Determinantes prognósticos em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem elevação do segmento ST

FUNDAMENTO: Em pacientes com Síndromes Coronarianas Agudas (SCA) sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SST), sugere-se que uma série de marcadores (células inflamatórias, hiperglicemia e função renal) é capaz de identificar indivíduos com maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto desses parâmetros laboratoriais em desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com SCA sem SST. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 195 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com SCA sem SST. Foram registrados dados clínicos, demográficos e laboratoriais ao longo do período de internação no hospital, em relação à ocorrência ou não de eventos combinados. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 67 ± 12 anos, e 52% eram homens. Na análise da área sob a curva ROC, somente a razão neutrófilo/linfócito (AUC: 70%, IC95%: 56%-82%, p = 0,006) e a creatinina (AUC: 62%, IC95%: 50%-80%, p = 0,03) discriminaram aqueles pacientes com SCA sem SST que apresentaram algum desfecho. Os pacientes que sofreram algum evento adverso durante a internação apresentaram menores contagens de linfócitos (1502 ± 731 / mm³ vs. 2020 ± 862 / mm³; p = 0,002), menores taxas de filtração glomerular (51 ± 27 mL/min vs. 77±34 mL/min; p < 0,001) e maiores níveis séricos de creatinina (2,1 ± 2,7 mg/dL vs. 1,1 ± 1,3 mg/dL; p = 0,047) do que aqueles que tiveram uma hospitalização sem intercorrências. A análise de regressão logística demonstrou que as variáveis que permaneceram como preditores independentes e significativos foram: taxa de filtração glomerular (OR: 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,13; p = 0,002), e contagem de linfócitos (OR: 1,02; IC95%: 1,01-1,04; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da função renal e a contagem de linfócitos fornecem uma informação potencialmente útil para a estratificação prognóstica em doentes com SCA sem SST.

Correlação dos escores de risco com a anatomia coronária na síndrome coronária aguda sem supra-ST

FUNDAMENTO:Há poucas publicações sobre a correlação entre escores de risco e anatomia coronária na síndrome coronária aguda (SCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os escores de risco com a gravidade da lesão coronária na SCA sem supra-ST. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 582 pacientes entre julho de 2004 e outubro de 2006. Avaliou-se a correlação entre os escores de risco TIMI, GRACE hospitalar e em seis meses com lesão coronária > 50%, por método não paramétrico de Spearman. Modelo de regressão logística múltipla foi realizado para determinar a habilidade preditiva dos escores em discriminar quem terá ou não lesão coronária > 50%. RESULTADOS: Foram 319 (54,8%) homens e a média de idade era 59,9 (± 10,6) anos. Correlação positiva foi observada entre a pontuação dos escores de risco e lesão coronária > 50% (escore de risco TIMI r = 0,363 [p < 0,0001]; escore GRACE hospitalar r = 0,255 [p < 0,0001]; escore GRACE em seis meses r = 0,209 [< 0,0001]). A área sob a curva ROC de cada escore para discriminar quem terá ou não lesão coronária > 50% foi: TIMI = 0,704 [IC95% 0,656-0,752; p <0,0001]; GRACE hospitalar = 0,623 [IC 95% 0,573-0,673; p < 0,0001]; GRACE em seis meses = 0,562 [IC95% 0,510-0,613; p = 0,0255]. Na comparação entre as áreas sob a curva ROC, tem-se: TIMI versus GRACE hospitalar: p = 0,01; TIMI versus GRACE em seis meses: p < 0,0001; GRACE hospitalar versus GRACE em seis meses: p = 0,0461. CONCLUSÃO: Os escores de risco se correlacionam com a gravidade das lesões coronárias, sendo o escore de risco TIMI o que demonstrou melhor habilidade preditiva

Validação prospectiva do escore de risco dante pazzanese em síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST

FUNDAMENTO: Em Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA) sem Supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SST) é importante estimar a probabilidade de eventos adversos. Para esse fim, as diretrizes recomendam modelos de estratificação de risco. O escore de risco Dante Pazzanese (escore DANTE) é um modelo simples de estratificação de risco, composto das variáveis: aumento da idade (0 a 9 pontos); antecedente de diabete melito (2 pontos) ou acidente vascular encefálico (4 pontos); não uso de inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (1 ponto); elevação da creatinina (0 a 10 pontos); combinação de elevação da troponina e depressão do segmento ST (0 a 4 pontos). OBJETIVO: Validar o escore DANTE em pacientes com SCA sem SST. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, com inclusão de 457 pacientes, de setembro de 2009 a outubro de 2010. Os pacientes foram agrupados em: muito baixo, baixo, intermediário e alto risco de acordo com a pontuação do modelo original. A habilidade preditiva do escore foi avaliada pela estatística-C. RESULTADOS: Foram 291 (63,7%) homens e a média da idade 62,1 anos (11,04). Dezessete pacientes (3,7%) apresentaram o evento de morte ou (re)infarto em 30 dias. Ocorreu aumento progressivo na proporção do evento, com aumento da pontuação: muito baixo risco = 0,0%; baixo risco = 3,9%; risco intermediário = 10,9%; alto risco = 60,0%; p < 0,0001. A estatística-C foi de 0,87 (IC 95% 0,81-0,94; p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: O escore DANTE apresentou excelente habilidade preditiva para ocorrência dos eventos específicos e pode ser incorporado na avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com SCA sem SST.

