Factor shares, the price markup, and the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor

[spa] La participaci��n del trabajo en la renta nacional es constante bajo los supuestos de una funci��n de producci��n Cobb-Douglas y competencia perfecta. En este art��culo se relajan estos supuestos y se investiga si el comportamiento no constante de la participaci��n del trabajo en la renta nacional se explica por (i) una elasticidad de sustituci��n entre capital y trabajo no unitaria y (ii) competencia no perfecta en el mercado de producto. Nos centramos en Espa��a y los U.S. y estimamos una funci��n de producci��n con elasticidad de sustituci��n constante y competencia imperfecta en el mercado de producto. El grado de competencia imperfecta se mide a trav��s del c��lculo del price markup basado en laaproximaci��n dual. Mostramos que la elasticidad de sustituci��n es mayor que uno en Espa��a y menor que uno en los US. Tambi��n mostramos que el price markup aleja la elasticidad de sustituci��n de uno, lo aumenta en Espa��a, lo reduce en los U.S. Estos resultados se utilizan para explicar la senda decreciente de la participaci��n del trabajo en la renta nacional, com��n a ambas econom��as, y sus contrastadas sendas de capital.

Hiljaisen tiedon tallennusH��meen Puhelin Oy:ss�� vuosina 2006-2010

Moderni liiketoiminta kohtaa uusia haasteita. Haasteiden aiheuttajia ovat mm. alenevat tuotantokustannukset ja kiihtyv�� kilpailu. Jotta yritys kykenisi vastaamaan n��ihin moderneihin haasteisiin, sen tulee toimissaan hy��dynt���� tehokkaasti omat resurssit. Yrityksen suurimmat resurssit sijaitsevat henkil��st��ss��, heihin sitoutuneessa tiedossa. T��st�� tiedosta iso osa on ns. hiljaista tietoa, jota ei voida perinteisin keinoin tallentaa. T��m�� ty��, tutkimus keskittyy tuon hiljaisen tiedon tallentamiseen. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli luoda malli, joka sis��lt���� hiljaisen tiedon keruun, analyysin ja siirt��misen. Kokonaisuus muodostaa ty��kalun jolla teett��v��n yrityksen el��kkeelle j����v�� henkil��st��n hiljainen tieto tallennetaan yritykseen. Mallin lis��ksi tutkimuksessa tuodaan esille aihetta koskevat erilaiset kehitysmahdollisuudet ja visiot.

Scandinavian companies of banking, retailing and hotel sectors investing into the Baltic States-developing service sector

Diplomity�� tehtiin Lappeenrannan yliopistossa p����tavoitteenaan selvitt���� t��rkeimm��t motiivit, jotka ovat saaneet pohjoismaiset palvelualan yrityksetinvestoimaan Baltian maiden kehittyvill�� markkinoilla. Pohjoismaiset yritykset ovat olleet aiemmin aktiivisia hy��dynt��m����n Baltian maiden ty��voimaa tuotantosektorilla. Suomalaiset yritykset ovat investoineet aiemmin telekommunikaatio- sek��vaatetussektoreihin, mutta nykyisin investointien p����paino on siirtynyt palvelualalle. Pankkisektori on eritt��in kehittynyt pohjoismaissa ja ruotsalaiset yritykset ovat onnistuneet my��s Baltiassa siirtyen markkinoille yksityist��misen tuomien mahdollisuuksien avulla. Nykyisin n��ill�� yrityksill�� on vahva jalansija Virossa sek�� ovat etabloituneet my��s Latviaan ja Liettuaan. Suomalaiset pankkialan yritykset ovat olleet vaatimattomampia t��ll�� sektorilla. V��hitt��iskauppiaat ovat vasta kansainv��listymisprosessinsa alkutaipaleella. Suomalaiset yritykset ovat laajentuneet Viroon ja tehneet yhteisty��t�� ruotsalaisten yritysten kanssa. Hotellisektorilla suomalaiset ja ruotsalaiset ovat edenneet rauhallisesti, mutta norjalainen ketju, Reval Hotel, on laajentunut kaikkiin Baltian maihin. Hotellisektorilla on luvassa kasvua l��hivuosina. Kilpailutilanne on kiristynyt kaikilla palvelualan sektoreilla sek�� paikallisten yritysten kasvun ett�� ulkomaisten investoijien my��t��. Elinolojen paraneminen vaikuttaa my��s kilpailutilanteeseen kirist��v��sti, sill�� se luo mahdollisuuksia yrityksille laajentua. T��m�� diplomity�� selvitt����tilannetta valittujen yritysten kannalta niiden kansainv��listymisen alkutaipaleella.

