Amostragem de poluentes gasosos e particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa vegetal

The use of biomass as an energy source has been increasing in Brazil, with emphasis on the use of wood biomass, such as bark, wood chips and sawdust, that after receiving the appropriate treatment can be used in burners for power generation. However, from this burning are emitted fine particles known as particulate matter and a wide range of toxic organic and inorganic components in the form of gases that contribute greatly to air pollution and global warming, affecting human health, the environment and climate. The objective of this project was the quantification of gaseous and particulate, using and evaluating the equipment DR4000 ( Dataram 4 ) sampling of particulates smaller than 2.5μm and EUROTRON ( Ecoline 4000 ) when sampling gaseous pollutants, emitted from the burning of biomass in real time in the firing burner to a chimney attached biomass . We note that there are no specific rules that establish emission limits for particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5μm that are most harmful to human health and the highest concentrations reached about 800000μg/m3, for smaller diameters. It is noticeable the need for sampling of pollutants especially in industries that use biomass to fuel that could be implanted emission control equipment

Amostragem de poluentes particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa em correntes confinadas

It is clear today the ever-accelerating search for new fuels that will eventually replace those that will survive in our society, which are fossil fuels. For this reason, a fuel used since the dawn of humanity and much studied since then, considered the generator of clean, renewable energy, can earn more and more space in the power generation sector, which is biomass. We performed two experiments with two different types of biomass, one from the Amazon rainforest and other pine and eucalyptus as waste from the sawmill UNESP Itapeva. In the first experiment, conducted at the Laboratory of Combustion and Propulsion INPE Cachoeira Paulista were conducted three tests in a chimney with a fan creating forced ventilation, where the biomass was burned and deposited on a support beneath the hood. In the second experiment was conducted to analyze the emission of particulate matter using biomass (waste) from the sawmill on the campus of UNESP experimental Itapeva the burning of it in a burner for heating water for a wood oven. In these experiments we used a particle called DATARAM4 sampler that is capable of sampling both outdoors and inside of pipelines, which is the focus of this work. With this equipment it was possible to measure the concentration of particulate matter in all the firings as above, and compare them to levels acceptable in the current law, always trying to analyze the so-called fine particles, which are those with diameters less than 2.5 μm. Using data obtained from the equipment was also possible to evaluate the diametral distribution of particulate matter in question, and verify which phases of the flares in the concentration and the diameters of the particles are the most critical. In this work we concluded that in all firings conducted concentrations of particulate matter were higher than that allowed by the law, and the diameters were found that are more harmful to human health

Estimativa das emissões de monóxido de carbono por veículos automotivos na cidade de Campinas/SP utilizando o modelo CAL3QHCR

Air pollution is an environmental issue worldwide and frequently cause negative effects on population health and ecosystems on cities. The relationship between climate and atmospheric pollution can be used as a surrogate to the intensity of air pollution. The present and quantity of some gases can be used as indicators to air quality: particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Among those gases, CO has its major source within the cities, where automobiles are the main emitter. But measure pollutant concentration are challenging, sometimes because the lack of good equipments due to high costs and of the large variability of models that varies in precision, way of measure and distribution of sellers. Modeling are useful when there are an intend to evaluate air pollution, its sources and evaluate scenarios. This work aims to use CAL3QHCR model developed by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to generate predictive surfaces of CO concentration distribution on a site within Campinas city, located in São Paulo state, Brazil. CAL3QHCR model use data urban automobile circulation to generate spatial results for CO distribution. We observed that the pollution concentration was lower on our modeling than the concentrations measured by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), the main environmental company on the São Paulo state. Also the correlation between average estimates of our model and the measure by CETESB was weak, indicating that the model used on this study need to be or better parameterized, or the scale we measured of CO emissions need to be rescaled. Although the model failed to correlate to CETESB data, maybe one that explore the estimated emissions distributed within the sites to understand spatial distributions of CO on the regions. Also, the generated information can also be used to other studies, and come to be useful to explain heat island

Emprego de técnica dedicada de análise de imagem na avaliação do produto GT no desempenho da floculação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Modelo fuzzy estimando tempo de internação por doenças cardiovasculares

