by increased expression levels of Ym1, Arg-1, TGFβ and PD-L1. Expression of these M2 genetic markers increased in the pancreatic lymph nodes and the pancreas of FhES-treated mice. In vitro, FhES-stimulated M2 macrophages induced the differentiation of Tregs from splenocytes isolated from naïve NOD mice. Collectively, our data shows that FhES contains immune-modulatory molecules that mediate protection from autoimmune diabetes via the induction and maintenance of a regulatory immune environment.

Lead-bismuth eutectic corrosion behaviors of ferritic/martensitic steels in low oxygen concentration environment

In order to investigate the compatibility of candidate structural materials with liquid metals, two kinds of ferritic/martensitic steels were chosen to contact with lead–bismuth eutectic in sealed quartz–glass tubes. The corrosion exposures were for 500 and 3000 h. Results showed that the oxidation layer and carbide dissolution layer on the two steels grew with contact time under oxygen unsaturated condition. Short-term corrosion behavior of a newly developed steel showed better lead–bismuth eutectic corrosion resistance than T91 at 873 K.

Molecular subtyping of primary prostate cancer reveals specific and shared target genes of different ETS rearrangements

This work aimed to evaluate whether ETS transcription factors frequently involved in rearrangements in prostate carcinomas (PCa), namely ERG and ETV1, regulate specific or shared target genes. We performed differential expression analysis on nine normal prostate tissues and 50 PCa enriched for different ETS rearrangements using exon-level expression microarrays, followed by in vitro validation using cell line models. We found specific deregulation of 57 genes in ERG-positive PCa and 15 genes in ETV1-positive PCa, whereas deregulation of 27 genes was shared in both tumor subtypes. We further showed that the expression of seven tumor-associated ERG target genes (PLA1A, CACNA1D, ATP8A2, HLA-DMB, PDE3B, TDRD1, and TMBIM1) and two tumor-associated ETV1 target genes (FKBP10 and GLYATL2) was significantly affected by specific ETS silencing in VCaP and LNCaP cell line models, respectively, whereas the expression of three candidate ERG and ETV1 shared targets (GRPR, KCNH8, and TMEM45B) was significantly affected by silencing of either ETS. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the expression of TDRD1, the topmost overexpressed gene of our list of ERG-specific candidate targets, is inversely correlated with the methylation levels of a CpG island found at -66 bp of the transcription start site in PCa and that TDRD1 expression is regulated by direct binding of ERG to the CpG island in VCaP cells. We conclude that ETS transcription factors regulate specific and shared target genes and that TDRD1, FKBP10, and GRPR are promising therapeutic targets and can serve as diagnostic markers for molecular subtypes of PCa harboring specific fusion gene rearrangements.

The impact of an educational DVD on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial

Background The diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) during pregnancy can lead to anxiety. Little research has focused on the education these women receive and how this is best delivered in a busy clinic. Aim This study evaluated the impact of an innovative patient-centred educational DVD on anxiety and glycaemic control and in newly diagnosed women with GDM. Method 150 multi-ethnic women, aged 19-44 years, from three UK hospitals were randomised to either standard care plus DVD (DVD group, n=77) or standard care alone (control group, n=73) at GDM diagnosis. Women were followed up at their next clinic visit at a mean ± SD of 2.5 ± 1.6 weeks later. Primary outcomes were anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and mean 1-hour postprandial capillary self-monitored blood glucose for all meals, on day prior to follow-up. Secondary outcomes included pregnancy specific stress (Pregnancy Distress Questionnaire), emotional adjustment to diabetes (Appraisal of Diabetes Scale), self-efficacy (Diabetes Empowerment Scale) and GDM knowledge (non-validated questionnaire). Other outcomes included mean fasting and 1-hour postprandial blood glucose at each meal, on day prior to follow-up. Women in the DVD group completed a feedback questionnaire on the resource. Results No significant difference between the DVD and control group were reported, for anxiety (37.7 ± 11.7 vs 36.2 ± 10.9; mean difference after adjustment for covariates (95%CI) 2.5 (-0.8, 5.9) or for mean 1-hour postprandial glucose (6.9 ± 0.9 vs 7.0 ± 1.2 mmol/L; -0.2 (-0.5, 0.2). Similarly, no significant differences in the other psychosocial variables were identified between the groups. However, the DVD group had significantly lower postprandial breakfast glucose compared to the control group (6.8 ± 1.2 vs 7.4 ± 1.9 mmol/L; -0.5 (-1.1, -<0.1; p=0.04). Using a scale of 0-10, 84% rated the DVD 7 or above for usefulness (10 being very useful), and 88% rated it 7 or above when asked if they would recommend to a friend (10 being very strongly recommend). Women described the DVD as ‘reassuring’, ‘a fantastic tool’, that ‘provided a lot of information in a quick and easy way’ and ‘helped reinforce all the information from clinic’. Discussion While no significant change was observed in anxiety or mean postprandial glucose, the DVD was rated highly by women with GDM and may be a useful resource to assist with educating newly diagnosed women. This project is supported by BRIDGES, an IDF programme supported by an educational grant from Lilly Diabetes.

