Self-Reported Psychotic-Like Experiences Are a Poor Estimate of Clinician-Rated Attenuated and Frank Delusions and Hallucinations

Background: One reason for the decision to delay the introduction of an Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome in the main text of the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was the concern that attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) might in fact be common features in adolescents and young adults from the general population of no psychopathological significance in themselves. This concern was based on reports of high prevalence rates of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the general population and the assumption that PLEs are a good estimate of APS. Although the criterion validity of self-reported PLEs had already been studied with respect to clinician-rated psychotic symptoms and found insufficient, it had been argued that PLEs might in fact be more comparable with mild, subclinical expressions of psychotic symptoms and, therefore, with APS. The present paper is the first to specifically study this assumption. Sampling and Methods: The sample consisted of 123 persons seeking help at a service for the early detection of psychosis, of whom 54 had an at-risk mental state or psychosis, 55 had a nonpsychotic mental disorder and 14 had no full-blown mental disorder. PLEs were assessed with the Peters Delusion Inventory and the revised Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, and psychotic symptoms and APS were assessed with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. Results: At a level of agreement between the presence of any PLE (in 98.4% of patients) and any APS (in 40.7%) just exceeding chance (κ = 0.022), the criterion validity of PLEs for APS was insufficient. Even if additional qualifiers (high agreement or distress, preoccupation and conviction) were considered, PLEs (in 52.8%) still tended to significantly overestimate APS, and agreement was only fair (κ = 0.340). Furthermore, the group effect on PLE prevalence was, at most, moderate (Cramer's V ≤ 0.382). Conclusions: The prevalence of APS cannot be deduced from studies of PLEs. Thus, the high population prevalence rate of PLEs does not allow the conclusion that APS are common features of no pathological significance and would lack clinical validity as an Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Rather, the population prevalence rate of APS has to be assumed to be largely unknown at present but is likely lower than indicated by epidemiological studies of PLEs. Therefore, dedicated studies are warranted, in which APS are assessed in a way that equates to their clinical evaluation.

Coprological analyses on apparently healthy Alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex) from two Swiss colonies

To provide baseline parasitological data for health surveillance in free-ranging Alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex), we assessed the endoparasite population and level of parasitism in apparently healthy ibex. Faecal samples from 148 ibex were collected between 2006 and 2008 in two different Swiss ibex colonies. They were analysed by coprology, including combined sedimentation/flotation method, sedimentation method, Baermann funnel technique and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Gastrointestinal parasites and lungworms were identified in 100% and 81.8% of the examined animals, respectively. Highest prevalences were recorded for gastrointestinal strongylids other than Nematodirus/Marshallagia spp. (100%), Eimeria spp. (100%), Muellerius spp. (79.8%) and Nematodirus/Marshallagia spp. (79.0%). We report for the first time Cryptosporidium sp. in free-ranging Alpine ibex and Cystocaulus spp. in free-ranging ibex from Switzerland. On average, ibex were infected with 3.9 different parasites taxa (range: 1-8). Parasite prevalence and diversity varied significantly between sexes, study sites and seasons. Parasite egg output was low in 95.7% and moderate in 5.3% of the samples. Overall, the results indicate that Alpine ibex are widely infected with endoparasites and suggest that multiple infections are very common in apparently healthy populations. Furthermore, our data underline the potential influence of factors such as sex, study site and season on parasitological findings.

Frank und die Frankisten : eine Sekten-Geschichte aus der letzten Hälfte des vorigen Jahrhunderts

von H. Graetz

Frank i frankiści polscy : 1726 - 1816 ; monografia historyczna osnuta na źródłach archiwalnych i re̜kopiśmiennych

przez Alexandra Kraushara

Die Beerdigung des M. Frank, Lehrers u. Predigers der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Schotten : nebst einem Anhange Die Gebräuche der Israeliten bei Leichen und Beerdigungen

von J[akob] K[aufmann]

Gedenkblätter zur Erinnerung an den am 11. Nov. 1917 (27. Cheschwan 5678) im 79. Lebensjahre aus dem Leben geschiedenen Rabbiner der Synagogengemeinde Cöln Herrn Dr. phil. Abraham Salomon Frank

hrsg. auf Veranlassung d. Vorstandes d. Synagogengemeinde Cöln

Mitbürger! Die Kundmachung des k. k. Herrn General-Majors von Frank, Vorstandes der k. k. Central-Commission der Stadt-Commandantur vom 15. d. M. ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Aufruf an die Wiener Bevölkerung, den Befehl der Militär-Stadt-Commandantur zur Ablieferung sämtlicher Waffen ernst zu nehmen und Hinweis auf die strafrechtlichen Konsequenzen im Falle einer Nichtbefolgung

Ludwig Frank, ein deutscher Jude

A. L.

Rabbiner Dr. Frank [Illustration] : (Porträt)

Scan von Monochrom-Mikroform

Dr. Abraham Frank [Illustration] : (Porträt)

Scan von Monochrom-Mikroform