Occurrence and risk factors assessment associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in chickens in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection and risk factors of this disease in three hundred serum samples from on 23 familiar agricultural properties in the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. ELISA was used to study antibodies anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The univariate analysis (chi-squared test or Fischer's exact test) followed by multivariate analysis (logistic regression) were used to assess the risk factors with two variables: management and sanity of the poultry. It was detected a frequence of 53.33% (157/300) of the birds were positive for MG, with 100% foci. The risk factors confirmed by multivariate analysis, in the present study, were the presence of other poultry species on the property, including Numida meleagris (OR=2.22; p=0.005), parrots (OR=1.72; p=0.027), and of passerines (OR=1.88; p=0.007). These results showed that Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection is endemic among backyard poultry in the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco. These birds could be a source of infection for other wild or domestic poultry. . This is the first report of the occurrence of avian mycoplasmosis in backyard poultry in the state of Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil. The risk factors identified should serve as a parameter for the health authorities to seek solutions related to controlling the disease.

Distribution of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in the chick visual system

Several glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits have been characterized during the past few years. In the present study, subunit-specific antisera were used to determine the distribution of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits GluR1-4 in retinorecipient areas of the chick brain. Six white leghorn chicks (Gallus gallus, 7-15 days old, unknown sex) were deeply anesthetized and perfused with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde and brain sections were stained using immunoperoxidase techniques. The AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4 were present in several retinorecipient areas, with varying degrees of colocalization. For example, perikarya in layers 2, 3, and 5 of the optic tectum contained GluR1, whereas GluR2/3 subunits appeared mainly in neurons of layer 13. The GluR4 subunit was only detected in a few cells of the tectal layer 13. GluR1 and GluR2/3 were observed in neurons of the nucleus geniculatus lateralis ventralis, whereas GluR4 was only present in its neuropil. Somata in the accessory optic nucleus appeared to contain GluR2/3 and GluR4, whereas GluR1 was the dominant subunit in the neuropil of this nucleus. These results suggest that different subpopulations of visual neurons might express different combinations of AMPA-type GluR subunits, which in turn might generate different synaptic responses to glutamate derived from retinal ganglion cell axons

Distribution of microglial cells in the cerebral hemispheres of embryonic and neonatal chicks

The distribution, morphology and morphometry of microglial cells in the chick cerebral hemispheres from embryonic day 4 (E4) to the first neonatal day (P1) were studied by histochemical labeling with a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) lectin. The histochemical analysis revealed lectin-reactive cells in the nervous parenchyma on day E4. Between E4 (5.7 ± 1.35 mm length) and E17 (8.25 ± 1.2 mm length), the lectin-reactive cells were identified as ameboid microglia and observed starting from the subventricular layer, distributed throughout the mantle layer and in the proximity of the blood vessels. After day E13, the lectin-reactive cells exhibited elongated forms with small branched processes, and were considered primitive ramified microglia. Later, between E18 (5.85 ± 1.5 mm cell body length) and P1 (3.25 ± 0.6 mm cell body length), cells with more elongated branched processes were observed, constituting the ramified microglia. Our findings provide additional information on the migration and differentiation of microglial cells, whose ramified form is observed at the end of embryonic development. The present paper focused on the arrangement of microglial cells in developing cerebral hemispheres of embryonic and neonatal chicks, which are little studied in the literature. Details of morphology, morphometry and spatial distribution of microglial cells contributed to the understanding of bird and mammal central nervous system ontogeny. Furthermore, the identification and localization of microglial cells during the normal development could be used as a morphological guide for embryonic brain injury researches.

Brevis tês polypragmosynes delineatio

Invokaatio: I.N.J.

De parabolis

Dedikaatio: Johannes Gezelius, Georgius Biugg, Israel Alftanus, Martinus Gallus, Samuel Backman, Martinus Rivelius, Bartholdus Vaehl, Ericus Wallenius, Jacobus Hildeen, Michael Gavelius, Johannes Gabrielis.

De concentu siderum ex sententia Pythagorae

Invokaatio: Favente Deo.

Ordo Levitarum in Israele

Invokaatio: I.N.J.

De metamorphosi Nebucadnezaris

Variantti B.