Use of eye care services among diabetic patients in urban Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES:

To assess the use of eye care and its predictors among diabetic patients in Indonesia.

METHODS:

Diabetic patients aged 18 years and older were recruited consecutively from a university clinic and 2 community clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Information obtained by questionnaire and record review included demographic and socioeconomic status, knowledge about diabetic retinopathy, and ocular and medical history. The main outcome was self-reported or record history of an eye examination by an eye care professional with dilation of the pupil within the preceding year.

RESULTS:

Among 196 participants (mean [SD] age, 58.4 [9.4] years; 61.5% female), 166 (84.7%) had not undergone ocular examination in the last year, including 100 of 119 patients (84.0%) at the university clinic. Fewer than half (82 of 166 [49.4%]) of all patients reported being told of the need for eye examinations by their physician. In regression analyses, factors associated with having an eye examination were higher diabetic retinopathy knowledge score (odds ratio = 1.52; P = .01) and years since being diagnosed as having diabetes (odds ratio = 1.71 for third vs first tertile; P = .02). Education, income, health insurance status, and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy were not predictive of examination. The most common reasons given by subjects for not having had eye examinations concerned lack of knowledge about the need for care (97 of 160 subjects [60.6%]), while financial barriers were cited by only 22 of 160 subjects (13.8%).

CONCLUSION:

The low proportion of diabetic subjects receiving recommended annual eye examinations in Indonesia might be improved through patient and physician education.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a known and a new hydrothermal vent octopod:Their relationships with the genus Benthoctopus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)

The resolution of evolutionary relationships among deep-sea incirrate octopuses has been hindered by the paucity of individuals available for morphological studies and by the lack of tissue samples preserved using fixatives compatible with simple DNA extraction techniques. Evolutionary relationships from 11 species of deep-sea incirrate octopuses were investigated using 2392 base pairs (bp) of DNA from four mitochondrial genes (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, and cytochrome b) and the nuclear gene, rhodopsin. Morphological examination of these species was also undertaken. Molecular analyses distinguish a species of octopus from hydrothermal vents at Manus Basin from the vent octopodid Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis known from vents on the East Pacific Rise. Both are herein considered members of the clade currently assigned the name Benthoctopus, although taxonomic implications preclude formally naming Vulcanoctopus as a junior synonym. Morphological investigations led to the conclusion that Benthoctopus macrophallus is a junior synonym of Benthoctopus yaquinae. An amended diagnosis of Benthoctopus is provided with additional information on male reproductive characteristics. Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press.

Analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese Ceratonia siliqua L. cultivars using RAPD and AFLP markers

Although carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is of great economic importance little is still known about the pattern of genetic variation within this species. Morphological characteristics based on 31 fruit and seeds of continuous characters determinant for agro-industrial uses, were compared with RAPD and AFLP markers for assessing genetic distances in 68 accessions of carob trees, from different cultivars, varieties and eco-geographic regions of Algarve. Eighteen selected RAPD primers applied to the 68 accessions produced a total of 235 fragments ranging from 200 to 2000 bp, of which 93 (40%) were polymorphic. Four AFLP selective primer combinations generated a total of 346 amplification fragments of which 110 were polymorphic. The average level of polymorphism based on four primer combinations was 31.8%. The phenetic trees based on RAPD and AFLP analyses gave high co-phenetic correlation values, and were found to be consistent in general with the analysis of morphological data, carried out on the same accessions. A number of RAPD and AFLP markers were found to be diagnostic for ‘Canela’ cultivar and 13 wild ungrafted trees.

