板北断块油藏储层均质特征与剩余油分布研究

With the growing development and perfection of reservoir describing technology, its research achievements have played an increasingly important role in old oilfields in recent years. Reservoir description quantitatively describes, characterizes and predicts every kind of reservoir characters in 3D space. The paper takes Banbei block reservoir as an object, studies the reservoir characters and residual oil distributing characteristics of gravity flow genetic reservoir, and definitudes potential adjustment direction of reservoir development. Main achievements are gained as follows. Through fine correlation of strati graphic sequence, the classification of layers and single sands of main payzones in Banbei block is ascertained, the classifying methods of sedimentary unit in gravity flow reservoir characterized with picked cyclical marker bed are formed. On the basis of comprehensive logging evaluation, depositional characters of Banbei block are studied, and classifying methods of sedimentary microfacies in gravity flow reservoir are described. The sedimentary background of main oil layers in Banbei block is open lake with shallow water, and belongs to lacustrine underwater gravity flow- lacustrine phase depositional system. Main microfacies types are underwater water course^ water course side-wing, underwater floodplain, between two water courses, and lacustrine mud, etc. Reservoir sands mainly are underwater water course sands. Influenced by distributing characters of gravity flow underwater water course, sand shapes in plane mainly are stripe, finger-shape, tongue-shape. Sand distribution shows obvious split property. Sands overlap each other. According to comprehensive analysis of lithologic data, logging parameters, and dynamic production data, the researching threads and methods of reservoir heterogeneous characters are perfected. The depositional characters of gravity flow underwater water course in Banbei block determine its high reservoir heterogeneity. Macroscopic heterogeneity is studied in many aspects such as the scale of layers, the scale of single sands, in-situ scale, the distribution of interlayer types, the interlayer scale, and heterogeneity in plane. Thus, heterogeneous characters of reservoir are thoroughly analyzed. Through microscopic research of reservoir, the types of porous structure and related parameters are determined. According to the analysis of dynamic production data, the reaction and inner influential factors of reservoir heterogeneity in waterflood development are further revealed. Started with the concept and classifying methods of flow unit, clustering classification which can better meet the requirements of production is formed. The flow unit of Banbei block can be classified into four types. According to comprehensive evaluation, the first and second type of flow unit have better percolating capability and reserving capability. Research thread of 3D model-building and reservoir numerical simulation combined as an integral is adopted. The types and characters of residual oil distribution are determined. Residual oil of Banbei block mainly distributes in the boundary of sands, near the faults, areas with non-perfect injection-production well pattern , undeveloped sands, vertically poor developed layers. On the basis of comprehensive reservoir study, the threads and methods of improving development effect towards reservoir with high water cut, high recovery percent, serious heterogeneity are ascertained. The whole waterflood development effect of Banbei block reservoir is good. Although its water cut and recovery percent is relatively high, there is still some potential to develop. According to depositional characters of gravity flow and actual production situation? effective means of further improving development level are as follows. We should drill new wells in every kind of areas abounding with residual oil, implement comprehensive measures such as increasing liquid discharge, cyclic waterflood, changing fluid direction when injection-production well pattern is perfected, improve water quality, enhance displacement efficiency in flooding.

Cost savings from relaxation of operational constraints on a power system with high wind penetration

Wind energy is predominantly a nonsynchronous generation source. Large-scale integration of wind generation with existing electricity systems, therefore, presents challenges in maintaining system frequency stability and local voltage stability. Transmission system operators have implemented system operational constraints (SOCs) in order to maintain stability with high wind generation, but imposition of these constraints results in higher operating costs. A mixed integer programming tool was used to simulate generator dispatch in order to assess the impact of various SOCs on generation costs. Interleaved day-ahead scheduling and real-time dispatch models were developed to allow accurate representation of forced outages and wind forecast errors, and were applied to the proposed Irish power system of 2020 with a wind penetration of 32%. Savings of at least 7.8% in generation costs and reductions in wind curtailment of 50% were identified when the most influential SOCs were relaxed. The results also illustrate the need to relax local SOCs together with the system-wide nonsynchronous penetration limit SOC, as savings from increasing the nonsynchronous limit beyond 70% were restricted without relaxation of local SOCs. The methodology and results allow for quantification of the costs of SOCs, allowing the optimal upgrade path for generation and transmission infrastructure to be determined.

