Seasonal variability in ichthyoplankton abundance and assemblage composition in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Alabama

Multiyear ichthyoplankton surveys used to monitor larval fish seasonality, abundance, and assemblage structure can provide early indicators of regional ecosystem changes. Numerous ichthyoplankton surveys have been conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico, but few have had high levels of temporal resolution and sample replication. In this study, ichthyoplankton samples were collected monthly (October 2004–October 2006) at a single station off the coast of Alabama as part of a long-term biological survey. Four seasonal periods were identified from observed and historic water temperatures, including a relatively long (June–October) “summer” period (water temperature >26°C). Fish egg abundance, total larval abundance, and larval taxonomic diversity were significantly related to water temperature (but not salinity), with peaks in the spring, spring–summer, and summer periods, respectively. Larvae collected during the survey represented 58 different families, of which engraulids, sciaenids, carangids, and clupeids were the most prominent. The most abundant taxa collected were unidentified engraulids (50%), sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius, 7.5%), Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus, 5.4%), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus, 4.4%), Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus, 3.8%), and unidentified gobiids (3.6%). Larval concentrations for dominant taxa were highly variable between years, but the timing of seasonal occurrence for these taxa was relatively consistent. Documented increases in sea surface temperature on the Alabama shelf may have various implications for larval fish dynamics, as indicated by the presence of tropical larval forms (e.g., fistularids, labrids, scarids, and acanthurids) in our ichthyoplankton collections and in recent juvenile surveys of Alabama and northern Gulf of Mexico seagrass habitats.

Larval development of the spotfin tonguefish (Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva and Munroe, 1990) (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico

Larval and early juvenile stages of Symphurus oligomerus are described from 24 specimens from the Gulf of California. Meristic features were 48 – 49 total vertebrae, 87–94 dorsal-fin rays, 73–77 anal-fin rays, 12 caudal-fin rays, and five hypural bones. Seven larvae and one juvenile were cleared and stained to obtain the pterygiophore formula (1-3-2-2-2) that confirmed the identification of S. oligomerus. The pigment pattern from preflexion to juvenile stage consists of three bands on the dorsal margin and two bands on the ventral margin formed by star-shaped melanophores on the left side of the body. The intestine in preflexion to postflexion larvae forms an abdominal projection that ends in a short conical appendix. The intestine is supported by three cartilaginous struts; larvae with these physical attributes are called exterilium larvae. Preflexion larvae have two elongated dorsal-fin rays, and in flexion to postflexion larvae the second to the fourth dorsalfin rays are elongate. We found an apparent connection between the size at metamorphosis of the species of Symphurus and the depth distribution range of adults such that the fish species that metamorphose at a larger size have a deeper distribution as adults and exterilium larvae seem to correspond to species that have deeper distributions.

Environmental characterization of seasonal trends and foraging habitat of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in northern Gulf of Mexico bays

A description of the foraging habitat of a cetacean species is critical for conservation and effective management. We used a fine-scale microhabitat approach to examine patterns in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) foraging distribution in relation to dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity, water depth, water temperature, and distance from shore measurements in a highly turbid estuary on the northern Gulf of Mexico. In general, environmental variation in the Barataria Basin marine environment comprises three primary axes of variability (i.e., factors: temperature and dissolved oxygen, salinity and turbidity, and distance and depth) that represent seasonal, spatial-seasonal, and spatial scales, respectively. Foraging sites were differentiated from nonforaging sites by significant differences among group size, temperature, turbidity, and season. Habitat selection analysis on individual variables indicated that foraging was more frequently observed in waters 4–6 m deep, 200–500 m from shore, and at salinity values of around 20 psu. This fine-scale and multivariate approach represents a useful method of exploring the complexity, gradation, and detail of the relationships between environmental variables and the foraging distribution patterns of bottlenose dolphin.