The specificity of TRIM5 alpha-mediated restriction is influenced by its coiled-coil domain.

Retroviruses are both powerful evolutionary forces and dangerous threats to genome integrity. As such, they have imposed strong selective pressure on their hosts, notably triggering the emergence of restriction factors, such as TRIM5 alpha, that act as potent barriers to their cross-species transmission. TRIM5 alpha orthologues from different primates have distinct retroviral restriction patterns, largely dictated by the sequence of their C-terminal PRYSPRY domain, which binds the capsid protein of incoming virions. Here, by combining genetic and functional analyses of human and squirrel monkey TRIM5 alpha, we demonstrate that the coiled-coil domain of this protein, thus far essentially known for mediating oligomerization, also conditions the spectrum of antiretroviral activity. Furthermore, we identify three coiled-coil residues responsible for this effect, one of which has been under positive selection during primate evolution, notably in New World monkeys. These results indicate that the PRYSPRY and coiled-coil domains cooperate to determine the specificity of TRIM5 alpha-mediated capture of retroviral capsids, shedding new light on this complex event.

The role of personality and situational factors in forgiveness /

This study deals with personality and situational variables that influence forgiveness. The relations between empathy and forgiveness were studied, followed by the examination of the relation of these two variables to the Big Five personality traits, as well as honesty, absorption, the propensity to mystical experiences, and dissociation. Empathy was then tested as a mediating variable between the personality variables and forgiveness. Empathy and forgiveness were then studied in relation to childhood maltreatment. Finally, the effects of six different motivations to forgive were examined in relation to the personality variables. Participants were 142 undergraduate students recruited from the ftrst year psychology class at Brock University; 75% were either 18 or 19 years of age, and 84% were female. All of the variables were measured using self-report questionnaires. The relation between empathy and forgiveness was only partially replicated. In terms of personality, forgiveness was found to be related to honesty, emotionality, and agreeableness. Empathy at least partially mediated the relations between forgiveness and agreeableness, honesty and emotionality. Childhood maltreatment was negatively related to forgiveness, and positively related to openness to experience, absorption, and dissociation from reality, but not to the propensity for mystical experiences. Six different motivations for forgiveness emerged from an exploratory factor analysis. Out of these, Forgiveness to Promote Reconciliation was related to emotionality and dispositional empathy. Religious Forgiveness was related to honesty, emotionality, and mystical experiences. Forgiveness to Feel Better was related to honesty, emotionality, agreeableness, conscientiousness, absorption, mystical experiences, and empathy. Forgiveness to Assert Moral Superiority over the Injurer was negatively related to honesty, empathy, and positively related to extraversion. Forgiveness out of Fear was related to agreeableness. Finally, Altruistic Forgiveness was related to honesty, emotionality, and agreeableness, absorption and the propensity to mystical experiences. Altruistic Forgiveness correlated most highly with all the measures of forgiveness, followed by Forgiveness to Feel better. Altruistic forgiveness was also the motivation for forgiveness that correlated the highest with absorption.