Turbo channel estimation and equalisation for a superposition-based cooperative system

This study investigates the superposition-based cooperative transmission system. In this system, a key point is for the relay node to detect data transmitted from the source node. This issued was less considered in the existing literature as the channel is usually assumed to be flat fading and a priori known. In practice, however, the channel is not only a priori unknown but subject to frequency selective fading. Channel estimation is thus necessary. Of particular interest is the channel estimation at the relay node which imposes extra requirement for the system resources. The authors propose a novel turbo least-square channel estimator by exploring the superposition structure of the transmission data. The proposed channel estimator not only requires no pilot symbols but also has significantly better performance than the classic approach. The soft-in-soft-out minimum mean square error (MMSE) equaliser is also re-derived to match the superimposed data structure. Finally computer simulation results are shown to verify the proposed algorithm.

Synchrophasor Broadcast over Internet Protocol for Distributed Generator Synchronization

Synchronous islanded operation involves continuously holding an islanded power network in virtual synchronism with the main power system to aid paralleling and avoid potentially damaging out-of-synchronism reclosure. This requires phase control of the generators in the island and the transmission of a reference signal from a secure location on the main power system. Global positioning system (GPS) time-synchronized phasor measurements transmitted via an Internet protocol (IP) are used for the reference signal. However, while offering low cost and a readily available solution for distribution networks, IP communications have variable latency and are susceptible to packet loss, which can make time-critical control applications difficult. This paper investigates the ability of the phase-control system to tolerate communications latency. Phasor measurement conditioning algorithms that can tolerate latency are used in the phase-control loop of a 50-kVA diesel generator. © 2010 IEEE.

Net energy analysis of a solar combi system with Seasonal Thermal Energy Store

EU targets require nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) by 2020. However few monitored examples exist of how NZEB has been achieved in practise in individual residential buildings. This paper provides an example of how a low-energy building (built in 2006), has achieved nearly zero energy heating through the addition of a solar domestic hot water and space heating system (“combi system”) with a Seasonal Thermal Energy Store (STES). The paper also presents a cumulative life cycle energy and cumulative life cycle carbon analysis for the installation based on the recorded DHW and space heating demand in addition to energy payback periods and net energy ratios. In addition, the carbon and energy analysis is carried out for four other heating system scenarios including hybrid solar thermal/PV systems in order to obtain the optimal system from a carbon efficiency perspective.

Long-Term Economic Model for Allocation of FACTS Devices in Restructured Power System Integrated Wind Generation

This study proposes an approach to optimally allocate multiple types of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices in market-based power systems with wind generation. The main objective is to maximise profit by minimising device investment cost, and the system's operating cost considering both normal conditions and possible contingencies. The proposed method accurately evaluates the long-term costs and benefits gained by FACTS devices (FDs) installation to solve a large-scale optimisation problem. The objective implies maximising social welfare as well as minimising compensations paid for generation re-scheduling and load shedding. Many technical operation constraints and uncertainties are included in problem formulation. The overall problem is solved using both particle swarm optimisations for attaining optimal FDs allocation as main problem and optimal power flow as sub-optimisation problem. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on modified IEEE 14-bus test system and IEEE 118-bus test system.

Split Converter-Fed SRM Drive for Flexible Charging in EV/HEV Applications

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs are the way forward for green transportation and for establishing low-carbon economy. This paper presents a split converter-fed four-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive to realize flexible integrated charging functions (dc and ac sources). The machine is featured with a central-tapped winding node, eight stator slots, and six rotor poles (8/6). In the driving mode, the developed topology has the same characteristics as the traditional asymmetric bridge topology but better fault tolerance. The proposed system supports battery energy balance and on-board dc and ac charging. When connecting with an ac power grid, the proposed topology has a merit of the multilevel converter; the charging current control can be achieved by the improved hysteresis control. The energy flow between the two batteries is balanced by the hysteresis control based on their state-of-charge conditions. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink and experiments on a 150-W prototype SRM validate the effectiveness of the proposed technologies, which may provide a solution to EV charging issues associated with significant infrastructure requirements.