Estudos taxonômicos das leguminosas no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro Brasil

Situado sob as coordenadas 22-2223S, 4115-4145W ao Norte do Estado, o Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba PNRJ possui uma área de 14.860 hectares, abrangendo parte dos Municípios de Carapebus, Macaé e Quissamã tendo aproximadamente 60 km de praia sem interrupções rochosas e um vasto complexo lagunar. O PNRJ possui um grande mosaico paisagístico composto por dez fitoformações: formação psamófila reptante, formação arbustiva fechada pós-praia, formação aberta de Clusia, formação arbustiva aberta de Ericaceae, formação arbustiva aberta de Palmae, formação herbácea brejosa, mata de cordão arenoso, mata periodicamente inundada, mata permanentemente inundada, além da vegetação aquática. Para o inventário das espécies de Leguminosae do PNRJ foram visitadas todas estas formações durante o trabalho de campo. Os espécimes coletados foram processados consoante o protocolo tradicional e depositados nos Herbários da UERJ (HRJ), Museu Nacional (R), Herbarium Brade anum (HB). No PNRJ a família possui até o momento 55 espécies distribuídas em 32 gêneros com representantes nas três subfamílias: Caesalpinioideae com quatro gêneros e 12 espécies, Mimosoideae com seis gêneros e dez espécies e Papilionoideae com 22 gêneros e 33 espécies. Chamaecrista e Aeschynomene foram os gêneros de maior riqueza, com cinco espécies cada. Tais valores da família no PNRJ representam 14% dos gêneros e 1,9% das espécies de Leguminosae ocorrentes no Brasil, bem como 30% dos gêneros e 12% das espécies ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A riqueza de espécies de Leguminosae no PNRJ mostrou-se mais elevada quando comparada com outras três áreas de restinga: Ilha do Cardoso (SP), Reserva da Praia do Sul (RJ) e Restinga de Maricá (RJ). Em relação à preferência de habitat das espécies ocorrentes no PNRJ, a maior riqueza de espécies foi observada na formação arbustiva aberta de Palmae e na mata de cordão arenoso, com 22% e 23% das espécies respectivamente. No tratamento taxonômico são apresentadas chaves para a identificação de subfamílias, gêneros e espécies, além de descrições sinópticas das espécies. Entre os caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos destacaramse a quantidade e forma dos folíolos, a presença e forma dos nectários extraflorais e os tipos de frutos. Para cada táxon específico ou infraespecífico são ainda incluídas informações sobre a distribuição geográfica no Brasil, floração e frutificação, ocorrência nas fitoformações e comentários sobre as características diagnósticas. Também são incluídas 38 pranchas ilustrativas que combinam imagens das espécies em campo a e imagens de exsicatas. Na análise dos dados sobre floração e frutificação para a família como um todo, não ficou evidenciado um período de maior concentração destes eventos.

Habitat and bycatch effects on population parameters of inshore lizardfish (Synodus foetens) in the north central Gulf of Mexico

We examined the effect of habitat and shrimp trawl bycatch on the density, size, growth, and mortality of inshore lizardfish (Synodus foetens), a nonexploited species that is among the most widespread and abundant benthic fishes in the north central Gulf of Mexico. Results of quarterly trawl sampling conducted from spring 2004 through spring 2005 revealed that inshore lizardfish are most abundant on sand habitat, but larger fish are more common on shell rubble habitat. There was no significant difference in fish density between habitats exposed to shrimp trawling on the open shelf versus those habitats within a permitted artificial reef zone that served as a de facto no-trawl area; this finding indicates that either inshore lizardfish experienced minimal effects from trawling or, more likely, that fish moved between trawled and nontrawled habitats. Exploitation ratio (bycatch mortality/total morality) estimates derived from catch curve analysis ranged from 0.43 inside the artificial reef zone to 0.55 outside the reef zone, thus indicating that inshore lizardfish are subject to significant fishing mortality in the north central Gulf of Mexico despite the lack of a directed fishery for the species. We infer from this result that effects of shrimp trawl bycatch may be significant at the population level for nonexploited species and that a broader ecosystem-scale examination of bycatch effects is warranted.