The role of EphB6 and ephrinbs in blood pressure regulation

L’hypertension artérielle est le facteur de risque le plus important dans les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) et les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC). L’hypertension artérielle essentielle est une maladie complexe, multifactorielle et polygénique. Même si on a identifié de nombreux facteurs de risque de l’hypertension artérielle, on ne comprend pas encore clairement les mécanismes qui la régissent. Les kinases hépatocytes produisant l’érythropoïétine (Eph) constituent la plus grande famille des récepteurs tyrosine kinase qui se lient à des ligands de surface cellulaire appelés éphrines sur les cellules avoisinantes. On sait que les interactions de Eph et des éphrines sont essentielles aussi bien dans les processus de développement que dans le fonctionnement des organes et des tissus adultes. Cependant on n’a pas encore étudié la relation entre Eph/éphrines et l’hypertension artérielle. Nous avons créé des modèles de souris knockout (K.O.) Ephb6-/-, Efnb1-/- et Efnb3-/- pour cette étude. Dans le modèle EphB6-/-, nous avons observé que les souris K.O. Ephb6 castrées, mais pas les femelles, ainsi que les souris mâles non castrées présentaient une tension artérielle élevée (TA) par rapport à leurs homologues de type sauvage (TS). Ceci suggère que Ephb6 doit agir de concert avec l’hormone sexuelle mâle pour réguler la TA. Les petites artères des mâles castrés Ephb6-/- présentaient une augmentation de la contractilité, une activation de RhoA et une phosphorylation constitutive de la chaîne légère de la myosine (CLM) lorsque comparées à celles de leurs homologues TS. Ces deux derniers résultats indiquent que la phosphorylation de CLM et de RhoA passe par la voie de signalisation de Ephb6 dans les cellules du muscle lisse de la paroi vasculaire (CMLV). Nous avons démontré que la réticulation de Efnbs mais non celle de Ephb6 aboutit à une réduction de la contractilité des CMLV. Ceci montre que l’effet de Ephb6 passe par la signalisation inversée à travers Efnb. Dans le modèle Efnb1-/- conditionnel spécifique au muscle lisse, nous n’avons observé aucune différence entre Efnb1-/- et les souris de TS concernant la mesure de la TA dans des conditions normales. Cependant, la TA des souris K.O. Efnb1 lors d’un stress d’immobilisation est supérieure à celle des souris de TS. Dans les petites artères des souris K.O. Efnb1, le rétrécissement et la phosphorylation de CLM étaient élevés. In vitro, la contractilité et l’activation RhoA de la CMLV des souris TS étaient augmentées quand leur Efnb1 était réticulé. Ces résultats corroborent ceux des souris KO Ephb6 et prouvent que l’effet de Ephb6 dans le contrôle de la TA se produit au moins par l’intermédiaire d’un de ses ligands Efnb1 dans les CMLV. Dans le modèle Efnb3-/-, on a observé une augmentation de la TA et du rétrécissement des vaisseaux chez les femelles Efnb3-/-, mais non chez les mâles; l’échographie a aussi révélé une résistance accrue au débit sanguin des souris K.O. femelles. Cependant la mutation de Efnb3 ne modifie pas la phosphorylation de la CLM ou l’activation de RhoA in vivo. Dans l’expérience in vitro, les CMLV des souris femelles Efnb3-/- ont présenté une augmentation de la contractilité mais pas celle des souris mâles Efnb3-/-. La réticulation des CMLV chez les mâles ou les femelles de TS avec solide anti-Efnb3 Ab peut réduire leur contractilité. Notre étude est la première à évaluer le rôle de Eph/éphrines dans la régulation de la TA. Elle montre que les signalisations Eph/éphrines sont impliquées dans le contrôle de la TA. La signalisation inverse est principalement responsable du phénotype élevé de la TA. Bien que les Efnb1, Efnb3 appartiennent à la même famille, leur fonction et leur efficacité dans la régulation de la TA pourraient être différentes. La découverte de Eph/Efnb nous permet d’explorer plus avant les mécanismes qui gouvernent la TA.

Effect of knockdown of Giα proteins using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides encapsulated in cationic liposomes on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