Abstract A fuzzy linguistic model based on the Mamdani method with input variables, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, temperature and wind obtained from CETESB with two membership functions each was built to predict the average hospitalization time due to cardiovascular diseases related to exposure to air pollutants in São José dos Campos in the State of São Paulo in 2009. The output variable is the average length of hospitalization obtained from DATASUS with six membership functions. The average time given by the model was compared to actual data using lags of 0 to 4 days. This model was built using the Matlab v. 7.5 fuzzy toolbox. Its accuracy was assessed with the ROC curve. Hospitalizations with a mean time of 7.9 days (SD = 4.9) were recorded in 1119 cases. The data provided revealed a significant correlation with the actual data according to the lags of 0 to 4 days. The pollutant that showed the greatest accuracy was sulfur dioxide. This model can be used as the basis of a specialized system to assist the city health authority in assessing the risk of hospitalizations due to air pollutants.

Caracterização mineralógica e química das fontes de poeira e sua influência na atmosfera da região do polo cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes (SP)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sintomas nasais, parâmetros hemodinâmicos e perfil inflamatório nasal e sistêmico de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar expostos à queima de biomassa

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Eficiência de um filtro de mangas no tratamento de gases oriundos de caldeira de queima de biomassa sólida

Atualmente a implantação de qualquer planta industrial que possa gerar impacto ambiental, ou até mesmo adequação de equipamentos já instalados para a não geração de poluentes ou geração dentro de limites adequados, passa cada vez mais por fiscalização rigorosa dos órgãos ambientais. A ventilação industrial tem sido e continua sendo a principal medida de controle efetiva para ambientes de trabalho que contenham dispersão de efluentes gasosos e material particulado de natureza prejudiciais, e baseado neste fato de relevância inegável é que se fundamenta este estudo. Um sistema de tratamento de gases com enfoque em ventilação local exaustora engloba vários equipamentos, e dentre eles o filtro de mangas é considerado um dos principais, pois sua função é a de efetuar a filtração dos gases proporcionando emissões dentro das tolerâncias dos órgãos ambientais, refletindo desta forma o objeto principal deste estudo de caso, a eficiência do equipamento. Especificamente neste estudo apresentam-se dados de eficiência do filtro de mangas em questão, componente de um sistema de desempoeiramento de uma caldeira de queima de resíduos sólidos. Foram utilizados dados coletados em campo em dois pontos do circuito do sistema, entrada do filtro de mangas e descarga de gases limpos, além de análise do elemento filtrante. As coletas e análises foram realizadas de acordo com as normas para a correta aferição dos dados gerados. Os resultados permitiram observar patamares de eficiência de filtração para os resíduos gerados na queima, demonstrando os cuidados a serem tomados no dimensionamento do equipamento para esta aplicação.

Utilização de dados fornecidos por satélites para determinação de riscos ambientais

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Estudo da combustão do óleo pirolítico de pneus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Association between particulate matter air pollution and monthly inhalation and nebulization procedures in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

The study was designed to investigate the impact of air pollution on monthly inhalation/nebulization procedures in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, from 2004 to 2010. To assess the relationship between the procedures and particulate matter (PM10) a Bayesian Poisson regression model was used, including a random factor that captured extra-Poisson variability between counts. Particulate matter was associated with the monthly number of inhalation/nebulization procedures, but the inclusion of covariates (temperature, precipitation, and season of the year) suggests a possible confounding effect. Although other studies have linked particulate matter to an increasing number of visits due to respiratory morbidity, the results of this study suggest that such associations should be interpreted with caution.

Association between particulate matter air pollution and monthly inhalation and nebulization procedures in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

The study was designed to investigate the impact of air pollution on monthly inhalation/nebulization procedures in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2004 to 2010. To assess the relationship between the procedures and particulate matter (PM10) a Bayesian Poisson regression model was used, including a random factor that captured extra-Poisson variability between counts. Particulate matter was associated with the monthly number of inhalation/nebulization procedures, but the inclusion of covariates (temperature, precipitation, and season of the year) suggests a possible confounding effect. Although other studies have linked particulate matter to an increasing number of visits due to respiratory morbidity, the results of this study suggest that such associations should be interpreted with caution.

The impact of atmospheric particulate matter on cancer incidence and mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed to verify the impact of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on cancer incidence and mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Statistical techniques were used to investigate the relationship between PM10 on cancer incidence and mortality in selected districts. For some types of cancer (skin, lung, thyroid, larynx, and bladder) and some periods, the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 to 0.80 for incidence. Lung cancer mortality showed more correlations during the overall period. Spatial analysis showed that districts distant from the city center showed higher than expected relative risk, depending on the type of cancer. According to the study, urban PM10 can contribute to increased incidence of some cancers and may also contribute to increased cancer mortality. The results highlight the need to adopt measures to reduce atmospheric PM10 levels and the importance of their continuous monitoring.