Distribution of red deepsea crab (Chaceon quinquedens) by size and sex in the Gulf of Mexico

The red deepsea crab (Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879)) has supported a commercial fishery off the coast of New England since the 1970s (Wigley et al., 1975) and has had annual harvests from 400 metric tons (t) (1996) to 4000 t (2001) (NEFMC, 2002). In 2002, a fishery management plan for the northeast fishery on the Atlantic coast was implemented and total allowable catch was reduced to approximately 2500 t (NEFMC, 2002). Although there are management plans for the golden crab (C. fenneri) and the red deep sea crab for Atlantic coast regions, there is no fishery management plan for red deepsea crabs in the Gulf of Mexico. Successful management for sustainable harvests should be based on a knowledge of the life history of the species, but C. quinquedens has been a difficult species for which to obtain life history and abundance information because of its deep distribution.

Mitochondrial DNA markers to identify commercial spiny lobster species (Panulirus spp.) from the Pacific coast of Mexico: an application on phyllosoma larvae

Molecular markers based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are extensively used to study genetic relationships. mtDNA has been used in phylogenetic studies to understand the evolutionary history of species because it is maternally inherited and is not subject to genetic recombination (Gyllensten et al., 1991). The high mutation rate of mtDNA makes it a useful tool for differentiating between closely related species (Brown et al., 1979)—a tool that is especially important when significant variations occur between species, but not within species (Hill et al., 2001; Blair et al., 2006; Chow et al., 2006a).

Age composition and distribution of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in offshore waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico: an evaluation of a stock under a federal harvest moratorium

Because of a lack of fishery-dependent data, assessment of the recovery of fish stocks that undergo the most aggressive form of management, namely harvest moratoriums, remains a challenge. Large schools of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were common along the northern Gulf of Mexico until the late 1980s when increased fishing effort quickly depleted the stock. After 24 years of harvest moratorium on red drum in federal waters, the stock is in need of reassessment; however, fisherydependent data are not available in federal waters and fishery-independent data are limited. We document the distribution, age composition, growth, and condition of red drum in coastal waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico, using data collected from a nearshore, randomized, bottom longline survey. Age composition of the fishery-independent catch indicates low mortality of fish age 6 and above and confirms the effectiveness of the federal fishing moratorium. Bottom longline surveys may be a cost-effective method for developing fishery-independent indices for red drum provided additional effort can be added to nearshore waters (<20 m depth). As with most stocks under harvest bans, effective monitoring of the recovery of red drum will require the development of fishery-independent indices. With limited economic incentive to evaluate non-exploited stocks, the most cost-effective approach to developing such monitoring is expansion of existing fishery independent surveys. We examine this possibility for red drum in the Gulf of Mexico and recommend the bottom longline survey conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service expand effort in nearshore areas to allow for the development of long-term abundance indices for red drum.

Morphometric differentiation in small juveniles of the pink spotted shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis) and the southern pink shrimp (F. notialis) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

