Connectivity-based parcellation of the human frontal polar cortex

The frontal pole corresponds to Brodmann area (BA) 10, the largest single architectonic area in the human frontal lobe. Generally, BA10 is thought to contain two or three subregions that subserve broad functions such as multitasking, social cognition, attention, and episodic memory. However, there is a substantial debate about the functional and structural heterogeneity of this large frontal region. Previous connectivity-based parcellation studies have identified two or three subregions in the human frontal pole. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging to assess structural connectivity of BA10 in 35 healthy subjects and delineated subregions based on this connectivity. This allowed us to determine the correspondence of structurally based subregions with the scheme previously defined functionally. Three subregions could be defined in each subject. However, these three subregions were not spatially consistent between subjects. Therefore, we accepted a solution with two subregions that encompassed the lateral and medial frontal pole. We then examined resting-state functional connectivity of the two subregions and found significant differences between their connectivities. The medial cluster was connected to nodes of the default-mode network, which is implicated in internally focused, self-related thought, and social cognition. The lateral cluster was connected to nodes of the executive control network, associated with directed attention and working memory. These findings support the concept that there are two major anatomical subregions of the frontal pole related to differences in functional connectivity.

Frontal networks in adults with autism spectrum disorder

It has been postulated that autism spectrum disorder is underpinned by an ‘atypical connectivity’ involving higher-order association brain regions. To test this hypothesis in a large cohort of adults with autism spectrum disorder we compared the white matter networks of 61 adult males with autism spectrum disorder and 61 neurotypical controls, using two complementary approaches to diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. First, we applied tract-based spatial statistics, a ‘whole brain’ non-hypothesis driven method, to identify differences in white matter networks in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Following this we used a tract-specific analysis, based on tractography, to carry out a more detailed analysis of individual tracts identified by tract-based spatial statistics. Finally, within the autism spectrum disorder group, we studied the relationship between diffusion measures and autistic symptom severity. Tract-based spatial statistics revealed that autism spectrum disorder was associated with significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in regions that included frontal lobe pathways. Tractography analysis of these specific pathways showed increased mean and perpendicular diffusivity, and reduced number of streamlines in the anterior and long segments of the arcuate fasciculus, cingulum and uncinate—predominantly in the left hemisphere. Abnormalities were also evident in the anterior portions of the corpus callosum connecting left and right frontal lobes. The degree of microstructural alteration of the arcuate and uncinate fasciculi was associated with severity of symptoms in language and social reciprocity in childhood. Our results indicated that autism spectrum disorder is a developmental condition associated with abnormal connectivity of the frontal lobes. Furthermore our findings showed that male adults with autism spectrum disorder have regional differences in brain anatomy, which correlate with specific aspects of autistic symptoms. Overall these results suggest that autism spectrum disorder is a condition linked to aberrant developmental trajectories of the frontal networks that persist in adult life.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Bovine Bone Mineral in Sinus Lift Procedures-An Experimental Study in Sheep

Introduction: New reconstructive and less invasive methods have been searched to optimize bone formation and osseointegration of dental implants in maxillary sinus augmentation. Purpose: The aim of the presented ovine split-mouth study was to compare bovine bone mineral (BBM) alone and in combination with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) regarding their potential in sinus augmentation. Material and Methods: Bilateral sinus floor augmentations were performed in six adult sheep. BBM and MSCs were placed into the test side and only BBM in the contra-lateral control side of each sheep. Animals were sacrificed after 8 and 16 weeks. Augmentation sites were analyzed by computed tomography, histology, and histomorphometry. Results: The initial volumes of both sides were similar and did not change significantly with time. A tight connection between the particles of BBM and the new bone was observed histologically. Bone formation was significantly (p = 0.027) faster by 49% in the test sides. Conclusion: The combination of BBM and MSCs accelerated new bone formation in this model of maxillary sinus augmentation. This could allow early placement of implants.