Estudios tafonómicos en foraminíferos bentónicos como proxy de hidrodinámica y sedimentología en el gradiente Río de La Plata – Océano Atlántico Sur Occidental

Los foraminíferos bentónicos representan un excelente proxy geológico, ya que sus caparazones son incorporados en el sedimento y pasan a comportarse como granos sedimentares durante los eventos de transporte y erosión, permitiendo así, el registro de condiciones y eventos que ocurren en los océanos. De este modo, son usados para describir patrones de hidrodinámica y evaluar índices de deposición, erosión y retrabajamiento del sedimento en los ambientes marinos. Concretamente, las regiones costeras representan zonas de alta complejidad ambiental, debido a que en ellas se da la mezcla de agua tanto de origen continental como marino, y a su vez, al efecto de la descarga fluvial que aporta material particulado del continente para el océano. El Río de la Plata (RdLP) representa el cuarto mayor estuario del mundo y el segundo del continente americano, lo cual convierte al sistema RdLP-Océano Atlántico en un complejo gradiente estuarino de interés en estudios sedimentológicos con posteriores aplicaciones paleo-climáticas y paleo-ecológicas del Cuaternario Superior. En el presente estudio, se registra a partir de las asociaciones muertas, para la región del estuario entrada de agua marina hasta la zona del frente termohalino. Dichas asociaciones se caracterizaron por especies típicas de plataforma y aguas frías. La región marina del RdlP registró los mayores porcentajes de abrasión y fragmentación de caparazones, indicando una zona de alta energía. Por otro lado, en la región más oceánica las asociaciones muertas reflejaron un transporte en dirección norte, influenciado por la pluma del RdlP. Cabe resaltar la presencia en esta región de una isla barrera, vestigio de una paleo-costa producto de una regresión Holocénica. Este local se caracterizó por un aumento de la abrasión y fragmentación mostrando la gran hidrodinámica presente. En todos los casos existió correlación entre las señales tafonómicas y los datos geo-químicos (sedimentología, pH, oxígeno disuelto, carbono orgánico y nitrógeno total)

Estudios tafonómicos en foraminíferos bentónicos como proxy de hidrodinámica y sedimentología en el gradiente Río de La Plata – Océano Atlántico Sur Occidental

Los foraminíferos bentónicos representan un excelente proxy geológico, ya que sus caparazones son incorporados en el sedimento y pasan a comportarse como granos sedimentares durante los eventos de transporte y erosión, permitiendo así, el registro de condiciones y eventos que ocurren en los océanos. De este modo, son usados para describir patrones de hidrodinámica y evaluar índices de deposición, erosión y retrabajamiento del sedimento en los ambientes marinos. Concretamente, las regiones costeras representan zonas de alta complejidad ambiental, debido a que en ellas se da la mezcla de agua tanto de origen continental como marino, y a su vez, al efecto de la descarga fluvial que aporta material particulado del continente para el océano. El Río de la Plata (RdLP) representa el cuarto mayor estuario del mundo y el segundo del continente americano, lo cual convierte al sistema RdLP-Océano Atlántico en un complejo gradiente estuarino de interés en estudios sedimentológicos con posteriores aplicaciones paleo-climáticas y paleo-ecológicas del Cuaternario Superior. En el presente estudio, se registra a partir de las asociaciones muertas, para la región del estuario entrada de agua marina hasta la zona del frente termohalino. Dichas asociaciones se caracterizaron por especies típicas de plataforma y aguas frías. La región marina del RdlP registró los mayores porcentajes de abrasión y fragmentación de caparazones, indicando una zona de alta energía. Por otro lado, en la región más oceánica las asociaciones muertas reflejaron un transporte en dirección norte, influenciado por la pluma del RdlP. Cabe resaltar la presencia en esta región de una isla barrera, vestigio de una paleo-costa producto de una regresión Holocénica. Este local se caracterizó por un aumento de la abrasión y fragmentación mostrando la gran hidrodinámica presente. En todos los casos existió correlación entre las señales tafonómicas y los datos geo-químicos (sedimentología, pH, oxígeno disuelto, carbono orgánico y nitrógeno total).