L'hypertension artérielle est l'une des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde. La compréhension des mécanismes qui sont à la base du développement de l'hypertension offrira de nouvelles perspectives pour un meilleur contrôle de l'hypertension. Nous avons précédemment montré que le niveau des protéines Giα-2 et Giα-3 est augmenté chez les rats spontanément hypertendus (SHR) avant l'apparition de l'hypertension. Le traitement avec les inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’Angiotensine (IEC) est associé à une diminution de l’expression des protéines Gi. De plus, l'injection intrapertoneale de la toxine de la coqueluche inactive les deux protéines Giα et empêche le développement de l'hypertension chez les SHR. Cependant, la contribution spécifique des protéines Giα-2 et Giα-3 dans le développement de l'hypertension n'est pas encore connue. Dans la présente étude, l’Anti-sens oligodésoxynucléotide (AS-ODN) de Giα-2 et Giα-3 (1mg/Kg en poids corporel) encapsulé dans des liposomes cationiques PEG / DOTAP/ DOPE ont été administrés par voie intraveineuse aux SHR pré-hypertendus âgé de trois semaines et aux Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats de même âge. Les contrôles des WKY et SHR non traités ont été injectés avec du PBS stérile, liposomes vides ou oligomères sens. La pression artérielle (PA) a été suivie chaque semaine en utilisant la technique manchon caudal. Les rats ont été sacrifiés à l'âge de six semaines et neuf semaines. Le coeur et l'aorte ont été utilisés pour étudier l'expression des protéines Gi. Le knockdown des protéines Giα-2 par l’injection de Giα-2-AS a empêché le développement de l'hypertension à l'âge de six semaines. Par la suite, la PA a commencé à augmenter rapidement et a atteint le niveau que l'on retrouve dans les groupes témoins à l'âge de neuf semaines. D'autre part, la PA du groupe traité avec le Giα-3-AS a commencé à augmenter à l'âge de quatre semaines. Dans le groupe des SHR-Giα-3-AS, la PA a augmenté à l’âgé de six semaines, mais moins que celle de SHR-CTL. Le coeur et l'aorte obtenues des SHR Giα-2-AS et Giα-3-AS à partir de l’âgé de six semaines ont eu une diminution significative de l’expression des protéines Giα-2 et Giα-3 respectivement. Dans le groupe des WKY Giα-2-AS et Giα-3-AS l'expression des protéines Giα-2 et Giα-3 respectivement a diminué malgré l'absence de changement dans la PA par rapport aux WKY CTL. À l'âge de neuf semaines, les SHR traités avec du Giα-2-AS et Giα-3-AS avaient la même PA et expression des protéines Gi que le SHR CTL. Ces résultats suggèrent que les deux protéines Giα-2 et Giα-3 sont impliqués dans le développement de l'hypertension chez les SHR, mais le knockdown de Giα-2 et pas de Giα-3 a empêché le développement de l'hypertension.

Molecular genetic profiling of functional genes of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata

There are a number of genes involved in the regulation of functional process in marine bivalves. In the case of pearl oyster, some of these genes have major role in the immune/defence function and biomineralization process involved in the pearl formation in them. As secondary filter feeders, pearl oysters are exposed to various kinds of stressors like bacteria, viruses, pesticides, industrial wastes, toxic metals and petroleum derivatives, making susceptible to diseases. Environmental changes and ambient stress also affect non-specific immunity, making the organisms vulnerable to infections. These stressors can trigger various cellular responses in the animals in their efforts to counteract the ill effects of the stress on them. These include the expression of defence related genes which encode factors such as antioxidant genes, pattern recognition receptor proteins etc. One of the strategies to combat these problems is to get insight into the disease resistance genes, and use them for disease control and health management. Similarly, although it is known that formation of pearl in molluscs is mediated by specialized proteins which are in turn regulated by specific genes encoding them, there is a paucity of sufficient information on these genes.In view of the above facts, studies on the defence related and pearl forming genes of the pearl oyster assumes importance from the point of view of both sustainable fishery management and aquaculture. At present, there is total lack of sufficient knowledge on the functional genes and their expressions in the Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Hence this work was taken up to identify and characterize the defence related and pearl forming genes, and study their expression through molecular means, in the Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata which are economically important for aquaculture at the southeast coast of India. The present study has successfully carried out the molecular identification, characterization and expression analysis of defence related antioxidant enzyme genes and pattern recognition proteins genes which play vital role in the defence against biotic and abiotic stressors. Antioxidant enzyme genes viz., Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), glutathione peroxidise (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were studied. Concerted approaches using the various molecular tools like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), molecular cloning and sequencing have resulted in the identification and characterization of full length sequences (924 bp) of the Cu/Zn SOD, most important antioxidant enzyme gene. BLAST search in NCBI confirmed the identity of the gene as Cu/Zn SOD. The presence of the characteristic amino acid sequences such as copper/zinc binding residues, family signature sequences and signal peptides were found out. Multiple sequence alignment comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences using bioinformatics tools like BioEdit,MEGA etc revealed that the sequences were found to contain regions of diversity as well as homogeneity. Close evolutionary relationship between P. fucata and other aquatic invertebrates was revealed from the phylogenetic tree constructed using SOD amino acid sequence of P. fucata and other invertebrates as well as vertebrates