A congestion management and transmission price simulator for competitive electricity markets

In a liberalized electricity market, the Transmission System Operator (TSO) plays a crucial role in power system operation. Among many other tasks, TSO detects congestion situations and allocates the payments of electricity transmission. This paper presents a software tool for congestion management and transmission price determination in electricity markets. The congestion management is based on a reformulated Optimal Power Flow (OPF), whose main goal is to obtain a feasible solution for the re-dispatch minimizing the changes in the dispatch proposed by the market operator. The transmission price computation considers the physical impact caused by the market agents in the transmission network. The final tariff includes existing system costs and also costs due to the initial congestion situation and losses costs. The paper includes a case study for the IEEE 30 bus power system.

Transmission price simulator in a liberalized electricity market

This paper presents a software tool (SIM_CMTP) that solves congestion situations and evaluates the taxes to be paid to the transmission system by market agents. SIM_CMTP provides users with a set of alternative methods for cost allocation and enables the definition of specific rules, according to each market and/or situation needs. With these characteristics, SIM_CMTP can be used as an operation aid for Transmission System Operator (TSO) or Independent System Operator (ISO). Due to its openness, it can also be used as a decision-making support tool for evaluating different options of market rules in competitive market environment, guarantying the economic sustainability of the transmission system.

A data-mining-based methodology for transmission expansion planning

In recent decades, all over the world, competition in the electric power sector has deeply changed the way this sector’s agents play their roles. In most countries, electric process deregulation was conducted in stages, beginning with the clients of higher voltage levels and with larger electricity consumption, and later extended to all electrical consumers. The sector liberalization and the operation of competitive electricity markets were expected to lower prices and improve quality of service, leading to greater consumer satisfaction. Transmission and distribution remain noncompetitive business areas, due to the large infrastructure investments required. However, the industry has yet to clearly establish the best business model for transmission in a competitive environment. After generation, the electricity needs to be delivered to the electrical system nodes where demand requires it, taking into consideration transmission constraints and electrical losses. If the amount of power flowing through a certain line is close to or surpasses the safety limits, then cheap but distant generation might have to be replaced by more expensive closer generation to reduce the exceeded power flows. In a congested area, the optimal price of electricity rises to the marginal cost of the local generation or to the level needed to ration demand to the amount of available electricity. Even without congestion, some power will be lost in the transmission system through heat dissipation, so prices reflect that it is more expensive to supply electricity at the far end of a heavily loaded line than close to an electric power generation. Locational marginal pricing (LMP), resulting from bidding competition, represents electrical and economical values at nodes or in areas that may provide economical indicator signals to the market agents. This article proposes a data-mining-based methodology that helps characterize zonal prices in real power transmission networks. To test our methodology, we used an LMP database from the California Independent System Operator for 2009 to identify economical zones. (CAISO is a nonprofit public benefit corporation charged with operating the majority of California’s high-voltage wholesale power grid.) To group the buses into typical classes that represent a set of buses with the approximate LMP value, we used two-step and k-means clustering algorithms. By analyzing the various LMP components, our goal was to extract knowledge to support the ISO in investment and network-expansion planning.

Qualidade e satisfação do sistema de seguimento à distância de cardioversores-desfibrilhadores implantáveis