Kuitupuun tehdaslogistiikka ja sen kustannukset er����ss�� mets��teollisuusyrityksess��

Jotta pystyt����n vastaamaan kehittyneen prosessiteollisuuden tuotannon asettamiin haasteisiin, on my��s t��rke���� kehitt���� koko puuraaka-aineen hankintaa. Ohjailemalla raaka-ainevirtoja oikein on mahdollista s����st���� kustannuksissa ja n��in saavuttaa kilpailuetua. T��m��n ty��n tarkoituksena on toimenpide-ehdotuksia l��yt��m��ll�� pyrki�� huolehtimaan vaadittavasta raaka-ainetarpeesta alhaisimmilla logistisilla kustannuksilla. P����tavoitteena on tutkia puunk��sittelyst�� aiheutuvia kustannuksia, keskittyen tehdasalueen operaatioihin. Ensimm��isess�� osassa tutkimus sis��lt���� yleist�� asiaa puunhankinnasta ja puukuljetuksista. Tutkimuksessa esitell����n my��s kuljetusmuotojen erikoisuuksia kohdeyrityksen osalta. Ensimm��isess�� osassa k��sitell����n lis��ksi raaka-aineen alkuper���� ja sen varastointikeinoja.Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus muodostuu kolmesta eri osasta: 1) Mink��laisista osista logistiset kustannukset rakentuvat. 2) Mitk�� ovat h��iri��tekij��t ja mink��laisia kustannuksia ne aiheuttavat. 3) Mitk�� ovat puunhankinnan kausivaihtelun vaikutukset raaka-ainevirtoihin ja tehdasvarastoihin. Tutkimusmenetelmin�� on k��ytetty sek�� haastatteluja ett�� seurantajaksoja. Lopussa on kustannusvertailutaulukko ja parannusehdotuksia, joita voidaan hy��dynt���� esim. kun pohditaan puuhuoltoon liittyvi�� tulevaisuuden skenaarioita.

Puutuotteen markkinapotentiaalin arvioiminen kansainv��lisill�� markkinoilla, case Havesa

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli arvioida puutuotteen markkinapotentiaalia Saksassa, Ranskassa ja Hollannissa sek�� tuottaa markkinainformaatiota case-yrityksen investointip����t��sten pohjaksi. Teoreettista tietoa markkinapotentiaalin arvioimisesta ja kilpailun analysoimisesta sovellettiin tutkittavan tuotteen markkinoiden kartoittamiseksi. Ty��ss�� tutkittiin rakentamisessa k��ytett��vien puutuotteiden markkinoihin vaikuttavia trendej�� niiden markkinoiden tulevaisuuden kehityksen arvioimiseksi. Kyseess�� oli soveltava case-tutkimus, joka toteutettiin kirjoitusp��yt��- ja haastattelututkimuksen yhdistelm��n��. Primaaritutkimus suoritettiin puhelimitse ja henkil��kohtaisella haastattelulla. Tutkimusaineistoa arvioitiin kvalitatiivisesti. Tutkimuksen avulla saatiin k��sitys kyseisen puutuotteen markkinoiden koosta ja sen markkinoiden kehitykseen vaikuttavista tekij��ist��. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin my��s korkean jalostusasteen puutuotteen markkinoijalta vaadittavia ominaisuuksia ja menestystekij��it��.

