985 resultados para FILOSOFIA ANTIGUA


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El mestre ignorant és, per definició, la condició d"impossibilitat de la pedagogia. Potser no de tota, però sí de la pedagogia, almenys tal com l"hem entès fins ara (suposant que es pugui entendre absolutament d"una altra manera sense estar parlant ja d"una altra cosa). És per això que, com a màxim, només en els seus marges hi podria tenir lloc una proposta com la que glossaré aquí. Una proposta que, bo i partint de les idees de Joseph Jacotot (1770-1840), planteja la contingència del mestre, és a dir, que a l"hora d"aprendre uns continguts fa prescindible la figura d"algú que els expliqui. En altres paraules, fa que aquells que volen aprendre alguna cosa no hagin de dependre d"un mestre que ho hagi après abans, ni del mestre que va ensenyar aquell mestre, i així successivament, trencant d"aquesta manera el cercle de la transmissió pedagògica - almenys pel que fa al procés instructiu. Tanmateix, això és només la punta de l"iceberg i més avall hi aprofundirem. Però fem ara una mirada enrere, tot just quan se li van presentar a Jacotot els seus primers deixebles belgues per estudiar francès.

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Plató és autor d"uns Diàlegs fonamentals en la història d"allò que abans s"anomenava «la nostra» cultura, la cultura d"Occident; no hi deu haver ningú que ignori aquesta dada bàsica, elemental; i potser per això mateix pot semblar sorprenent que calgui reblar-ho. Ara bé, el fet de preguntar-se amb calma per quins motius el primer monument filosòfic que reconeixem en part, almenys com a «nostre» adopta la forma dialògica no constitueix cap platitud anacrònica, si es fa amb cura, ni mereix un encongiment d"espatlles com a tota resposta.

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Parlar d'alguna cosa implica distanciar-se'n. El títol mateix d'un text ja fa un efecte de distanciament perquè, en assenyalar el 'tema' del discurs, marca una posició d'exterioritat respecte a allò de què hom vol tractar. Per aixo, titulant aquest treball 'Filosofia i Pedagogia' indiquem que, respecte a aquestes 'coses', no donarem res per suposat. 0, almenys, que els supòsits hauran d'ésser explicitats. Que són justament aquestes coses que es plantegen com un problema. El nostre punt de partença és, dones, una pregunta: Quan parlem de 'Pedagogia' o de 'Filosofia', de què parlem?

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Presentamos una aplicación informática realizada en GW-BASIC para el estudio de las centuriaciones romanas, que facilita la determinación de orientaciones y módulos de centuria, así como la definición de la retícula teórica para su posterior contrastación y evaluación.

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The concepts of molecule and of molecular structure are so central to understand chemical phenomena that seems to be no doubt about the uniqueness of its meanings. Nevertheless, the idea that the world exhibits a multiform structure and that to different spheres of the world correspond different ways of knowing (Berger & Luckmann, 1967) has received support from different areas of scientific inquiry. Bachelard (1940, 1982) showed that a single philosophical doctrine is not enough to describe all the different ways of thinking when we try to explain a single concept. Wooley's question about the possibility of deducing the concept of molecular structure from quantum theory (Wooley, 1978) strengthened the feasibility of thinking the concept of molecule as a profile that encompasses different meanings. Moreover, research on students' learning of scientific concepts have brought to light that students use several ideas to explain scientific and everyday phenomena which are different from those learned in formal schooling. These ideas are not extinguished or replaced by scientific concepts, despite the efforts to do so in science classes. The common sense and scientific ways of understanding and talking about reality seems to be complementary in the same sense of the Bohr's complementarity (Halliday & Martin, 1993). So, we have to include in our profile of the concept of molecule not only scientific but also common sense zones. Drawing from Bachelard's notion of epistemological profile, from the history of science and from the research on children's ideas in science, we have developed the idea of a conceptual profile and used it to analyse basic scientific concepts, such as the concepts of matter and physical states of matter (Mortimer, 1995) and to investigate new ways to teach them. In the present paper, we will discuss the zones that might constitute a conceptual profile of molecule. The need of complementary views to account for the molecular structure in different contexts bring important issues for understanding and teaching chemistry, which will be discussed further in the article.

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Within the scope of the TECNOLONIAL (HAR2008-02834/HIST) project, an archaeologi- cal and archaeometric research is being conduct- ed in order to clarify and systematize transport jars production in the Iberian peninsula and their distribution abroad, especially to the Americas, from the 15th to the 17th century. The production centre of Seville, in the Crown of Castile, produced large glazed and unglazed transport jars, called botijas, which were mainly devoted to the Atlantic trade network. The pres- ent study accounts for the first results obtained from an initial sample of 34 transport jars dated around the 15th-16th centuries from the produc- tion centre of Seville and the reception site of Santa María de la Antigua del Darién (gulf of Urabá, Colombia). This latter site is especially significant since it was the first Spanish founda- tion (1510) in continental America that obtained the title of town, and was the seat for the Governor of the new region called Castilla de Oro, as well as for the first diocese. All individuals were analyzed by means of x-ray fluorescence and diffraction analyses and then compared with the majolica production database from Seville. The results enabled us to define the first refer- ence groups for such modern transport jars, and to get a first insight into the jars coming to the Americas in the early 16th century whose prove- nance can be linked to Seville, but not Triana.

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This review seeks to present a brief history of the philosophy of chemistry and the major issues discussed in the framework of this emerging discipline of philosophy of science, such as the question of physicalist reductionism and physical and chemical causality. In this vein, it also addresses the current debate over relevant issues of chemical world such as atomic orbitals, molecular structure, chemical bonding, models and explanations, as well as the foundations of the periodic table. Finally, the importance of the link between the philosophy of chemistry and chemistry education is analyzed, especially in relation to teacher training.

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Neste artigo, apresento uma interpretação feminista do romance The Female Quixote, de Charlotte Lennox, publicado em 1752. Em minha hipótese, Lennox responde às acusações de que romances são falsos e, por isso, repreensíveis, ao defender o gênero enquanto instrumento de crítica social e meio de transmissão e obtenção de conhecimentos das mulheres. Assim, ao mesmo tempo em que atribui valor ético, político e epistêmico a narrativas ficcionais, ela contribui também para uma reconceptualização dos conceitos de "verdadeiro" e "falso".

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Este texto se ocupa de um exame, em caráter introdutório, das relações entre a reflexão de Bacon acerca das limitações de nossas faculdades e o ceticismo filosófico - um tema pouco considerado pela literatura mais recente, a despeito das muitas referências a tal filosofia. Ainda que, à primeira vista, tais referências possam parecer vagas e imprecisas, pensamos que um exame adequado de algumas delas pode revelar, não apenas a importância do tema para a compreensão de aspectos do seu próprio empreendimento, mas o interesse de Bacon pela literatura cética contemporânea. As peculiaridades de sua própria interpretação, por sua vez, parecem antecipar traços do modo como essa filosofia foi compreendida por filósofos posteriores, como Hume.