Mesenchymal stem cells and inorganic bovine bone mineral in sinus augmentation: comparison with augmentation by autologous bone in adult sheep

Our aim was to compare the osteogenic potential of mononuclear cells harvested from the iliac crest combined with bovine bone mineral (BBM) (experimental group) with that of autogenous cancellous bone alone (control group). We studied bilateral augmentations of the sinus floor in 6 adult sheep. BBM and mononuclear cells (MNC) were mixed and placed into one side and autogenous bone in the other side. Animals were killed after 8 and 16 weeks. Sites of augmentation were analysed radiographically and histologically. The mean (SD) augmentation volume was 3.0 (1.0) cm(3) and 2.7 (0.3) cm(3) after 8 and 16 weeks in the test group, and 2.8 (0.3) cm(3) (8 weeks) and 2.8 (1.2) cm(3) (16 weeks) in the control group, respectively. After 8 weeks, histomorphometric analysis showed 24 (3)% BBM, and 19 (11)% of newly formed bone in the test group. The control group had 20 (13%) of newly formed bone. Specimens after 16 weeks showed 29 (12%) of newly formed bone and 19 (3%) BBM in the test group. The amount of newly formed bone in the control group was 16 (6%). The results show that mononuclear cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, in combination with BBM as the biomaterial, have the potential to form bone. (C) 2009 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Histological Outcomes on the Development of New Space-making Devices for Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation

Background: Previous studies have pointed out that the mere elevation of the maxillary sinus membrane promotes bone formation without the use of augmentation materials. Purpose: This experimental study aimed at evaluating if the two-stage procedure for sinus floor augmentation could benefit from the use of a space-making device in order to increase the bone volume to enable later implant installation with good primary stability. Materials and Methods: Six male tufted capuchin primates (Cebus apella) were subjected to extraction of the three premolars and the first molar on both sides of the maxilla to create an edentulous area. The sinuses were opened using the lateral bone-wall window technique, and the membrane was elevated. One resorbable space-making device was inserted in each maxillary sinus, and the bone window was returned in place. The animals were euthanatized after 6 months, and biopsy blocks containing the whole maxillary sinus and surrounding soft tissues were prepared for ground sections. Results: The histological examination of the specimens showed bone formation in contact with both the schneiderian membrane and the device in most cases even when the device was displaced. The process of bone formation indicates that this technique is potentially useful for two-stage sinus floor augmentation. The lack of stabilization of the device within the sinus demands further improvement of space-makers for predictable bone augmentation. Conclusions: It is concluded that (1) the device used in this study did not trigger any important inflammatory reaction; (2) when the sinus membrane was elevated, bone formation was a constant finding; and (3) an ideal space-making device should be stable and elevate the membrane to ensure a maintained connection between the membrane and the secluded space.

Influence of rhBMP-2 on bone formation and osseointegration in different implant systems after sinus-floor elevation. An in vivo study on sheep

Background Several studies have reported certain bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) to have positive effects on bone generation Although some investigators have studied the effects of human recombinant BMP (rhBMP-2) in sinus augmentation in sheep, none of these studies looked at the placement of implants at the time of sinus augmentation Furthermore, no literature could be found to report on the impact that different implant systems, as well as the positioning of the implants had on bone formation if rhBMP-2 was utilized in sinus-lift procedures Purpose The aim of this study was to compare sinus augmentation with rhBMP-2 on a poly-D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid gelatine (PLPG) sponge with sinus augmentation with autologous pelvic cancellous bone in the maxillary sinus during the placement of different dental Implants Materials and methods Nine adult female sheep were submitted to bilateral sinus-floor elevation In one side (test group) the sinus lift was performed with rhBMP-2 on a PLPG-sponge, while the contralateral side served as the control by using cancellous bone from the iliac crest Three different implants (Branemark (R), 31 (R) and Straumann (R)) were inserted either simultaneously with the sinus augmentation or as a two staged procedure 6 weeks later The animals were sacrificed at 6 and 12 weeks for histological and histomorphometrical evaluations during which bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone density (BD) were evaluated Results BD and BIC were significantly higher at 12 weeks in the test group if the Implants were placed at the time of the sinus lift (p < 0 05) No difference was observed between the different implant systems or positions Conclusions The use of rhBMP-2 with PLPG-sponge increased BIC as well as BD in the augmented sinuses if compared to autologous bone Different implant systems and positions of the implants had no effect on BIC or BD (C) 2010 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery

Right coronary artery fistula to the coronary sinus and right atrium associated with giant right coronary enlargement detected by transthoracic echocardiography

We present the case of a 54-year-old female with a previous history of lung fibrosis secondary to methotrexate used for rheumatoid arthritis who was referred to cardiology evaluation due to precordial pain. Echocardiography showed biatrial enlargement with an enlarged coronary sinus and tubular image posterior to the heart. On the coronary angiogram, the right coronary artery was enlarged, and a distal fistula was identified. The patient underwent a contrast enhanced cardiac computed tomography which demonstrated an aneurysmatic right coronary artery with a distal fistula to the right atrium and coronary sinus. As the chest pain did not recur and there was a high risk of the intervention to correct coronary fistula, the patient remained on conservative treatment.