Suomen mets��teollisuuden p����st��kehitys vuoteen 2020

Mets��teollisuudessa on k��ynniss�� rakennemuutos, joka tuo haasteita toimialan ymp��rist��asioiden hallintaan sek�� ymp��rist��lupia my��nt��v��n ja valvovan viranomaisen toimintaan. L��hivuosina tulee my��s runsaasti voimaan uutta lains����d��nt����, joka vaikuttaa mets��teollisuuden ymp��rist��asioiden hallintaan. T��m��n ty��n tarkoituksena oli arvioida Suomen kemiallisen mets��teollisuuden p����st��kehityst�� vuoteen 2020 huomioiden mets��teollisuuden uusi tuotanto sek�� l��hivuosina voimaan tuleva ymp��rist��lains����d��nt��, erityisesti p��ivitett��v��n�� oleva massa- ja paperiteollisuuden BREF-asiakirja. P����st��kehityst�� arvioitiin viiden skenaarion avulla. Vesist��p����st��jen osalta tarkasteltiin COD- ja AOX-p����st��j�� sek�� typpi- ja fosforip����st��j��, ja ilmap����st��jen osalta sellun tuotannon rikki- ja typpioksidi- sek�� hiukkasp����st��j��. Massan- ja paperintuotannon oletettiin pysyv��n muutaman prosentin nykyist�� tasoa korkeammalla tasolla. Uuden tuotannon osalta kahdessa skenaariossa huomioitiin nestem��isten biopolttoaineiden tuotanto kolmella laitoksella, yhteens�� 600 000 t/a. P����st��laskennassa k��ytettiin p��ivitett��v��n�� olevan massa- ja paperiteollisuuden BREF-asiakirjan BAT-p����telmiss�� annettuja luonnoksia uusista p����st��tasoista. Skenaarioiden pohjalta havaittiin, ett�� massa- ja paperiteollisuuden BAT-p����telmien mukaiset p����st��tasot eiv��t tuo merkitt��vi�� muutoksia mets��teollisuuden vesist��p����st��ihin vuoteen 2020 menness��. Biojalosteiden tuotannon vaikutus vesist��p����st��ihin todettiin my��s hyvin v��h��iseksi. Sen sijaan ilmaan johdettavat p����st��t pienenev��t huomattavasti: hiukkasp����st��t v��heniv��t 42���50 prosenttia uusien p����st��tasojen my��t��. Biojalosteiden tuotannon vaikutus oli my��s merkitt��v��mpi kuin ilmap����st��ihin kuin vesist��p����st��ihin. Prosentuaalisesti eniten biojalostus lis��si rikkidioksidip����st��j��.

Nutritional aspects of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) silage

One third of the world's fishing produce is not directly used for human consumption. Instead, it is used for making animal food or is wasted as residue. It would be ideal to use the raw material thoroughly and to recover by-products, preventing the generation of residues. With the objectives of increasing the income and the production of the industry, as well as minimizing environmental and health problems from fish residue, chemical silage from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) processing residues was developed after homogenization and acidification of the biomass with 3% formic acid: propionic, 1:1, addition of antioxidant BHT and maintenance of pH at approximately 4.0. Analyses to determine the moisture, protein, lipids and ash were carried out. The amino acids were examined in an auto analyzer after acid hydrolysis, except for the tryptophan which was determined through colorimetry. The tilapia silage presented contents that were similar to or higher than the FAO standards for all essential amino acids, except for the tryptophan. The highest values found were for glutamic acid, lysine and leucine. The results indicate a potential use of the silage prepared from the Nile tilapia processing residue as a protein source in the manufacturing of fish food.