Long-term Outcomes of Drug-eluting versus Bare-metal stent for ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background:Long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stents (DES) versus bare-metal stents (BMS) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain uncertain.Objective:To investigate long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stents (DES) versus bare-metal stents (BMS) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods:We performed search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane library, and ISI Web of Science (until February 2013) for randomized trials comparing more than 12-month efficacy or safety of DES with BMS in patients with STEMI. Pooled estimate was presented with risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects model.Results:Ten trials with 7,592 participants with STEMI were included. The overall results showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of all-cause death and definite/probable stent thrombosis between DES and BMS at long-term follow-up. Patients receiving DES implantation appeared to have a lower 1-year incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction than those receiving BMS (RR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.00, p= 0.05). Moreover, the risk of target vessel revascularization (TVR) after receiving DES was consistently lowered during long-term observation (all p< 0.01). In subgroup analysis, the use of everolimus-eluting stents (EES) was associated with reduced risk of stent thrombosis in STEMI patients (RR = 0.37, p=0.02).Conclusions:DES did not increase the risk of stent thrombosis in patients with STEMI compared with BMS. Moreover, the use of DES did lower long-term risk of repeat revascularization and might decrease the occurrence of reinfarction.

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events after ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention remains controversial. Objective: To investigate the potential association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and an increased risk of MACE such as death, heart failure, reinfarction, and new revascularization in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 300 individuals aged >18 years who were diagnosed with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention at a tertiary health center. An instrument evaluating clinical variables and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk scores was used. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was determined by nephelometry. The patients were followed-up during hospitalization and up to 30 days after infarction for the occurrence of MACE. Student's t, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analyses. P values of ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age was 59.76 years, and 69.3% of patients were male. No statistically significant association was observed between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and recurrent MACE (p = 0.11). However, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was independently associated with 30-day mortality when adjusted for TIMI [odds ratio (OR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.51; p = 0.005] and GRACE (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.49; p = 0.007) risk scores. Conclusion: Although high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was not predictive of combined major cardiovascular events within 30 days after ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients who underwent primary angioplasty and stent implantation, it was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality.

Prognostic Value of TIMI Score versus GRACE Score in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: The TIMI Score for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was created and validated specifically for this clinical scenario, while the GRACE score is generic to any type of acute coronary syndrome. Objective: Between TIMI and GRACE scores, identify the one of better prognostic performance in patients with STEMI. Methods: We included 152 individuals consecutively admitted for STEMI. The TIMI and GRACE scores were tested for their discriminatory ability (C-statistics) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow) in relation to hospital death. Results: The TIMI score showed equal distribution of patients in the ranges of low, intermediate and high risk (39 %, 27 % and 34 %, respectively), as opposed to the GRACE Score that showed predominant distribution at low risk (80 %, 13 % and 7%, respectively). Case-fatality was 11%. The C-statistics of the TIMI score was 0.87 (95%CI = 0.76 to 0.98), similar to GRACE (0.87, 95%CI = 0.75 to 0.99) - p = 0.71. The TIMI score showed satisfactory calibration represented by χ2 = 1.4 (p = 0.92), well above the calibration of the GRACE score, which showed χ2 = 14 (p = 0.08). This calibration is reflected in the expected incidence ranges for low, intermediate and high risk, according to the TIMI score (0 %, 4.9 % and 25 %, respectively), differently to GRACE (2.4%, 25% and 73%), which featured middle range incidence inappropriately. Conclusion: Although the scores show similar discriminatory capacity for hospital death, the TIMI score had better calibration than GRACE. These findings need to be validated populations of different risk profiles.

Very Long-Term Prognostic Role of Admission BNP in Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background: BNP has been extensively evaluated to determine short- and intermediate-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but its role in long-term mortality is not known. Objective: To determine the very long-term prognostic role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for all-cause mortality in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). Methods: A cohort of 224 consecutive patients with NSTEACS, prospectively seen in the Emergency Department, had BNP measured on arrival to establish prognosis, and underwent a median 9.34-year follow-up for all-cause mortality. Results: Unstable angina was diagnosed in 52.2%, and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, in 47.8%. Median admission BNP was 81.9 pg/mL (IQ range = 22.2; 225) and mortality rate was correlated with increasing BNP quartiles: 14.3; 16.1; 48.2; and 73.2% (p < 0.0001). ROC curve disclosed 100 pg/mL as the best BNP cut-off value for mortality prediction (area under the curve = 0.789, 95% CI= 0.723-0.854), being a strong predictor of late mortality: BNP < 100 = 17.3% vs. BNP ≥ 100 = 65.0%, RR = 3.76 (95% CI = 2.49-5.63, p < 0.001). On logistic regression analysis, age >72 years (OR = 3.79, 95% CI = 1.62-8.86, p = 0.002), BNP ≥ 100 pg/mL (OR = 6.24, 95% CI = 2.95-13.23, p < 0.001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99, p = 0.049) were independent late-mortality predictors. Conclusions: BNP measured at hospital admission in patients with NSTEACS is a strong, independent predictor of very long-term all-cause mortality. This study allows raising the hypothesis that BNP should be measured in all patients with NSTEACS at the index event for long-term risk stratification.