A Clinical Study of 406 Sinus Augmentations With 100% Anorganic Bovine Bone

Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the use of anorganic bovine bone (ABB) associated with a collagen membrane (CM) for a sinus graft by means of clinical, histologic, and radiographic parameters in cases with bone availability <= 7 mm. A preliminary evaluation consisted of a clinical examination, computed tomography (CT), and a panoramic x-ray. Methods: Ninety-two patients requiring bilateral sinus grafts and 222 requiring unilateral procedures (total: 406 sinuses) participated in this study. A total of 1,025 implants were placed in the grafted sinuses. A total of 118 implants were placed simultaneously with the sinus graft (one stage), and 907 implants were placed in a subsequent surgery (two stages), 6 to 12 months after the graft was performed. In seven cases, a biopsy was harvested for histomorphometric analysis. Recall appointments were scheduled every 6 months, and panoramic and periapical x-rays were required every year for 3 years. Results: Among 1,025 implants, 19 were lost (survival rate: 98.1%). The difference in survival rates for implants placed in native bone: <= 3 mm (98.1%), >3 to <= 5 mm (98.6%), and >5 to <= 7 mm (97.0%) was not statistically significant (P = 0.3408). The survival rates for implants with rough and machined surfaces (98.6% and 97.0%, respectively) were not statistically significant (P = 0.0840). The histomorphometric analysis showed new bone formation (39.0% +/- 12%), marrow space (52.9% +/- 9.3%), and residual ABB (8% +/- 2.7%). Conclusion: Our results indicated that 1,025 implants placed in sinuses grafted exclusively with ABB combined with CM led to an excellent and predictable survival rate of 98.1%. J Periodontol 2009;80:1920-1927.

Cavernous sinus thrombosis in a patient with facial myiasis

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a severe encephalic complication of the cervicofacial infections that can lead to death if not treated in adequate time. Among the several etiologies related to the development of this infection, myiasis has not been reported, enforcing the importance of the report of a case of thrombosis of the cavernous sinus developed from a facial myiasis. (Quintessence Int 2010;41:e72-e74)

Glucocorticoids Exacerbate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Signaling in the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus in a Dose-Dependent Manner

Although the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (GCs) are well established, evidence has accumulated showing that proinflammatory GC effects can occur in the brain, in a poorly understood manner. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, real-time PCR, and immunoblotting, we investigated the ability of varying concentrations of corticosterone (CORT, the GC of rats) to modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of NF-kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B), expression of anti- and proinflammatory factors and of the MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase family [ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p38, and JNK/ SAPK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase/ stress-activated protein kinase)], and AKT. In the frontal cortex, elevated CORT levels were proinflammatory, exacerbating LPS effects on NF-kappa B, MAP kinases, and proinflammatory gene expression. Milder proinflammatory GCs effects occurred in the hippocampus. In the absence of LPS, elevated CORT levels increased basal activation of ERK1/ 2, p38, SAPK/ JNK, and AKT in both regions. These findings suggest that GCs do not uniformly suppress neuroinflammation and can even enhance it at multiple levels in the pathway linking LPS exposure to inflammation.

Sistema purinérgico na memória da tarefa de esquiva inibitória em córtex cingulado e córtex pré-frontal de ratos