FUTURES OF FINNISH FOOD SYSTEM BY 2050. The perspective of resilience

Modern food systems face complex global challenges such as climate change, resource scarcities, population growth, concentration and globalization. It is not possible to forecast how all these challenges will affect food systems, but futures research methods provide possibilities to enable better understanding of possible futures and that way increases futures awareness. In this thesis, the two-round online Delphi method was utilized to research experts��� opinions about the present and the future resilience of the Finnish food system up to 2050. The first round questionnaire was constructed based on the resilience indicators developed for agroecosystems. Sub-systems in the study were primary production (main focus), food industry, retail and consumption. Based on the results from the first round, the future images were constructed for primary production and food industry sub-sections. The second round asked experts��� opinion about the future images��� probability and desirability. In addition, panarchy scenarios were constructed by using the adaptive cycle and panarchy frameworks. Furthermore, a new approach to general resilience indicators was developed combining ���categories��� of the social ecological systems (structure, behaviors and governance) and general resilience parameters (tightness of feedbacks, modularity, diversity, the amount of change a system can withstand, capacity of learning and self- organizing behavior). The results indicate that there are strengths in the Finnish food system for building resilience. According to experts organic farms and larger farms are perceived as socially self-organized, which can promote innovations and new experimentations for adaptation to changing circumstances. In addition, organic farms are currently seen as the most ecologically self-regulated farms. There are also weaknesses in the Finnish food system restricting resilience building. It is important to reach optimal redundancy, in which efficiency and resilience are in balance. In the whole food system, retail sector will probably face the most dramatic changes in the future, especially, when panarchy scenarios and the future images are reflected. The profitability of farms is and will be a critical cornerstone of the overall resilience in primary production. All in all, the food system experts have very positive views concerning the resilience development of the Finnish food system in the future. Sometimes small and local is beautiful, sometimes large and international is more resilient. However, when probabilities and desirability of the future images were questioned, there were significant deviations. It appears that experts do not always believe desirable futures to materialize.

FUTURES OF FINNISH FOOD SYSTEM BY 2050. The perspective of resilience

Modern food systems face complex global challenges such as climate change, resource scarcities, population growth, concentration and globalization. It is not possible to forecast how all these challenges will affect food systems, but futures research methods provide possibilities to enable better understanding of possible futures and that way increases futures awareness. In this thesis, the two-round online Delphi method was utilized to research experts��� opinions about the present and the future resilience of the Finnish food system up to 2050. The first round questionnaire was constructed based on the resilience indicators developed for agroecosystems. Sub-systems in the study were primary production (main focus), food industry, retail and consumption. Based on the results from the first round, the future images were constructed for primary production and food industry sub-sections. The second round asked experts��� opinion about the future images��� probability and desirability. In addition, panarchy scenarios were constructed by using the adaptive cycle and panarchy frameworks. Furthermore, a new approach to general resilience indicators was developed combining ���categories��� of the social ecological systems (structure, behaviors and governance) and general resilience parameters (tightness of feedbacks, modularity, diversity, the amount of change a system can withstand, capacity of learning and self- organizing behavior). The results indicate that there are strengths in the Finnish food system for building resilience. According to experts organic farms and larger farms are perceived as socially self-organized, which can promote innovations and new experimentations for adaptation to changing circumstances. In addition, organic farms are currently seen as the most ecologically self-regulated farms. There are also weaknesses in the Finnish food system restricting resilience building. It is important to reach optimal redundancy, in which efficiency and resilience are in balance. In the whole food system, retail sector will probably face the most dramatic changes in the future, especially, when panarchy scenarios and the future images are reflected. The profitability of farms is and will be a critical cornerstone of the overall resilience in primary production. All in all, the food system experts have very positive views concerning the resilience development of the Finnish food system in the future. Sometimes small and local is beautiful, sometimes large and international is more resilient. However, when probabilities and desirability of the future images were questioned, there were significant deviations. It appears that experts do not always believe desirable futures to materialize.

Microphytoplankton community structure in the North Eastern Arabian Sea during Winter Monsoon