The morphometric and morphological characters of the rostrum have been widely used to identify penaeid shrimp species (Heales et al., 1985; Dall et al., 1990; Pendrey et al., 1999). In this setting, one of the constraints in studies of penaeid shrimp populations has been the uncertainty in the identification of early life history stages, especially in coastal nursery habitats, where recruits and juveniles dominate the population (Dall et al., 1990; Pérez-Castañeda and Defeo, 2001). In the western Atlantic Ocean, Pérez-Farfante (1969, 1970, 1971a) described diagnostic characters of the genus Farfantepenaeus that allowed identification of individuals in the range of 8−20 mm CL (carapace length) on the basis of the following morphological features: 1) changes in the structure of the petasma and thelycum; 2) absence or presence of distomarginal spines in the ventral costa of the petasma; 3) the ratio between the keel height and the sulcus width of the sixth abdominal somite; 4) the shape and position of the rostrum with respect to the segments and flagellum of the antennule; and 5) the ratio between rostrum length (RL) and carapace length (RL/CL). In addition, she classified Farfantepenaeus into two groups according to the shape and position of the rostrum with respect to the segments and flagellum of the antennule and the ratio RL/CL: 1) F. duorarum and F. notialis: short rostrum, straight distally, and the proximodorsal margin convex, usually extending anteriorly to the end of distal antennular segment, sometimes reaching to proximal one-fourth of broadened portion of lateral antennular flagellum, with RL/CL <0.75; and 2) F. aztecus, F. brasiliensis, F. paulensis, and F. subtilis: long rostrum, usually almost straight along the entire length, extending anteriorly beyond the distal antennular segment, sometimes reaching to the distal one-third of broadened portion of lateral antennular flagellum, with RL/CL >0.80. Pérez-Farfante stressed that, for the recognition to species level of juveniles <10 mm CL, all the characters listed above should be considered because occasionally one alone may not prove to be diagnostic. However, the only characters that could be distinguished for small juveniles in the range 4−8 mm CL are those defined on the rostrum. Therefore, it has been almost impossible to identify and separate small specimens of Farfantepenaeus (Pérez-Farfante, 1970, 1971a; Pérez-Farfante and Kensley, 1997).

Aplicação da geocomputação a estudos de susceptibilidade de deslizamentos de terra

Esta tese propôs uma metodologia para detecção de áreas susceptíveis a deslizamentos de terra a partir de imagens aéreas, culminando no desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional, denominada SASD/T, para testar a metodologia. Para justificar esta pesquisa, um levantamento sobre os desastres naturais da história brasileira relacionada a deslizamentos de terra e as metodologias utilizadas para a detecção e análise de áreas susceptíveis a deslizamentos de terra foi realizado. Estudos preliminares de visualização 3D e conceitos relacionados ao mapeamento 3D foram realizados. Estereoscopia foi implementada para visualizar tridimensionalmente a região selecionada. As altitudes foram encontradas através de paralaxe, a partir dos pontos homólogos encontrados pelo algoritmo SIFT. Os experimentos foram realizados com imagens da cidade de Nova Friburgo. O experimento inicial mostrou que o resultado obtido utilizando SIFT em conjunto com o filtro proposto, foi bastante significativo ao ser comparado com os resultados de Fernandes (2008) e Carmo (2010), devido ao número de pontos homólogos encontrados e da superfície gerada. Para detectar os locais susceptíveis a deslizamentos, informações como altitude, declividade, orientação e curvatura foram extraídas dos pares estéreos e, em conjunto com as variáveis inseridas pelo usuário, forneceram uma análise de quão uma determinada área é susceptível a deslizamentos. A metodologia proposta pode ser estendida para a avaliação e previsão de riscos de deslizamento de terra de qualquer outra região, uma vez que permite a interação com o usuário, de modo que este especifique as características, os itens e as ponderações necessárias à análise em questão.

Population structure and variance effective size of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico*