A memória pode ser definida como o armazenamento e a evocação de uma informação aprendida. Sendo um processo dinâmico, requer a ativação de diversos sistemas para que a informação adquirida seja consolidada. O ATP é um importante neurotransmissor que, após a sua liberação e conseqüente ativação de seus receptores específicos, precisa ser inativado. Esta remoção do ATP da fenda sináptica ocorre através de sua hidrólise promovida pelas ectonucleotidases. Como um dos produtos da hidrólise do ATP, a adenosina é considerada um potente neuromodulador e exerce suas ações através de receptores específicos com ações excitatórias (A2A e A2B ) ou inibitórias (A1 e A3). Vários trabalhos já demonstraram a participação do sistema purinérgico nos processos relacionados a memória da tarefa da esquiva inibitória. Estudos realizados em nosso laboratório mostraram a participação das ectonucleotidases sinaptossomais de hipocampo, córtex entorrinal e córtex parietal na consolidação da memória para esquiva inibitória. No entanto, existem poucos estudos a respeito do sistema purinérgico nos mecanismos de consolidação da memória em outras regiões cerebrais, tais como o córtex cingulado anterior (CA) e posterior (CP) e a área pré-central medial (FR2). Portanto, na primeira parte deste estudo, avaliamos as atividades ectonucleotidásicas em sinaptossomas de CA, CP e FR2 de ratos submetidos à tarefa de esquiva inibitória. Nossos resultados demonstraram um aumento na hidrólise de ATP em sinaptossomas de FR2 e CA; e na hidrólise de ADP em sinaptossomas de FR2 e CP. Este aumento na hidrólise de ATP e ADP ocorreu devido ao choque administrado na tarefa, já que o grupo de animais que não recebeu choque não apresentou alterações na hidrólise de ATP e ADP. Este efeito observado provavelmente não está associado à consolidação da memória, mas a mudanças neuroquímicas e neurohumorais induzidas pelo estresse após o choque. Além disso, foi observado um aumento relacionado ao aprendizado na atividade ATPásica e ADPásica em CP e CA, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem fortemente que estas enzimas participam da consolidação da memória em CP e CA. O aumento na hidrólise de ATP e ADP sugere um possível aumento na concentração de adenosina nestas regiões. Portanto, na segunda parte deste estudo, verificamos a influência de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores de adenosina nas memórias de curta (STM) e de longa (LTM) duração na tarefa de esquiva inibitória. Então, neste estudo administramos intrafusões de análogos de adenosina em CP, imediatamente após o treino em esquiva inibitória. Os resultados demonstraram que a intrafusão de DPCPX, um antagonista de receptores A1, em CP, na concentração de 50 nM, aumentou significativamente a retenção da tarefa em ambas STM e LTM. Além disso, a administração de CPA, um agonista de receptores A1 de adenosina, não alterou ambas STM e LTM nas concentrações testadas. Portanto, este estudo sugere que os receptores A1 exercem uma modulação inibitória em CP tanto na STM quanto na LTM para o aprendizado de esquiva inibitória. A regulação dos níveis de ATP e adenosina pelas ectonucleotidases em CP, CA e FR2 controlaria a ativação dos receptores A1 nestas estruturas, podendo exercer efeitos modulatórios na consolidação da memória nestas estruturas.

Avaliação in vivo do metabolismo do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral em pacientes bipolares em episódio maníaco : um estudo com espectroscopia por ressonância magnética

Introdução: Diversas anormalidades neuroquímicas têm sido relatadas no Transtorno Bipolar (TB), mas os verdadeiros mecanismos envolvidos na fisiopatologia do TB permanecem a ser elucidados. A técnica de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (1H-MRS) permite a mensuração de certos neurometabólitos no cérebro humano in vivo. Nós utilizamos a 1H-MRS para investigar o N-acetil-L-aspartato (NAA), compostos de colina (Cho), creatina/fosfocreatina (Cr) e o myoinositol (Ino) no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral (CPFDL) em indivíduos bipolares durante episódio maníaco/misto. Métodos: Dez pacientes bipolares (9 maníacos, 1 misto), diagnosticados através de uma entrevista clínica semi-estruturada (SCID), e 10 voluntários normais pareados por sexo e idade foram estudados. Os neurometabólitos foram mensurados através de voxels de 8cm3 localizados no CPFDL direito e esquerdo para aquisição da 1H-MRS de 1.5T. Imagens de ressonância magnética anatômica ponderadas em T1 e T2 foram obtidas para excluir quaisquer anormalidades neuroanatômicas. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para NAA, Cho, Cr, Ino, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, ou Ino/Cr entre pacientes e controles. Pacientes maníacos/mistos apresentaram níveis significativamente aumentados de myoinositol no CPFDL esquerdo em relação ao CPFDL direito (p = 0,044). Conclusões: Elevação do myoinositol no CPFDL esquerdo em pacientes bipolares durante mania aguda pode representar uma disfunção na via de sinalização do fosfatidilinositol. Estudos longitudinais com maior amostra avaliando o pré e pós-tratamento são necessários para melhor esclarecer este tema.