The overall attempt of the study was aimed to understand the microphytoplankton community composition and its variations along a highly complex and dynamic marine ecosystem, the northern Arabian Sea. The data generated provides a first of its kind knowledge on the major primary producers of the region. There appears significant response among the microphytoplankton community structure towards the variations in the hydrographic conditions during the winter monsoon period. Interannually, variations were observed within the microphytoplankton community associated with the variability in temperature patterns and the intensity of convective mixing. Changing bloom pattern and dominating species among the phytoplankton community open new frontiers and vistas towards more intense study on the biological responses towards physical processes. The production of large amount of organic matter as a result of intense blooming of Noctiluca as well as diatoms aggregations augment the particulate organic substances in these ecosystem. This definitely influences the carbon dynamics of the northern Arabian Sea. Detailed investigations based on time series as well as trophodynamic studies are necessary to elucidate the carbon flux and associated impacts of winter-spring blooms in NEAS. Arabian sea is considered as one among the hotspot for carbon dynamics and the pioneering records on the major primary producers fuels carbon based export production studies and provides a platform for future research. Moreover upcoming researches based on satellite based remote sensing on productivity patterns utilizes these insitu observations and taxonomic data sets of phytoplankton for validation of bloom specific algorithm development and its implementation. Furthermore Saurashtra coast is considered as a major fishing zone of Indian EEZ. The studies on the phytoplankton in these regions provide valuable raw data for fishery prediction models and identifying fishing zones. With the Summary and Conclusion 177 baseline data obtained further trophodynamic studies can be initiated in the complex productive North Eastern Arabian Seas (NEAS) ecosystem that is still remaining unexplored.

Management practices and challenges in smallholder indigenous chicken production in Western Kenya

The potential benefit of indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) production is still under-exploited in Kenya despite the efforts by different stakeholders to mainstream this production system as a pathway to rural development. The production system is often characterized by low input-low output productivity and low commercialization of the enterprise. This study which dwells on the current management practices and challenges faced by smallholder indigenous chicken farmers was conducted to gain insights into the underlying causes of production constraints. In Western Kenya women (76%) dominate the indigenous chicken production system. The flock composition consists mainly of chicks, hens and pullets (80%) which reflects their retention for production purposes. Less than half of the farmers access institutional support services such as extension, training, credit and veterinary services. In addition, indigenous chicken is largely reared in a low input-low output free-range system with only few farmers (24.2%) adopting management interventions as disseminated by extension service. To improve production and attain increased productivity, policy should focus on repackaging extension messages that considers farmers economic situations and strengthens collective action initiatives. Accessing joint input purchase and collective marketing of chicken products may further assist the farmers to increase profit margins.

Technical and scale efficiency of cassava production system in Delta State, Nigeria: an application of Two-Stage DEA approach

The present study examines the level of pure technical and scale efficiencies of cassava production system including its sub-processes (that is production and processing stages) of 278 cassava farmers/processors from three regions of Delta State, Nigeria by applying Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Results reveal that pure technical efficiency (PTE) is significantly lower at the production stage 0.41 vs 0.55 for the processing stage, but scale efficiency (SE) is high at both stages (0.84 and 0.87), implying that productivity can be improved substantially by reallocation of resources and adjusting operation size. The socio-economic determinants exert differential impacts on PTE and SE at each stage. Overall, education, experience and main occupation as farmer significantly improve SE while subsistence pressure reduces it. Extension contact significantly improves SE at the processing stage but reduces PTE and SE overall. Inverse size-PTE and size-SE relationships exist in cassava production system. In other words, large/medium farms are technically and scale inefficient. Gender gap exists in performance. Male farmers are technically efficient at processing stage but scale inefficient overall. Farmers in northern region are technically efficient. Investments in education, extension services and infrastructure are suggested as policy options to improve the cassava sector in Nigeria.

Plan de empresa Huevos del Rancho

El plan de empresa, nombrado Huevos del Rancho (HDR) es un proyecto que naci�� a partir del emprendimiento de dos estudiantes de administraci��n, con ganas de implementar la teor��a estudiada en un proyecto real. Esta iniciativa que al principio fue una idea simple, termin�� convirti��ndose en un proyecto de vida. Huevos del Rancho se dedica a la producci��n, distribuci��n y comercializaci��n de huevos org��nicos. Sus productos y procesos cuentan con valores agregados y diferenciados que han permitido generar un modelo ��nico de producci��n y de distribuci��n del producto en los mercados objetivos. A pesar de que HDR ya inici�� operaciones en esta actividad de manera emp��rica en el 2010, sus resultados brindaron a los socios una visi��n del verdadero potencial que reca��a en este negocio. El principal fundamento que se inculc�� en los socios fue empezar a pensar en grande, no en negocio, sino en empresa.