RESUMO - Com o aumento da esperança de vida e das doenças crónicas, cada vez se tem implantado mais cardioversores-desfibrilhadores (CDI) para prevenção de morte súbita. O aumento exponencial no número de implantes aumenta o número de seguimentos dos dispositivos, sobrecarregando os profissionais de saúde e comprometendo a qualidade dos serviços prestados. Segundo as recomendações internacionais, um CDI deverá ser vigiado a cada 3 meses, o que perfaz 4 consultas por ano/doente no mínimo, se não existirem episódios de “choques” ou “descompensações” clínicas, e mensalmente quando é atingido o indicador de substituição electiva do gerador. A evolução da tecnologia, de algoritmos, visualização de episódios e terapias requer recursos técnicos e humanos diferenciados e um gasto de tempo considerável no seguimento. Em países como os Estados Unidos da América, em que os doentes têm de percorrer distâncias muito grandes para aceder aos cuidados de saúde, tornou-se preemente a necessidade de um sistema de vigilância alternativo. Nesse sentido, e usando o conceito da telemedicina, foi criado o seguimento/monitorização à distância de dispositivos cardíacos. Este reduz os custos em consultas, deslocações e recursos humanos, uma vez que contempla apenas uma consulta presencial por ano. Por outro lado, aumenta a segurança do doente com a monitorização periódica e a criação de alarmes, permitindo uma assistência de qualidade e intervenção adequada imediata. Aproveitando as vantagens que este tipo de sistema de transmissão remota oferece, procedeu-se no meu serviço, à distribuição inicial de 62 comunicadores a doentes portadores de CDI´s ou com Ressincronizadores Cardíacos (TRC´s1). Apesar de ser considerada uma melhoria na qualidade dos serviços prestados, é também uma mudança importante na metodologia da consulta feita até aqui. Segundo vários autores, a avaliação da qualidade dos cuidados em saúde está intrinsecamente ligada ao grau de satisfação dos doentes com esses serviços, ou seja, à relação entre as suas expectativas e os resultados percebidos por eles, sendo considerado um importante indicador de qualidade dos serviços. Com este trabalho, pretende-se avaliar a percepção dos doentes face ao novo seguimento em termos de aceitação, satisfação, validade, segurança e confiança no novo sistema. Se este mantém os mesmos padrões de qualidade que o seguimento presencial. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com uma componente retrospectiva de avaliação da nova metodologia de consulta à distância. Para tal, foi elaborado um questionário, que foi aplicado a 40 doentes (17,5% do género feminino e 82,5% do género masculino; média de idades de 65 anos) que constituíram a amostra do estudo. Verificou-se uma média de 5 anos de tempo de implante do CDI. Dos dados obtidos, é de realçar que 70% dos inquiridos estão satisfeitos e 30% estão muito satisfeitos com esta nova metodologia de consulta e cerca 67,4% prefere a consulta à distância. Quando solicitados para comparar a qualidade do serviço prestado entre as duas consultas, 65% respondeu igual e 27,5% melhor. Todos os inquiridos responderam ter confiança e segurança com o sistema de consulta à distância. Cerca de 87,5% dos inquiridos vê-se mesmo a continuar com este tipo de consulta. Os resultados obtidos são bastante satisfatórios no que diz respeito à transição do modo como a consulta de CDI´s é feita. Reflectem também que a tecnologia não é necessariamente uma barreira no acesso aos profissionais de saúde, desde que suportada por algum contacto directo (telefone e através de uma consulta presencial por ano). 1 TRC – Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca

Administration de [6]-gingérol intrathécal pour le traitement de la douleur neuropathique chez le rat mâle Sprague-Dawley

Le [6]-gingérol est un analogue structurel de la capsaïcine, une molécule agoniste au récepteurs TRPV1 et ayant des propriétés thérapeutiques connues dans le traitement de la douleur. Deux objectifs principaux ont été poursuivis lors de la réalisation de ce projet de recherche. D’abord, établir une meilleure caractérisation du métabolisme du [6]-gingérol chez le rat. Pour ce faire, une méthode sensible et spécifique pour la quantification du [6]-gingérol et ses métabolites par HPLC-ESI/MS/MS a été développée. Une étude de stabilité métabolique in vitro utilisant des microsomes hépatiques de rats a ensuite été réalisée. Les résultats démontrent une dégradation lente avec un temps de demi-vie de 163 minutes et une clairance intrinsèque relativement basse de 0.0043 mL/min. D’autres analyses ont ensuite été performées pour caractériser les métabolites in vitro et in vivo. Trois principaux métabolites de phase I et quatre métabolites de phase II ont été identifiés par HPLC-MS/MS et HPLC-MSD TOF. Les résultats suggèrent que le principal métabolite excrété dans l’urine est un glucuronide du [6]-gingérol hydroxylé. Le second objectif de ce projet était de déterminer l’effet central du [6]-gingérol sur la douleur neuropathique lorsqu’injecté par voie intrathécale. La distribution de la molécule a d’abord été évaluée suite à une administration intra-péritonéale de 40 mg/kg de [6]-gingérol et les ratios des concentrations cerveau-plasma et moelle épinière-plasma (0.73 et 1.7, respectivement) suggèrent que le [6]-gingérol se distribue efficacement au niveau du système nerveux central. Une injection intrathécale de 10 μg de [6]-gingérol à été performée chez les rats suite à l’induction de douleur par la pose de ligatures au niveau du nerf sciatique. Les résultats suggèrent une réduction significative de l’allodynie mécanique et de l’hyperalgésie thermique à 30 min, 2 h et 4 h suivant l’injection (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 et p < 0.001). Le [6]-gingérol se distribue donc adéquatement au niveau du système nerveux central des rats, permettant une action au niveau des récepteurs TRPV1. Ainsi, le [6]-gingérol pourrait soulager la douleur neuropathique en agissant centralement au niveau de la moelle épinière.