Aproveitamento de vísceras não comestíveis de aves para elaboração de farinha de carne

No presente trabalho, estudou-se o processamento das vísceras de frango (Gallus domesticus) e das ratitas avestruz (Struthio camellus) e ema (Rhea americana), processadas da mesma forma, com o objetivo de elaborar farinhas. A qualidade e controle de produção dessas farinhas foram avaliados por meio de parâmetros tecnológicos exigidos pela legislação vigente. Basicamente, a matéria-prima foi cozida e esterilizada, filtrada em peneira (para a separação do óleo), moída, seca em estufa e analisada. Foram obtidos dados de rendimentos de produção, de composição de nutrientes, de digestibilidade em pepsina, do valor calórico, determinados os teores de cálcio e fósforo, e realizados estudos da estabilidade da farinha durante o armazenamento (Salmonella, pH, índice de acidez e TBA). Os resultados mostraram que a produção de farinha pelo processamento das vísceras de avestruz e ema é viável, seus parâmetros de qualidade atendem, em grande parte, às exigências, mas, para um emprego imediato (uso regular) na elaboração de rações, necessita de alguns ajustes (correções) de parâmetros físico-químicos (nutrientes).

Phylogenetic Analysis of Avidins and Expression of Novel Avidins from Lactrodectus hesperus and Hoeflea phototrophica

Avidins (Avds) are homotetrameric or homodimeric glycoproteins with typically less than 130 amino acid residues per monomer. They form a highly stable, non-covalent complex with biotin (vitamin H) with Kd = 10-15 M (for chicken Avd). The best-studied Avds are the chicken Avd from Gallus gallus and streptavidin from Streptomyces avidinii, although other Avd studies have also included Avds from various origins, e.g., from frogs, fishes, mushrooms and from many different bacteria. Several engineered Avds have been reported as well, e.g., dual-chain Avds (dcAvds) and single-chain Avds (scAvds), circular permutants with up to four simultaneously modifiable ligand-binding sites. These engineered Avds along with the many native Avds have potential to be used in various nanobiotechnological applications. In this study, we made a structure-based alignment representing all currently available sequences of Avds and studied the evolutionary relationship of Avds using phylogenetic analysis. First, we created an initial multiple sequence alignment of Avds using 42 closely related sequences, guided by the known Avd crystal structures. Next, we searched for non-redundant Avd sequences from various online databases, including National Centre for Biotechnology Information and the Universal Protein Resource; the identified sequences were added to the initial alignment to expand it to a final alignment of 242 Avd sequences. The MEGA software package was used to create distance matrices and a phylogenetic tree. Bootstrap reproducibility of the tree was poor at multiple nodes and may reflect on several possible issues with the data: the sequence length compared is relatively short and, whereas some positions are highly conserved and functional, others can vary without impinging on the structure or the function, so there are few informative sites; it may be that periods of rapid duplication have led to paralogs and that the differences among them are within the error limit of the data; and there may be other yet unknown reasons. Principle component analysis applied to alternative distance data did segregate the major groups, and success is likely due to the multivariate consideration of all the information. Furthermore, based on our extensive alignment and phylogenetic analysis, we expressed two novel Avds, lacavidin from Lactrodectus Hesperus, a western black widow spider, and hoefavidin from Hoeflea phototrophica, an aerobic marine bacterium, the ultimate aim being to determine their X-ray structures. These Avds were selected because of their unique sequences: lacavidin has an N-terminal Avd-like domain but a long C-terminal overhang, whereas hoefavidin was thought to be a dimeric Avd. Both these Avds could be used as novel scaffolds in biotechnological applications.

ALBUM AMICORUM de Jacques Vander Cruis, dit Crucius, d'Anvers (1598-1608). In-8 de 8 f. blancs, 172 f. anciennement chiffr. et 13 f. blancs, v. f., dos orné, tr. marbr. (Anc. rel.)

Ficino (Marsiglio). Livre de la vie saine, Livre de la vie longue, trad. par Jehan Beaufilz (1542, n. s.)