We assayed allelic variation at 19 nuclear-encoded microsatellites among 1622 Gulf red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) sampled from the 1995 and 1997 cohorts at each of three offshore localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Localities represented western, central, and eastern subregions within the northern Gulf. Number of alleles per microsatellite per sample ranged from four to 23, and gene diversity ranged from 0.170 to 0.917. Tests of conformity to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations and of genotypic equilibrium between pairs of micro-satellites were generally nonsignificant following Bonferroni correction. Significant genic or genotypic heterogeneity (or both) among samples was detected at four microsatellites and over all microsatellites. Levels of divergence among samples were low (FST ≤0.001). Pairwise exact tests revealed that six of seven “significant” comparisons involved temporal rather than spatial heterogeneity. Contemporaneous or variance effective size (NeV) was estimated from the temporal variance in allele frequencies by using a maximum-likelihood method. Estimates of NeV ranged between 1098 and >75,000 and differed significantly among localities; the NeV estimate for the sample from the northcentral Gulf was >60 times as large as the estimates for the other two localities. The differences in variance effective size could ref lect differences in number of individuals successfully reproducing, differences in patterns and intensity of immigration, or both, and are consistent with the hypothesis, supported by life-history data, that different “demographic stocks” of red snapper are found in the northern Gulf. Estimates of NeV for red snapper in the northern Gulf were at least three orders of magnitude lower than current estimates of census size (N). The ratio of effective to census size (Ne/N) is far below that expected in an ideal population and may reflect high variance in individual reproductive success, high temporal and spatial variance in productivity among subregions or a combination of the two.

Growth and seasonal recruitment of Octopus maya on Campeche Bank, Mexico

A study of growth and seasonal recruitment of the cephalopod Octopus maya on Campeche Bank, Mexico, was conducted, based on catch at size data sampled from 1983 to 1988. The parameters of a seasonally oscillating version of the von Bertalanffy growth function and total mortality estimates were obtained via the ELEFAN software. It was found that when recruitment occurs early in the year, the growth curve of the next year does not display seasonal oscillations, and conversely. Total mortality estimates ranged from Z = 2.6 to Z = 6.3/year.

Length-weight relationships of coral reef fishes from the Alacran Reef, Yucatan, Mexico

Length-weight relationships were computed for 42 species of coral reef fishes from 14 families from the Alacran Reef (Yucatan, Mexico). A total of 1 892 individuals was used for this purpose. The fish species were caught by different fishing techniques such as fishhooks, harpoons, gill and trawl nets. The sampling period was from March 1998 to January 2000.

O PROINFANTIL no município do Rio de Janeiro: concepções de criança nos Projetos de Estudos

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar os significados e os sentidos de criança construídos no trabalho final do programa PROINFANTIL - os Projetos de Estudos. O PROINFANTIL é um Projeto do Ministério da Educação em parceria com a Secretaria de Educação Básica e a Secretaria de Educação a Distância. No Rio de Janeiro, foi operacionalizado pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e a Secretaria de Educação do Município (biênio 2010-2011). Este programa objetiva capacitar e qualificar os Agentes Auxiliares de Creche sem habilitação em magistério, atuantes nas creches da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Esta pesquisa analisou a concepção de criança presente em 60 Projetos de Estudos dos 165 Agentes Auxiliares de Creche da AGF 13 concluintes do curso. A escolha se deu a partir do maior número possível de Projetos que tivessem diferentes agrupamentos pesquisados (berçário I, berçário II, Maternal I e Maternal II). Foram escolhidos 60 projetos com 15 exemplares de cada agrupamento. Na primeira parte, o estudo apresenta a implantação do PROINFANTIL como uma política pública e sua contribuição para a prática. Delinea os estágios que percorreu, no Rio de Janeiro, até chegar ao alvo principal o cursista. Apoiada na abordagem do Ciclo de Políticas formulada por Stephen Ball e colaboradores, a pesquisa buscou investigar os embates e lutas presentes nos contextos de influência, produção de textos e prática. Na segunda parte, ao privilegiar Lev Vygotsky como interlocutor teórico para o delineamento metodológico desta pesquisa, foi necessário olhar o conhecimento como possibilidades, a partir das categorias sentido e significado e optar por uma metodologia na qual a própria pesquisa fosse um momento de arriscar novos olhares e novas vivências. A análise se deu nas concepções de criança encontradas nos Projetos de Estudos como narrativas escritas. Os dados foram analisados a partir da construção de seis Núcleos de Significação de Criança: formatada, em desenvolvimento; que brinca, cidadã de direitos, singular, ser social e histórico.