Aproximación a la asociatividad y la estructuración de redes basadas en confianza en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud

En este documento se concentra en un análisis sobre la asociatividad y la conformación de redes empresariales en dos instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud del municipio de Tenjo Cundinamarca. En la primera parte se desarrolla el estado de la asociatividad con un enfoque de red, se plantea los objetivos, la justificación y los alcances de la investigación. En el segunda parte se hace alusión al marco teórico, marco legal, sistema general de seguridad social en salud, y la importancia que tiene las asociaciones empresariales, cooperación, participación y la confianza en las instituciones de salud; haciendo mención sobre clusters, alianzas y ecosistemas empresariales. En la tercera parte se realizó el marco metodológico de la investigación, análisis de resultado de las entrevistas, se describen las organizaciones objeto de este estudio. En la cuarta parte se realizan la discusión de la investigación, y se presentan las conclusiones que los autores de este estudio han presentado sobre la confianza fortalecida y la obligación prolongada de las empresas en el tiempo. Finamente, esta investigación presenta un punto de partida para la conformación de modelos que integren varias empresas, que puedan mejorar la competitividad, en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud, permitiendo el acercando de los procesos del área administrativa con el área asistencia, en procura de brindar un mejoramiento continuo en la atención de los pacientes y su grupo familiar.

Influence-matrix diagnostic of a data assimilation system

The influence matrix is used in ordinary least-squares applications for monitoring statistical multiple-regression analyses. Concepts related to the influence matrix provide diagnostics on the influence of individual data on the analysis - the analysis change that would occur by leaving one observation out, and the effective information content (degrees of freedom for signal) in any sub-set of the analysed data. In this paper, the corresponding concepts have been derived in the context of linear statistical data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. An approximate method to compute the diagonal elements of the influence matrix (the self-sensitivities) has been developed for a large-dimension variational data assimilation system (the four-dimensional variational system of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). Results show that, in the boreal spring 2003 operational system, 15% of the global influence is due to the assimilated observations in any one analysis, and the complementary 85% is the influence of the prior (background) information, a short-range forecast containing information from earlier assimilated observations. About 25% of the observational information is currently provided by surface-based observing systems, and 75% by satellite systems. Low-influence data points usually occur in data-rich areas, while high-influence data points are in data-sparse areas or in dynamically active regions. Background-error correlations also play an important role: high correlation diminishes the observation influence and amplifies the importance of the surrounding real and pseudo observations (prior information in observation space). Incorrect specifications of background and observation-error covariance matrices can be identified, interpreted and better understood by the use of influence-matrix diagnostics for the variety of observation types and observed variables used in the data assimilation system. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society

Turbo channel estimation and equalisation for a superposition-based cooperative system

This study investigates the superposition-based cooperative transmission system. In this system, a key point is for the relay node to detect data transmitted from the source node. This issued was less considered in the existing literature as the channel is usually assumed to be flat fading and a priori known. In practice, however, the channel is not only a priori unknown but subject to frequency selective fading. Channel estimation is thus necessary. Of particular interest is the channel estimation at the relay node which imposes extra requirement for the system resources. The authors propose a novel turbo least-square channel estimator by exploring the superposition structure of the transmission data. The proposed channel estimator not only requires no pilot symbols but also has significantly better performance than the classic approach. The soft-in-soft-out minimum mean square error (MMSE) equaliser is also re-derived to match the superimposed data structure. Finally computer simulation results are shown to verify the proposed algorithm.