Français 1551

Contient : 1° Le « Testament JEHAN DE MEUN » ; 2° Le petit Codicille [de JEAN DE MEUNG] ; 3° Les « Enseignemens CHATON », traduction par [LE] « FEVRE » ; 4° « Les Ensaignemens que CHRISTINE donne à son filz » ; 5° Autres Enseignements, ou Les Proverbes des sages ; 6° Instruction pour la confession ; 7° La Science de bien mourir ; 8° « L'A, B, C des simples gens » ; 9° « L'Epistre que Saint BERNARD fist, et l'envoia à Remon, seigneur du Chastel Ambroise, chevalier » ; 10° « Les Ordonnances et commandemens du grant maistre monseigneur ENGUERRAN, prince et seigneur de tous les mariez » ; 11° Extrait de la Somme des vices et des vertus de LAURENT GALLUS ; 12° « Les douz Vendrediz que les douze apostrez junerent » ; 13° « Aucunes Causes pourquoy le vendredi est especiallement jour de devocion » ; 14° Instruction « A oïer messe »

Recueil de documents concernant la Bourgogne et la rivalité de François Ier et de Charles-Quint. Copies.

Contient : 1 Mémoires d'OLIVIER DE LA MARCHE, sans commencement ni fin. Premiers mots : «... et vengance de leurs haultaines et grandes entreprinses... ». Derniers mots : « ... que on nommoit messire Jaques de Lalaing, natif du pays... » ; 2 « C'est le triste revel de messire OLIVIER DE LA MARCHE, en son temps chevallier d'honneur de madame Marie, duchesse de Bourgoingne, dit le chevalier deliberé ». Premier vers : « Au sorty de mon reveil de somme... ». Derniers mots : «... Par celluy qui a tant souffert. La Marche ». Tout ce poème est écrit au vermillon ; 3 « S'ensuit la Relacion de BOURGOINGNE, roy d'armes de l'empereur, contenant son besoigner, quant il pourta au roy de France la responce de son cartel et la seurté du camp ». Premiers mots : « Jehan Bourgoingne, roy d'armes... de l'empereur... Charles cinquiesme... » ; 4 « S'ensuit le double de la teneur du cartel du roy de France » FRANÇOIS Ier « envers l'empereur » ; Premiers mots : « Nous Françoys, par la grace de Dieu roy de France... ». 1528 ; 5 Chronique de Bourgogne. Premiers mots : « En l'an XIIIIe apres la Resurrection N.-S., la tres glorieuse Magdeleine,... convertix le roy et la royne de Bourgoigne... ». Derniers mots : «... Dudit monseigneur le duc Philippe descendit tres victorieulx, tres chrestien prince Charles, à present duc et conte de Bourgoingne, que Dieu veuille garder, donner victoyre contre ses ennemis ». Après ces mots vient la mention en latin du décès du duc Charles le Téméraire devant Nancy ; 6 « La dispute du droict de la duché de Bourgoingne ». Premiers mots : « Le roy estant en Espaingne furent commis et depputez certains notables personnaiges tant de France que d'Espaigne... » ; 7 « L'espitaphe du duc Philippe de Bourgoingne ». Premier vers : « Jehan fut nay de Philippe, qui du roy Jehan fust filz... » ; 8 « Election imperialle ». Premiers mots : « Comme vasquoit nagueres la saincte empire... » ; 9 « Anno Domini 1519 fuit electus rex Hyspanorum imperator Romanorum, vacante nuper sacro Romano imperio... » ; 10 Vers en latin sur le même sujet : « Postulat imperium Gallus, Germanus, Iberus,... » ; 11 Vers en français sur le même sujet : « Lyon rempant en tout honneur prospere... » ; 12 « A quodam etiam interpretatio nominis Karoli, secundum litteras ». Premier vers : « Cueur coraigeux, carboucle reluisant... » ; 13 « Questio theologa. Utrum voluntas status triplicis varietate insignis multiplici fuerit libertate decorata ». Premiers mots : « Voluntas divina prima... » ; 14 Autres questions théologiques, en latin ; 15 Prophétie. Premiers mots : « Une prophétie trouvée à Veronne... » ; 16 Autre prophétie : « Item au pays du Lyon se fera une grande et merveilleuse bataille... » ; 17 Vers moraux tirés d'une édition de la Danse macabre : « Qui à bien vivre veult entendre... » ; 18 Autres vers : « Depuis Adam, le premier homme... » ; 19 « 1536. Nota que en l'an 1536 furent mutacions et grandes emotions entre les souverains... » ; 20 « Du lundi XVe de janvier 1536. Le roy a assisté à l'audition du Palais, au siege real de la salle dorée ». C'est le procès-verbal du lit de justice tenu pour déclarer Charles d'Autriche félon et la réversion des comtés de Flandre, Artois, Charolais, etc. à la couronne, fiefs tenus par ledit Charles ; 21 « Charolus sic interpretatur : Cueur coraigeux, carboucle reluisant... » ; 22 « Nota. Triplici enim coronatur illustrissimus imperator, videlicet ferrea, argentea, aurea... » ; 23 « Versus. Postulat imperium Gallus, Germanus, Iberus... » ; 24 Vers. « Lyon rampant en tout honneur prospère... » ; 25 « Vacante nuper sacro romano imperio, per obitum quondam serenissimi principis domini domini nostri Maximiliani,... ego Laurentius Triesis, decanus Maguntinis (sic), mere prefatorum dominorum dominorum graciosissimorum principum electorum... quo universi cognoscant prefatum dominum Karolum electum in... futurum imperatorem... ». Proclamation de l'élection de Charles-Quint à l'empire ; 26 « Condempnatio domini nostri Jhesu Christi. Nos Pontius Pilatus,... Ite, tenete eum »