Efeito da microinjeção de agonistas serotoninérgicos 5-Ht1b no córtex pré-frontal sobre o comportamento agressivo maternal após provocação social

A serotonina (5-hidroxitriptamina, 5-HT), é um dos neurotransmissores que possui um papel importante na neurobiologia do comportamento agressivo. Estudos têm demonstrado que níveis elevados de serotonina conduzem a uma diminuição da agressividade em muitas espécies diferentes incluindo a espécie humana. Os receptores 5-HT1B estão envolvidos em funções comportamentais importantes, como o comportamento agressivo. Injeções sistêmicas de agonistas dos receptores 5-HT1B apresentam efeitos específicos antiagressivos. Recentemente, no córtex pré-frontal, mais especificamente na região orbitofrontal, tem sido identificado uma importante inibição no controle do comportamento, em particular o comportamento impulsivo e agressivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de dois agonistas dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-94,253 e o CP-93,129 sobre o comportamento agressivo de ratas fêmeas submetidas à provocação social e o papel do córtex pré-frontal: a região orbitofrontal, sobre o comportamento agressivo. Foram utilizadas ratas fêmeas Wistar microinjetadas no nono dia pós-parto com CP-94,253 ou CP-93,129. O agonista dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-94,253 foi injetado nas doses de 0,56 (n=8) e 1,0 μg/0,2μl (n=8). O outro agonista dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-93,129 foi injetado na dose de 1,0 μg/0,2μl (n=9). O veículo para o CP-94,253 foi Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 5% juntamente com 5% de Tween 80 diluídos em água destilada e para o CP-93,129 o veículo foi salina. O experimento iniciou com fêmeas prenhas. No 5º dia pós-parto, a fêmea foi submetida ao protocolo de provocação social. No 6º dia pós-parto, a fêmea foi submetida à cirurgia estereotáxica e no 9º dia pós-parto a fêmea foi microinjetada com veículo ou agonistas 5- HT1B. Após a microinjeção foi realizado o teste comportamental, sendo que os comportamentos - agressivos e não-agressivos – foram filmados para posterior análise. A freqüência dos comportamentos foi comparada entre os grupos tratados e veículo pela análise de variância no grupo do CP-94,253 e foi utilizado pelo Teste t de Student para comparar o grupo CP-93,129 com o veículo. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição no comportamento agressivo maternal (ataque lateral, postura agressiva e dominar) após a microinjeção do agonista CP-93,129 comparado com o grupo salina. Os dois agonistas dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-94,253 e o CP-93,129 não tiveram os mesmos efeitos. O CP- 93,129, quando microinjetado no córtex pré-frontal, na região orbitofrontal de ratas submetidas à provocação social, tem efeitos antiagressivos enquanto que o CP-94,253 não alterou o comportamento agressivo.

Caracterização de subpopulações de interneurônios imunorreativos para proteínas ligantes de cálcio no córtex pré-frontal do Sagui (Callithrix jacchus): distribuição e morfologia

Cortical interneurons are characterized by their distinct morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, acting as modulators of the excitatory activity by pyramidal neurons, for example. Various studies have revealed differences in both distribution and density of this cell group throughout distinct cortical areas in several species. A particular class of interneuron closely related to cortical modulation is revealed by the immunohistochemistry for calcium binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinina (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Despite the growing amount of studies focusing on calcium binding proteins, the prefrontal cortex of primates remains relatively little explored, particularly in what concerns a better understanding of the organization of the inhibitory circuitry across its subdivisions. In the present study we characterized the morphology and distribution of neurons rich in calcium-binding proteins in the medial, orbital and dorsolateral areas of the prefrontal cortex of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Using both morphometric and stereological techniques, we found that CR-reactive neurons (mainly double bouquet and bipolar cells) have a more complex dendritic arborization than CB-reactive (bitufted and basket cells) and PV-reactive neurons (chandelier cells). The neuronal densities of CR- and CB-reactive cells are higher in the supragranular layers (II/III) whilst PV-reactive neurons, conversely, are more concentrated in the infragranular layers (V/VI). CR-reactive neurons were the predominant group in the three regions evaluated, being most prevalent in dorsomedial region. Our findings point out to fundamental differences in the inhibitory circuitry of the different areas of the prefrontal cortex in marmoset

Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of type 1 dermoid sinus in two Rhodesian ridgeback dogs

Two cases of type 1 dermoid sinus in Rhodesian ridgebacks are described, with emphasis on the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and delineation of the lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful in identifying fluid-filled structures, fibrous capsules, and sinus tracts, but was not able to identify the termination of the tracts.