El concepto de comunidad y estrategias comunitarias en la relaci��n de las organizaciones del sector de gas natural con las comunidades a las que presta servicio

Colombia est�� dando pasos importantes para ubicarse en cada uno de los frentes energ��ticos, el sector de gas natural en Colombia ha experimentado un alto crecimiento de la demanda, acompa��ado de la introducci��n y profundizaci��n de un marco de mercado. Las compa����as que hacen parte de este sector utilizan el marketing relacional, como consecuencia de los cambios producidos en la estructura y competencia de la industria; no obstante, esto exige a las empresas una orientaci��n al mercado con ��nfasis en la implementaci��n de acciones de marketing proactivas, ya que en el mediano y largo plazo s��lo ser��n rentables las compa����as que mejor satisfagan las necesidades y exigencias de los consumidores. Estas empresas tienen un concepto de clientes o consumidores como objetiv�� final, pero no de un concepto de comunidad. Las estrategias comunitarias es un conocimiento nuevo, que es importante divulgar para aquellas empresas de servicios, que adem��s de incluir estrategias de marketing relacional, y proclamar una responsabilidad social, deben incluir el concepto comunidad en la misi��n estrat��gica de la empresa. As�� bien, se pretendi�� identificar mediante un estudio de tipo emp��rico-anal��tico si exist��a un concepto de comunidad, as�� como si se utilizaban estrategias comunitarias en la relaci��n de la organizaci��n Gas Natural Fenosa con las comunidades a las que prestan el servicio. Gas Natural Fenosa en Colombia opera como distribuidor y comercializador de gas y electricidad, la Compa����a provee gas natural a hogares, industria, comercio y veh��culos. Se evidenci�� que el concepto comunidad s�� se incluye en la estrategia de la empresa, ya que m��s que una estrategia de marketing transaccional, relacional, o una responsabilidad social se realizan actividades en pro del desarrollo y el empoderamiento de la sociedad, actividades culturales, de educaci��n y donaciones, que son trascendentales a la hora de hablar del crecimiento de las comunidades, se hace uso de una estrategia comunitaria o marketing social ya que Gas Natural Fenosa con estas actividades genera recordaci��n, publicidad y capacitaci��n a los clientes y proveedores lo que disminuye las quejas y reclamaciones, etc.. y que a la vez vincula la empresa y la marca con una causa social de inter��s, en una relaci��n de beneficio mutuo.

Avalia����o da simula����o de efeitos unilaterais de concentra����es horizontais: uma aplica����o do modelo PC-AIDS

�� consenso na an��lise antitruste que o ato de concentra����o de empresas com participa����o significativa deve sofrer averigua����es quanto a sua aprova����o em decorr��ncia dos efeitos prejudiciais que pode gerar sobre a concorr��ncia na ind��stria. Concorr��ncia �� sempre desej��vel por favorecer melhores n��veis de bem-estar econ��mico. �� luz das investiga����es econ��micas que os sistemas de defesa da concorr��ncia realizam, este trabalho analisa as mensura����es da simula����o de efeitos unilaterais de concentra����es horizontais. As avalia����es realizadas testam a utiliza����o do modelo PC-AIDS (Proportionaly Calibrated AIDS), de Epstein e Rubinfeld (2002). Dentre algumas conclus��es que se extraem do uso do modelo temos que: (i) em mercados com baixa concentra����o econ��mica, o modelo avaliado para um intervalo da vizinhan��a da elasticidade-pre��o pr��pria estimada, traz mensura����es robustas, e (ii) para mercados com alta concentra����o econ��mica uma aten����o maior deve ser dada �� correspond��ncia dos valores calibrados e estimados das elasticidades-pre��os pr��prias, para que n��o ocorra sub ou superestima����o dos efeitos unilaterais do ato de concentra����o. Esse resultado �� avaliado no caso Nestl��/Garoto.