Alternative splicing of DNA polymerase beta in vertebrates

Alternative splicing (AS) is the predominant mechanism responsible for increasing eukaryotic transcriptome and proteome complexity. In this phenomenon, numerous mRNA transcripts are produced from a single pre-mRNA sequence. AS is reported to occur in 95% of human multi-exon genes; one specific gene that undergoes AS is DNA polymerase beta (POLB). POLB is the main DNA repair gene which performs short patch base excision repair (BER). In primate untransformed primary fibroblast cell lines, it was determined that the splice variant (SV) frequency of POLB correlates positively with species lifespan. To date, AS patterns of POLB have only been examined in mammals primarily through the use of cell lines. However, little attention has been devoted to investigating if such a relationship exists in non-mammals and whether cell lines reflect what is observed in vertebrate tissues. This idea was explored through cloning and characterization of 1,214 POLB transcripts from four non-mammalian species (Gallus gallus domesticus, Larus glaucescens, Xenopus laevis, and Pogona vitticeps) and two mammalian species (Sylvilagus floridanus and Homo sapiens) in two tissue types, liver and brain. POLB SV frequency occurred at low frequencies, < 3.2%, in non-mammalian tissues relative to mammalian (>20%). The highest POLB SV frequency was found in H. sapiens liver and brain tissues, occurring at 65.4% and 91.7%, respectively. Tissue specific AS of POLB was observed in L. glaucescens, P. vitticeps, and H. sapiens, but not G. gallus domesticus, X. laevis and S. floridanus.The AS patterns of a second gene, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), were compared to those of POLB in liver and brain tissues of G. gallus domesticus, X. laevis and H. sapiens. This comparison was performed to investigate if any changes (either increase or decrease) observed in the AS of POLB were gene specific or if they were tissue specific, in which case similar changes in AS would be seen in POLB and TRPV1. Analysis did not reveal an increase or decrease in both the AS of POLB and TRPV1 in either the liver or brain tissues of G. gallus domesticus and H. sapiens. This result suggested that the AS patterns of POLB were not influenced by tissue specific rates of AS. Interestingly, an increase in the AS of both genes was only observed in X. laevis brain tissue. This result suggests that AS in general may be increased in the X. laevis brain as compared to liver tissue. No positive correlation between POLB SV frequency and species lifespan was found in non-mammalian tissues. The AS patterns of POLB in human primary untransformed fibroblast cell lines were representative of those seen in human liver tissue but not in brain tissue. Altogether, the AS patterns of POLB from vertebrate tissues and primate cell lines revealed a positive correlation between POLB SV frequency and lifespan in mammals, but not in non-mammals. It appears that this positive correlation does not exist in vertebrate species as a whole.